Linguifex

Attian: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Attian (view source)

Revision as of 20:25, 14 November 2012

6,501 bytes removed ,  14 November 2012
→‎Phonology
Line 70: Line 70:


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
{{At-box}}
{{Sidebar-At}}
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
This is the complete consonant phoneme inventory of the Attian language. These are the sounds with minimal pairing effect on lexemes. The language is notable for missing one of the conventional plosive series, or rather missing a phonemic distinction of the complete bilabial place of articulation.
This is the complete consonant phoneme inventory of the Attian language. These are the sounds with minimal pairing effect on lexemes. The language is notable for missing one of the conventional plosive series, or rather missing a phonemic distinction of the complete bilabial place of articulation.
Line 79: Line 79:
*Consonant gemination is phonemic, and applies to all consonants but /h/, but never occurs initially. Gemination is marked by doubling the grapheme.
*Consonant gemination is phonemic, and applies to all consonants but /h/, but never occurs initially. Gemination is marked by doubling the grapheme.


{| {{bluetab}} style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
|+  
|+  
! colspan="9"|Consonant phonemes
! colspan="9"|Consonant phonemes
Line 122: Line 122:
| style="text-align: center;"|'''v''' [w]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''v''' [w]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}
Below is the full consonant phone inventory of the Attian language, including all allophones, which are written within rounded brackets. Here it is evident that the bilabial series do exist in the language, though in allophonic position.
Please note that the bolded letters are orthographic representations.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
|+
! colspan="9"|Consonant phones
|-
! colspan="2"|
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|Dental
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|Alveolar
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|Palatal
! style="text-align: center;" colspan="2"|Velar
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|Glottal
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>coarticulated</small>
|-
! rowspan="2"|Nasals
!<small>plain</small>
| colspan="2"|'''n '''[n]
|
|'''m''' [ŋ]
|(ŋ͡m)
|
|-
!<small>pre-ploded</small>
| colspan="2"|(ᵈn)
|
|(ᶢŋ)
|
|
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="3"|Plosive
!<small>voiceless</small>
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''t''' [t]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''k''' [k]
| style="text-align: center;"|(k͡p)
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''d '''[d]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''g''' [ɡ]
| style="text-align: center;"|(ɡ͡b)
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
!<small>prenasalised</small>
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|''' '''(ⁿd)
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|(ᵑɡ)
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|'''th''' [θ-ð]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''z''' [s-z]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''j '''[x-ɣ]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''h''' [h-ɦ]
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''r''' [ɹ]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''y''' [j]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''v''' [w]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}
===Phonological processes===
The Attian consonants are subjected to a number of phonological processes, leading to a number of mutations of intervocalic consonants. The language's consonants undergo processes like '''voicing''' and '''pre-plosion''', as well as '''labiovelar coarticulation''' intervocalically. Initial '''pre-nasalisation''' is also a feature of the stops in the language.
These sound changes greatly expand the language's consonant inventory, some of them are allophonic processes, whilst some of them are phonemic. No process is ever marked orthographically.
The approximants [ɹ], [w], and [j] are invariable.
{| align="right" class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 300px; margin-left: 5px;"
|+
! colspan="7" |Allophones and processes
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|<small>Phoneme</small>
! rowspan="2"|<small>Pre-nasalisation</small>
! rowspan="2"|<small>Labiovelar coarticulation</small>
! colspan="3"|Intervocalic
|-
!<small>Pre-plosion</small>
!<small>Voicing</small>
!<small>Fricativisation</small>
|- align="center"
!n
! /n/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|[ᵈn]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
!m
!/ŋ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|[ŋ͡m]
| style="text-align: center;"|[ᶢŋ]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
!k
! /k/
| style="text-align: center;"|[ᵑg]
| style="text-align: center;"|[k͡p]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|[g]
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
!g
! /ɡ/
| style="text-align: center;"|[ᵑg]
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɡ͡b]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɣ]
|-
!t
!/t/
| style="text-align: center;"|[ⁿd]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|[d]
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
!d
!/d/
| style="text-align: center;"|[ⁿd]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|[ð]
|-
!h
!/h/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɦ]
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
!j
!/x/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|[ɣ]
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
!z
!/s/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|[z]
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
|}
===Obstruents===
====Pre-nasalisation====
Non-nasal stops are pre-nasalised, should the preceding word terminate in a nasal, such as /ŋ/ or /n/{{Ex|=1, 2}}. It is important however, that this only applies externally and only to plosives{{Ex|=3}}. Nasalisation is never marked.
*Only plosives are affected by pre-nasalisation.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| 1: '''thanainn a{{blue|n t}}ajai'''
!
| 2: '''gavann a{{blue|n g}}arya'''
!
| 3: '''themine{{red|n th}}anya gva'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| /ˈθanenː an taʝo/ → [ˈθanenː an ˈ{{blue|ⁿt}}aɣe]
!
| /ˈɡawanː an ˈɡaɹja/ → [ˈɡawanː an ˈ{{blue|ᵑɡ}}aɹɣa]
!
|/θɛmɛnin θanja ɡwa/ → [ θɛmɛnin θanja ɡwa]
|-
<!-- Translation -->
| «''I speak poorly''»
!
| «''my sweet coffee''»
!
|«''It is said that I see your mouth''»
|}
|}


Line 414: Line 205:
====Other====
====Other====
The glottal fricative /h/, has an irregular effect if preceding or following hetero-organic plosives. The hetero-organic plosive is geminated, or doubled, and the glottal fricative is deleted from speech.
The glottal fricative /h/, has an irregular effect if preceding or following hetero-organic plosives. The hetero-organic plosive is geminated, or doubled, and the glottal fricative is deleted from speech.
===Sonorants===
====Pre-plosion====
The nasal stops themselves become pre-ploded unexclusively in intervocalic environments{{Ex|=10, 11, 12}}. The pre-plosion affects the phoneme inventory's sonorants, except the approximants /ɹ/, /w/ and /j/.
Please note that the mutation is never marked.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
|10: '''ra{{blue|m}}a'''
!
|11: '''g{{blue|va mi}}thra da{{blue|na}}'''
!
|12: '''thanya{{blue|nn}}a{{blue|yy}}a'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
|  /ˈɹama/ → [ˈɹa{{blue|ᵇm}}a]
!
|/ˈɟwa miθɹa ˈdana/ → [ˈɟwa ˈ{{blue|ᵇm}}iθɹa ˈda{{blue|ᵈn}}a]
!
|/θanjanːajːa/ → [θanja{{blue|ᵈn}}a{{blue|ᵈj}}a]
|-
<!-- Translation -->
| «''one''»
!
| «''door''»
!
|«''My mouth exists''»
|}


=====Other=====
=====Other=====
Line 461: Line 211:
This is the vocalic phoneme inventory of the Attian language. All of the following phonemes are phonemic, however, due to severe allophony in most dialects, the inventory is somewhat [[Attian#Vowel allophony|larger]]. The Attian language has 10 basic vowels, whereof four rounded and six unrounded.  
This is the vocalic phoneme inventory of the Attian language. All of the following phonemes are phonemic, however, due to severe allophony in most dialects, the inventory is somewhat [[Attian#Vowel allophony|larger]]. The Attian language has 10 basic vowels, whereof four rounded and six unrounded.  


{{At-vowels}}
{{Vowels-At}}


=====Orthography=====
=====Orthography=====
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/2162"