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Avendonian: Difference between revisions
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Non-native letters such as | Non-native letters such as Jj, Kk, Qq, Zz, etc. may occur in some foreign words or proper nouns, chiefly in toponyms and given names. Yy is part of the alphabet of the Burgundian dialects of Avendonian, like in '''{{term|dydere}}'''. | ||
The letters correspond almost one-to-one to their pronunciation. The Avendonian orthography is considered [[w:shallow orthography|shallow]] or [[w:phonetic orthography|phonetic]], as opposed to deep orthographies like [[w:French orthography|French's]]. The orthography features that do not follow the correspondence are: | The letters correspond almost one-to-one to their pronunciation. The Avendonian orthography is considered [[w:shallow orthography|shallow]] or [[w:phonetic orthography|phonetic]], as opposed to deep orthographies like [[w:French orthography|French's]]. The orthography features that do not follow the correspondence are: | ||
* The letters {{angbr|c}} and {{angbr|g}} make the sound /{{IPA|t͡ʃ}}/ and /{{IPA|d͡ʒ}}/, respectively, if followed by {{angbr|e}} or {{angbr|i}}. Examples: ''' | * The letters {{angbr|c}} and {{angbr|g}} make the sound /{{IPA|t͡ʃ}}/ and /{{IPA|d͡ʒ}}/, respectively, if followed by {{angbr|e}} or {{angbr|i}}. Examples: '''{{term|cicare}}''' /{{IPA|t͡͡ʃiˈkare}}/, '''{{term|geldo}}''' /{{IPA|ˈd͡ʒeldo}}/. | ||
* {{angbr|t}} in the combination {{angbr|ti}} makes the sound /{{IPA|t͡s}}/. Example: '''{{term|tite}}''' /{{IPA|ˈt͡site}}/. | * {{angbr|t}} in the combination {{angbr|ti}} makes the sound /{{IPA|t͡s}}/. Example: '''{{term|tite}}''' /{{IPA|ˈt͡site}}/. | ||
* The combination {{angbr|gn}} makes the sound /{{IPA|ɲ}}/, as in Italian or Spanish ''ñ''. Example: '''{{term|gnagare}}''' /{{IPA|ɲaˈgare}}/. | * The combination {{angbr|gn}} makes the sound /{{IPA|ɲ}}/, as in Italian or Spanish ''ñ''. Example: '''{{term|gnagare}}''' /{{IPA|ɲaˈgare}}/. | ||
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: '''{{term|frage}}''' ''{{Abbtip|feminine gender|f}} {{Abbtip|plural number|pl}}'' → '''le frage''' (“the questions”), '''une frage''' (“some questions”). | : '''{{term|frage}}''' ''{{Abbtip|feminine gender|f}} {{Abbtip|plural number|pl}}'' → '''le frage''' (“the questions”), '''une frage''' (“some questions”). | ||
: etc. | : etc. | ||
The definite article '''el''' forms a contraction with prepositions '''{{term|a}}''' and '''{{term|de}}''', using an apostrophe: '''a'l''', '''d'el'''. These are the only standard contractions; other contractions like ''' | The definite article '''el''' forms a contraction with prepositions '''{{term|a}}''' and '''{{term|de}}''', using an apostrophe: '''a'l''', '''d'el'''. These are the only standard contractions; other contractions like '''{{term|ca ga't|Ca ga't?}}''' from '''{{term|ga}}''' + '''{{term|et}}''' (“How goes it?”, greeting) are permissible but discouraged in formal writing. | ||
===Demonstratives=== | ===Demonstratives=== | ||
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| style="background-color:#aaa" | | | style="background-color:#aaa" | | ||
|} | |} | ||
:::: {{legend|#ffb0b0|Ultimately from | :::: {{legend|#ffb0b0|Ultimately from {{mn|ine-pro|*h₁es-}}. Cognate with {{mn|de|sein}} and {{mn|nl|zijn}}.}} | ||
:::: {{legend|#95ffcb|From | :::: {{legend|#95ffcb|From {{mn|gem-pro|*wesaną}}.}} | ||
:::: {{legend|#b8b8ff|From | :::: {{legend|#b8b8ff|From {{mn|la|sum}}.}} | ||
:::: {{legend|#ffca95|From | :::: {{legend|#ffca95|From {{mn|gem-pro|*beuną}}.}} | ||
====Periphrastic forms==== | ====Periphrastic forms==== | ||
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{{Col-begin}} | {{Col-begin}} | ||
{{col-n|2}} | {{col-n|2}} | ||
: '''{{term|alico}}''' (“alike, similar”), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} | : '''{{term|alico}}''' (“alike, similar”), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} {{mn|gem-pro|*galīkaz|*gal'''ī'''kaz|name=0}} → {{IPA|[a.ˈli˩˥.ko˧]}} | ||
{{col-n|2}} | {{col-n|2}} | ||
: '''{{term|stulo}}''' (“chair”), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} | : '''{{term|stulo}}''' (“chair”), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} {{mn|gem-pro|*stōlaz|*st'''ō'''laz|name=0}} → {{IPA|[ˈstu˩˥.lo˧]}} | ||
{{Col-end}} | {{Col-end}} | ||
{{Col-begin}} | {{Col-begin}} | ||
{{col-n|2}} | {{col-n|2}} | ||
: ''' | : '''{{term|uvilo#Adjective|uvilo}}''' (“evil”, adj.), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} {{mn|gem-pro|*ubilaz|name=0}} → {{IPA|[u.ˈvi˨˩.lo]}} | ||
{{col-n|2}} | {{col-n|2}} | ||
: '''{{term|fadre}}''' (“father”), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} | : '''{{term|fadre}}''' (“father”), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} {{mn|gem-pro|*fadēr|name=0}} → {{IPA|[ˈfa˨˩.dre]}} | ||
{{Col-end}} | {{Col-end}} | ||
This feature is also somewhat present in northeastern and non-standard Central Avendonian. | This feature is also somewhat present in northeastern and non-standard Central Avendonian. | ||