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'''Bźatga''' (/ˈbʒatgɐ/) is an Indo-European language spoken by the people of ''Veśŕa'', or the ''Ensva Veśru'', an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean which includes ''Ǎĺêsa'' and its neighbouring islands in the Atlantic Ocean. According to the people of these islands, the language came with their ancestors from a land called ''Prêńa'' along with a knowledge of metalworking and the sacred horse.
'''Bźatga''' (/ˈbʒatgɐ/) is an Indo-European language spoken by the people of ''Veśŕa'', or the ''Ensva Veśru'', an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean which includes ''Ǎĺêsa'' and its neighbouring islands. According to the people of these islands, the language came with their ancestors from a land called ''Prêńa'' along with a knowledge of metalworking and the sacred horse.
 
==History==
The development of Bźatga is divided into four periods:
* '''Proto-Bźatga''' [''*Briɣantigoh''] (1st–8th centuries) begins with the split from Common Brittonic in the late 1st century AD to the earliest written records in the early 8th century. Though the language is unattested, its development can be adduced. The most important developments during this period  were the loss of nasals before other consonants + compensatory lengthening (e.g. Brit. ''*pempe'' > PBz ''*pɛːpe''), the development of new rising diphthongs (e.g. Brit. ''*cɛːton'' > PBz. ''*ciada'') and the falling together of the 1st and 2nd declensions, along with the loss of marked gender (e.g. Brit. ''*wiros, banonā'' > PBz. ''vira, banona'').
* '''Old Bźatga''' [''Bríatéga''] (8th–12th centuries) is the period defined by the arrival of writing to Veśŕa to the onset of syncope in the 12th century, which led to iotisation being phonemicised. The key developments of this period are the loss of distinctive vowel quality, leading to the present vowel system, and the development of iotisation. The period is also marked by the earliest loanwords from Old Irish, Ecclesiastical Latin (mostly via Old Irish) and Old Norse.
* '''Middle Bźatga''' [''Br’atga'' or ''Bŕatga''] (12th–16th centuries) begins with the development of syncope in the 12th century and ends with the renewal of contact with the outside world in the 16th. As well as syncope, it is characterised by the reduction of the inflectional system and the growth of more syntactic methods of expression, for example prepositions replaced case endings and pronouns replaced verbal endings. These changes were not fully reflected in the formal written language, leading to a divergence in written and spoken Bźatga. The late MBz. period also saw the development of palatalisation before ''i''.
* '''Modern Bźatga''' [''Bźatga''] (16th century to present) begins with a period of renewed contact with the outside world, which brought new loanwords (particularly of Greek and Latin origin) and resulted in a vernacular written language ousting the archaic formal language.  


==Phonology and Orthography==
==Phonology and Orthography==
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====Nasal Vowels====
====Nasal Vowels====
When nasal consonants (''m, n, ń'') stand before a consonant or in word-final position, they merge with the preceding vowel or diphthong and cause it to nasalise;  ''m'' and ''n'' both disappear, leaving the preceding vowel/diphthong slightly lengthened, while ''ń'' becomes [ȷ̃], e.g. ''aun'' "river" [ãũˑ], ''genta'' "girl" [gɛ̃ˑtɐ], ''camvon'' "whelp" [kãˑβɔ̃ˑ], ''dońva'' "people" (GDPl.) [dɔ̃ȷ̃βɐ].
When nasal consonants (''m, n, ń'') stand before a consonant or in word-final position, they merge with the preceding vowel or diphthong and cause it to nasalise;  ''m'' and ''n'' both disappear, leaving the preceding vowel/diphthong slightly lengthened, while ''ń'' becomes [ȷ̃], e.g. ''aun'' "river" [ãũˑ], ''genta'' "girl" [gɛ̃ˑtɐ], ''camvon'' "whelp" [kãˑβɔ̃ˑ], ''dońva'' "people" (GDPl.) [dɔ̃ȷ̃βɐ].
====Syllabic ''r, n'' and ''l''====
In medieval and early modern Bźatga the consonants ''r, n, l'' and their secondary forms ''ŕ, ń, ĺ'' could be syllabic /r̩, n̩, l̩/ (i.e. stand between two consononts or between a consonant and pausa in place of a vowel). Over time, the relatively infrequent instances of ''n, l'' were levelled out leaving only syllabic ''r'' surviving, with forms such as MBz. ''eznga'' "bird-like", ''dazldeja'' "meeting-house" being replaced by ModBz. ''eznaga, dazladeja'' but with ''zvegrna'' "father-in-law", ''cadrnga'' "strong one" continuing. Nevertheless, syllabic ''n, l'' are occasionally met with in archaic writing. By today, syllabic ''r'' is largely restricted to higher or more formal registers in both speech and writing while in the vernacular it is replaced by ''a'', e.g. ''zvegana, cadanga''.


===Stress===
===Stress===
Stress placement is regularly on the first syllable of a word. The only exception to this is in words with an unstressed prefix, the vowel of which is marked with a breve, e.g. ''căbrova'' "tribesman" /kɐˈbrɔvɐ/.
Stress placement is regularly on the first syllable of a word.  
 
The following verbal prefixes are unstressed:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| width="100px;" | ''ăb-'' <br> ''ăd-'' <br> ''ăr-'' <br> ''ăz-'' <br> ''că(v)-'' || width="100px;" | ''dă-'' <br> ''ḑǐ-'' <br> ''ĕś-'' <br> ''ǐ-'' <br> ''jătr-'' || width="100px;" | ''jĕd-'' <br> ''ră-'' <br> ''vă-'' <br> ''văr-'' <br> ''vrĕt''
|}


===Phonetic Processes===
===Phonetic Processes===
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*''d'' and ''t'' become ''ć'' and ''ǵ'' respectively, e.g. ''môde'' "soft", cpv. ''môǵu'' "softer".  
*''d'' and ''t'' become ''ć'' and ''ǵ'' respectively, e.g. ''môde'' "soft", cpv. ''môǵu'' "softer".  
*''p, b'' and ''m'' are simply followed by the letter ''j'', e.g. ''caba'' "crooked", cpv. ''cabju'' "more crooked".
*''p, b'' and ''m'' are simply followed by the letter ''j'', e.g. ''caba'' "crooked", cpv. ''cabju'' "more crooked".
*''v'' becomes ''j'', e.g. ''dovo'' "black", cpv. ''doju'' "blacker".
*''v'' becomes ''j'', e.g. ''cova'' "dear", cpv. ''coju'' "more raw".
 
In consonant clusters, iotised ''ń, ĺ, ŕ, ś, ź'' carry the process to a preceding ''ń, ĺ, ŕ, ś'' or'' ź'', e.g. ''z + ń > źń, n + ĺ > ńĺ, s + ź > śź''.


====Palatalisation====
====Palatalisation====
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====Alternation of ''j/i'' and ''v/u''====
====Alternation of ''j/i'' and ''v/u''====
As stated above, there are six dipthongs in Bźatga: ''ai, ei, oi'' and ''au, eu, ou''. These are only permitted to occur before a consonant or at the end of a word. When any of these comes to occur before a vowel, the second element becomes ''j'' or ''v'' respectively, e.g. ''saide'' "(he) seeks" but ''saja'' "seek!". The same is true in reverse, so ''dovo'' "black" becomes ''doudra'' "blackness".
As stated above, there are six dipthongs in Bźatga: ''ai, ei, oi'' and ''au, eu, ou''. These are only permitted to occur before a consonant or at the end of a word. When any of these comes to occur before a vowel, the second element becomes ''j'' or ''v'' respectively, e.g. ''saide'' "(he) seeks" but ''saja'' "seek!". The same is true in reverse, so ''ova'' "raw" becomes ''oudra'' "rawness".  
 
Because of this alternation, only ''a, e'' and ''o'' can usually occur before ''j'' and ''v''. In a few rare cases the combination ''iv'' occurs, which becomes ''jû'' before a consonant, e.g. ''ĺiva'' "colour" becomes ''ĺûleda'' "colourful, coloured".  


Whenever the combinations ''**ji'' and ''*vu'' would occur as a result of inflexion or derivation, the consonant is lost and the remaining ''i'' or ''u'' forms a diphthong with the preceding vowel. The same occurs to the combination ''*ovi'', which becomes ''oî''. The second element of a diphthong formed in this way is marked by a caret, not to show a difference in pronunciation from the unmarked form, but to show the absence of the consonant. This process can clearly be seen in the declension of the adjective ''nova'' "holy": ''nova'' (NAsg), ''noû'' (GDsg, < *''novu''), ''noî'' (Pl, < *''novi''). Note also the change of ''*iji'' > ''î'' and ''*ivu, *iju'' > ''jû'' (e.g. ''bźija'' "power, status", GDsg. ''bźû'', pl. ''bźî'').
Whenever the combinations ''**ji, ii, ij'' and ''**vu, uu, uv'' would occur as a result of inflexion or derivation they are replaced with the marked vowels ''î'' or ''û'', remaining as a single vowel or forming a diphthong with the preceding vowel. Note that these vowels and diphthongs are pronounced identically to their unmarked counterparts, the caret only serving as an orthographic convention to show the coalescence. The same occurs to the combination ''*ovi'', which becomes ''oî''. This process can clearly be seen in the declension of the adjective ''nova'' "holy" (NAsg), ''noû'' (GDsg, < *''novu''), ''noî'' (Pl, < *''novi''), ''duo'' "black" (sg.), ''dûe'' (NApl. < ''*duve''), ''dûa'' (GDpl. < ''*duva''), ''źia'' "king" (NAsg.), ''źie'' (GDsg.), ''źî'' (NApl.), ''źia'' (GDpl.).


====Alternation of ''l/ł''====
====Alternation of ''l/ł''====
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| ''Ģ ģ''
| ''Ģ ģ''
| /d͡ʒ/
| /d͡ʒ/
|
| ''DŔ, dŕ''
|-
|-
| ''I i''
| ''I i''
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| align="center" | "shape"
| align="center" | "shape"
|-
|-
! rowspan="3;" align="center" | 4
! rowspan="5;" align="center" | 4
| align="center"| ''trouda''  
| align="center"| ''trouda''  
| colspan="2;" align="center"| ''troude''
| align="center"| ''troude''
| align="center"| ''trouḑi''
| align="center" | ''trouda''
| align="center" | ''trouda''
| align="center" | "foot"
| align="center" | "foot"
|-
| align="center"| ''ĺeda''
| align="center"| ''ĺeģe''
| align="center"| ''ĺeģi''
| align="center" | ''ĺeģa''
| align="center" | "valley"
|-
|-
| align="center"| ''cu''  
| align="center"| ''cu''  
| colspan="2;" align="center"| ''cone''
| align="center"| ''cone''
| align="center"| ''cońi''
| align="center" | ''cona''
| align="center" | ''cona''
| align="center" | "dog"
| align="center" | "dog"
|-
|-
| align="center"| ''ĺeda''  
| align="center"| ''ava''
| align="center"| ''ĺede''
| align="center"| ''aune''
| align="center"| ''ĺeģe''
| align="center"| ''auńi''
| align="center" | ''ĺeģa''
| align="center"| ''auna''
| align="center" | "valley"
| align="center" | "name"
|-
| align="center"| ''aḑir''
| align="center"| ''adre''
| align="center"| ''adŕi''
| align="center"| ''adra''
| align="center" | "father"
|}
|}


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* stem-final ''v'' or ''j'' may also disappear before ''-i'' and ''-u'' according to rules set out above, e.g. ''căbrova'' "tribesman", pl. ''căbroî''.
* stem-final ''v'' or ''j'' may also disappear before ''-i'' and ''-u'' according to rules set out above, e.g. ''căbrova'' "tribesman", pl. ''căbroî''.
* stem-final ''v'' disappears before ''-v'' of the GDPl. and 3rd NAPl., e.g. ''ĺova'' "coal" (NASg.) → ''ĺova'' (GDPl.), ''ńivo'' "action, deed" (NASg.) → ''ńiva''.
* stem-final ''v'' disappears before ''-v'' of the GDPl. and 3rd NAPl., e.g. ''ĺova'' "coal" (NASg.) → ''ĺova'' (GDPl.), ''ńivo'' "action, deed" (NASg.) → ''ńiva''.
* note the different stem shapes in the 4th declension. Most instances follow the example of ''trouda'', but these are indistinguishable from the 1st declension in their NAsg. form. Any noun with an NAsg. in ''-u'' will take ''-(o)n-'' in the remaining cases. Nouns like ''ĺeda'' have iotisation in the plural.


The following nouns are irregular:
4th declension nouns are divided into five sub-classes depending on the stem:
 
* ''trouda'' demonstrates the normal paradigm for the majority of 4th declension nouns, where the endings are added to an immutable stem;
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" text-align:center;"
* ''ĺeda'' shows iotisation in NAsg and plural, along with ''leda'' "width", ''neva'' "heaven";
! rowspan="2;" | Decl.
* nouns with a NAsg. in ''-u'' like ''cu'' take ''-on-'' in the remaining categories and nouns with ''-û'' ''aû'' "river" take ''-n-'' (''auna, aune''). Place-names often belong to this class.  
! colspan="2;" align="center" | Singular
* ''ava'' belongs to a rare class with a full stem in ''-(a)n-''. Besides ''ava'' "name", ''gova'' "smith" (''goun-''), ''mjava'' "memory, thought" (''mjaun-'') the remaining members are all old verbal nouns in NAsg ''-ma'', GDsg. & pl. ''-mn-'' such as ''brama'' "fart", ''grama'' "shout", ''cama'' "step", ''lama'' "jump", ''luma'' "drop", ''śtoma'' "bend", ''tama'' "bite".
! rowspan="2;" style="width: 150px;" align="center" | Plural
* ''aḑir'' represents a limited class of nouns, all relating to kinship terms, which have a NAsg. in -C''ir'' but the remaining paradigm in -C''r-''. This class includes ''maḑir'' "mother", ''braḑir'' "brother", ''auțir'' "uncle" and the rare, archaic ''dôćir'' "daughter".
! rowspan="2;" style="width: 150px;" |
** related, but irregular, is ''zviur'' "sister" (NAsg.), ''zviare'' (GDsg.), ''zviŕi'' (NApl.), ''zviara'' (GDpl.).  
|-
! style="width: 150px; " align="center"| Nom.-Acc.
! style="width: 150px; " align="center"| Gen.-Dat.
|-
! align="center" style="width: 50px" | 3
| align="center"| ''źi''
| align="center"| ''źije''
| align="center"| ''źija''
| align="center"| "king"
|-
! align="center"| 3
| align="center"| ''bô''  
| align="center"| ''bove''
| align="center"| ''bova''
| align="center" | "cow"
|-
! align="center" | 3
| align="center"| ''aģi''  
| align="center"| ''aģe''
| align="center"| ''aģa''
| align="center" | "father"
|-
|}
 
Like ''aģi'' are ''maģi'' "mother" and ''braģi'' "brother".


====The Vocative====
====The Vocative====
A vestigial vocative case exists when addressing people or things directly. In most cases, the singular form of the vocative is identical to the NASg. (e.g. ''Bracźi'' "Bracźi!"), but for masculine personal names of the 1st declension, the vocative ending ''-e'' is used, e.g. ''Craumare'' "Craumara!". In the plural, all nouns are identical to the NAPl., e.g. ''braģa'' "brothers!", ''Carta, Rouńi, Căbroî!'' "Friends, Romans, Countrymen!".  
A vestigial vocative case exists when addressing people or things directly. In most cases, the vocative is identical to the NASg. or NApl. But note the following:
 
* In the 1st declension, masculine personal names and titles take ''-e'' (Vsg.) and ''-u'' (Vpl.), e.g. ''Craumare'' "Craumara!", ''teźnu'' "(my) lords", ''Rounu, Căbroû'' "Romans, Countrymen!".  
A specifically polite or respectful form of the vocative, ending in ''-u'', is used only when showing extreme deference and is particularly associated with words denoting people of high authority, e.g. ''bźațnu'' "(your) majesty)", ''teźnu'' "(my) lord".
* In the 4th declension, the Vpl. ends in ''-e'', e.g. ''bradre'' "brothers!", ''carte'' "friends!"


===Articles===
===Articles===
Bźatga has a definite article, ''-zda'', which is suffixed to the inflected form of the noun. The article itself must agree in case and number with the noun: NASg. ''-zda'', GDSg. ''-zdu'', NAPl. ''-ḑi'', GDPl. ''-zdou''.  
Bźatga has a definite article, ''-zda'', which is suffixed to the inflected form of the noun. The article itself must agree in case and number with the noun: NASg. ''-zda'', GDSg. ''-zdu'', NAPl. ''-zḑi'', GDPl. ''-zdova''.  


Examples:
Examples:
* ''vêrazda'' "the man"
* ''vêrazda'' "the man"
* ''meńiḑi'' "the women"
* ''meńizḑi'' "the women"
* ''pa aunazdu'' "to the river"
* ''pa aunezdu'' "to the river"
 
In cases where the noun ends in ''-z'', the NASg. article is written '''zda'', e.g. ''drouz'da'' "the priest".


Use of the article is generally avoided wherever the sense of definiteness is stated or inferred from context. However, it may be added to ranks, relationship names or personal names to indicate deference and respect, e.g. ''maģizda'' "the mother", ''Dounźijazdu'' "the Dounźi".
Use of the article is generally avoided wherever the sense of definiteness is stated or inferred from context. However, it may be added to ranks, relationship names or personal names to indicate deference and respect, e.g. ''maḑirzda'' "the mother", ''Dunźiazda'' "the Dunźia".


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
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====Comparison====
====Comparison====
The '''comparative''' adjective is formed by adding ''–ju'' to the stem, which undergoes iotisation where possible, e.g. ''maŕu'' "greater" < ''mara'', ''seńu'' "older" < ''sena'', ''doju'' "blacker" < ''dovo''. Comparative adjectives are not inflected for case or number.
The '''comparative''' adjective is formed by adding ''–ju'' to the stem, which undergoes iotisation where possible, e.g. ''maŕu'' "greater" < ''mara'', ''seńu'' "older" < ''sena'', ''duju'' "blacker" < ''duo''. Comparative adjectives are not inflected for case or number.


The comparative may be followed by ''vra'' "than" and an GD singular or plural noun, e.g. ''maŕu vra teje'' "bigger than a house", ''vałģu vra ģeviḑi'' "more powerful than the gods".
The comparative may be followed by ''vra'' "than" and an GD singular or plural noun, e.g. ''maŕu vra teje'' "bigger than a house", ''vałģu vra ģeviḑi'' "more powerful than the gods".


The '''superlative''' adjective is formed by adding the suffix ''-jva'' to the stem, causing iotisation, e.g. ''seńva'' "oldest". The superlative noun is declined like other 1st declension adjectives to agree in case and number with its noun (note that the GDpl. is identical to the NAsg: ''gentazda viģva'' "the most beautiful girl", ''pa gentvazdou viģva'' "to the most beautiful girls"). Superlatives may also take the article to form a substantive, e.g. ''doivazda'' "the blackest (one)".  
The '''superlative''' adjective is formed by adding the suffix ''-jva'' to the stem, causing iotisation, e.g. ''seńva'' "oldest". The superlative noun is declined like other 1st declension adjectives to agree in case and number with its noun (note that the GDpl. is identical to the NAsg: ''gentazda viģva'' "the most beautiful girl", ''pa gentvazdova viģva'' "to the most beautiful girls"). Superlatives may also take the article to form a substantive, e.g. ''duivazda'' "the blackest (one)".  


The following adjectives are compared irregularly:   
The following adjectives are compared irregularly:   
* ''dava'' "good", ''vela'' "better", ''veĺva'' "best"
* ''daja'' "good", ''vela'' "better", ''veĺva'' "best"
* ''drôga'' "bad", ''vaća'' "worse", ''vaćva'' "worst"
* ''drôga'' "bad", ''vaća'' "worse", ''vaćva'' "worst"
* ''agsa'' "near", ''nesa'' "nearer", ''neśva'' "nearest"
* ''acza'' "near", ''nesa'' "nearer", ''neśva'' "nearest"


An '''equative''' structure can be formed with the particle ''co'' + adjective + ''saule'' + GDsg. noun, e.g. ''co peura saule bove'' "as strong as an ox".
An '''equative''' structure can be formed with the particle ''ca'' + adjective + ''saule'' + GDsg. noun, e.g. ''ca peura saule bove'' "as strong as an ox".


===Adverbs===
===Adverbs===
Qualitative adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding the Oblique article ''-zdu'' to the Oblique form of the adjective, e.g. ''maruzdu'' "largely, greatly", ''arvuzdu'' "quietly". Comparative and superlative adverbs may also be formed in this way, e.g. ''nesuzdu'' "nearer", ''maŕuzdu'' "more greatly".
Qualitative adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding the GD article ''-zdu'' to the GD form of the adjective, e.g. ''maruzdu'' "largely, greatly", ''arvuzdu'' "quietly". Comparative and superlative adverbs may also be formed in this way, e.g. ''nesuzdu'' "nearer", ''maŕuzdu'' "more greatly".


Adverbs of time include: ''zdeva'' "today", ''abreja'' "tomorrow", ''de'' "yesterday", ''na'' "now", ''menkezdu'' "often", ''eńasu'' "ever".
The following words ''zleja'' (place), ''zvoća'' (time), ''
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Time !! Place !! Manner, Measure
|-
| ''zdeva'' "today" <br> ''azrei'' "tomorrow" <br> ''ģa'' "yesterday" <br> ''znoća'' "tonight" <br> ''no'' "now" <br> ''zveća'' "then" <br> ''eńasu'' "ever" <br> ''zvliźńi'' "this year" <br> ''ervliźńa'' "last year" <br> ''edvoća'' "again" <br> ''menkezdu'' "often" <br> ''veći'' "sometimes"
|-
| ''zleja'' "here, there" <br> ''sota'' "yonder" <br> ''adreû'' "home(wards)" <br> ''azladu'' "out" <br>
|}


===Numerals===
===Numerals===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!  !! Cardinal !! Ordinal
|-
! 1
|| ''vona'' || ''ćata''
|-
! 2
| ''da'' || ''aĺa''
|-
! 3
| ''ći'' || ''ćića''
|-
! 4
| ''peudre'' || ''peuģa''
|-
! 5
| ''pjape'' || ''pjapda''
|-
! 6
| ''zveś'' || ''zveśta''
|-
! 7
| ''seća'' || ''sećveda''
|-
! 8
| ''oću'' || ''oćveda''
|-
! 9
| ''nava'' || ''naveda''
|-
! 10
| ''dega'' || ''degveda''
|-
! 11
| ''vonzega'' || ''vonzegveda''
|-
! 12
| ''dazga'' || ''dazgveda''
|-
! 13
| ''ćizga'' || ''ćizgveda''
|-
! 14
| ''pedzega'' || ''pedzegveda''
|-
! 15
| ''pjapzega'' || ''pjapzegveda''
|-
! 16
| ''zveśzega'' || ''zveśzegveda''
|-
! 17
| ''sećzega'' || ''sećzegveda''
|-
! 18
| ''oćzega'' || ''oćzegveda''
|-
! 19
| ''nauzega'' || ''nauzegveda''
|-
! 20
| ''vêgți'' || ''vêgtveda''
|-
! 21
| ||
|-
! 30
| ''ćigta'' ||
|-
! 40
| ''pedgota'' ||
|-
! 50
| ''pjapta'' ||
|-
! 60
| ''zveścota'' ||
|-
! 70
| ''sećvogta'' ||
|-
! 80
| ''oćgota'' ||
|-
! 90
| ''naugota'' ||
|-
! 100
| ''cata'' || ''catveda''
|}
====Cardinal====
====Cardinal====
The cardinal numbers occur before '''singular''' forms of nouns. Only ''vona'' "one" is inflected for case.  
The cardinal numbers occur before '''singular''' forms of nouns. Only ''vona'' "one" is inflected for case.  
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The verb ''aća'' "go" (stem ''au-'') is compounded with adjectives to form verbs meaning "become, make, turn" and with nouns meaning "be, act as" (e.g. ''vidaude'' "it whitens, it turns white", ''vidaća'' "whitening", ''źijausemi'' "I acted as king, I ruled").
The verb ''aća'' "go" (stem ''au-'') is compounded with adjectives to form verbs meaning "become, make, turn" and with nouns meaning "be, act as" (e.g. ''vidaude'' "it whitens, it turns white", ''vidaća'' "whitening", ''źijausemi'' "I acted as king, I ruled").
The following are verbal prefixes:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="100px;" | Noun, Adj !! Verb !! width="200px;" | Use !! width="200px;" | E.g.
|-
| ''ab-'' || ''ăb-'' || (n) "around" <br> (v) reciprocal, reflexive ||
|-
| ''ad-'' ||''ăd-'' || (adj) "very", intensive <br> (v) "re-, again" ||
|-
| ''aĺ-'' || || "other" || ''aĺvrova'' "foreigner"
|-
| ''a(n)-'' || || (adj) "un-" <br> (n) pejorative ||
|-
| ''ar-'' || ''ăr-'' || (n) "fore, by" <br> (v) "fore, before"* ||
|-
| ''az-'' || ''ăz-'' || (adj) intensive <br> "to"* ||
|-
| || ''căt-'' || "with, after"* || ''cătvôda'' "perceive, experience"
|-
| ''ca(v)-'' || ''că(v)-'' || "co-, together, equally" || ''cabrova'' "tribesman"
|-
| ''cit-'' || || "earlier, first" ||
|-
| ''da-'' || ''dă-'' || "to" ||
|-
| colspan="2;" | ''dad-'' || (n) intensive <br> (v) "un-, dis-, de-" ||
|-
| ''ḑi-'' || ''ḑǐ-'' || (n) "without, -less" <br> (v) from ||
|-
| ''do-'' || || "bad" ||
|-
| ''eś-'' || ''ĕś-'' || (n) "without, -less" <br> (v) "out" ||
|-
| ''ǐ-'' || "in" ||
|-
| ''jătr-'' || "between" ||
|-
| ''jĕd-'' || "in" ||
|-
|''ră-'' || "for" ||
|-
| ''trău-'' || "across" ||
|-
| ''va-'' || ''vă-'' || "under, sub-" ||
|-
| ''var'' || ''văr-'' || "over, on, super-" ||
|-
| ''vrĕt'' || "against" ||
|}


==Texts==
==Texts==
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All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
===Ring Verse===
''Ći maģi er Źîzḑi Śeurĺi vona nevazda'' <br>
''Seća er Teźńi Corĺi e jara nouźi ĺôgńi'' <br>
''Nawa er Dońi Maurdoî, tokdaḑi da maura'' <br>
''Vona er Teźnazda Teva vor eja soźa duo'' <br>
''E Țiŕa Mordor, Śaḑi ărvosde e zleja'' <br>
''Vona maģa da vaĺa vor jara oĺa'' <br>
''Vona maģa da jara caja '' <br>
''Vona maģa da veza jara oĺa'' <br>
''Dec e teuzlazda jara naśa'' <br>
''E Tiŕa Mordor, Śaḑi ărvosde e zleja'' <br>
Three Rings for the Elven-kings under the sky <br>
Seven for the Dwarf-lords in their halls of stone <br>
Nine for Mortal Men doomed to die <br>
One for the Dark Lord on his dark throne <br>
In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie <br>
One Ring to rule them all <br>
One Ring to find them <br>
One Ring to bring them all <br>
And in the darkness bind them <br>
In the Land of Mordor where the Shadows lie <br>


===The Night's Watch Pledge===
===The Night's Watch Pledge===
Line 1,079: Line 1,258:


===The Lord's Prayer===
===The Lord's Prayer===
''Ara aģi eśa e neuzda <br/>
''Ara aḑir eśa e neuzda <br/>
''Ta ava rănovaudore <br />
''Ta ava rănovaudore <br />
''Ta źisa rătaude <br />
''Ta źiso rădaude <br />
''Ta aula răvreidore <br/>
''Ta aula răvreidore <br/>
''Saule vor ajazda saule e neuzda <br />
''Saule vor auĺuzda saule e neuzda <br />
''Ara barva ḑala da pa zna <br />
''Ara barva ḑila rădadetu pa zna <br />
''Dec ara côĺi ĕćlugatu <br/>
''Dec ara côĺi rećlugdetu <br/>
''Saule côĺi a ara nauḑi ĕćlugdeźńi <br />
''Saule côĺi a ara nauteḑi ĕćlugdeźńi <br />
''Dec źńi năvezatu pa caśredu <br />
''Dec źńi rănvezatu pa caśredu <br />
''Ećra źńi văredatu a valu. <br />
''Ećra źńi răvredatu vret valu. <br />
''Amen.
''Amen.


Our father, who is in heaven <br/>
Our father, who is in heaven <br/>
Hallowed by thy name <br />
Hallowed be thy name <br />
Thy kingdom come <br />
Thy kingdom come <br />
Thy will be done <br />
Thy will be done <br />
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Give us this day our daily bread <br />
Give us this day our daily bread <br />
And forgive us our trespasses <br />
And forgive us our trespasses <br />
As we forive those who trespass against us <br />
As we forgive those who trespass against us <br />
Lead us not into temptation <br />
Lead us not into temptation <br />
But deliver us from evil <br />
But deliver us from evil <br />
Psammead
803

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