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Bźatga: Difference between revisions
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====Nasal Vowels==== | ====Nasal Vowels==== | ||
When nasal consonants (''m, n, ń'') stand before a consonant or in word-final position, they merge with the preceding vowel or diphthong and cause it to nasalise; ''m'' and ''n'' both disappear, leaving the preceding vowel/diphthong slightly lengthened, while ''ń'' becomes [ȷ̃], e.g. ''aun'' "river" [ãũˑ], ''genta'' "girl" [gɛ̃ˑtɐ], ''camvon'' "whelp" [kãˑβɔ̃ˑ], ''dońva'' "people" (GDPl.) [dɔ̃ȷ̃βɐ]. | When nasal consonants (''m, n, ń'') stand before a consonant or in word-final position, they merge with the preceding vowel or diphthong and cause it to nasalise; ''m'' and ''n'' both disappear, leaving the preceding vowel/diphthong slightly lengthened, while ''ń'' becomes [ȷ̃], e.g. ''aun'' "river" [ãũˑ], ''genta'' "girl" [gɛ̃ˑtɐ], ''camvon'' "whelp" [kãˑβɔ̃ˑ], ''dońva'' "people" (GDPl.) [dɔ̃ȷ̃βɐ]. | ||
====Syllabic ''r, n'' and ''l''==== | |||
In medieval and early modern Bźatga the consonants ''r, n, l'' and their secondary forms ''ŕ, ń, ĺ'' could be syllabic /r̩, n̩, l̩/ (i.e. stand between two consononts or between a consonant and pausa in place of a vowel). Over time, the relatively infrequent instances of ''n, l'' were levelled out leaving only syllabic ''r'' surviving, with forms such as MBz. ''eznga'' "bird-like", ''dazldeja'' "meeting-house" being replaced by ModBz. ''eznaga, dazladeja'' but with ''zvegrna'' "father-in-law", ''cadrnga'' "strong one" continuing. Nevertheless, syllabic ''n, l'' are occasionally met with in archaic writing. By today, syllabic ''r'' is largely restricted to higher or more formal registers in both speech and writing while in the vernacular it is replaced by ''a'', e.g. ''zvegana, cadanga''. | |||
===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
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*''d'' and ''t'' become ''ć'' and ''ǵ'' respectively, e.g. ''môde'' "soft", cpv. ''môǵu'' "softer". | *''d'' and ''t'' become ''ć'' and ''ǵ'' respectively, e.g. ''môde'' "soft", cpv. ''môǵu'' "softer". | ||
*''p, b'' and ''m'' are simply followed by the letter ''j'', e.g. ''caba'' "crooked", cpv. ''cabju'' "more crooked". | *''p, b'' and ''m'' are simply followed by the letter ''j'', e.g. ''caba'' "crooked", cpv. ''cabju'' "more crooked". | ||
*''v'' becomes ''j'', e.g. '' | *''v'' becomes ''j'', e.g. ''cova'' "dear", cpv. ''coju'' "more raw". | ||
In consonant clusters, iotised ''ń, ĺ, ŕ, ś, ź'' carry the process to a preceding ''ń, ĺ, ŕ, ś'' or'' ź'', e.g. ''z + ń > źń, n + ĺ > ńĺ, s + ź > śź''. | |||
====Palatalisation==== | ====Palatalisation==== | ||
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| ''Ģ ģ'' | | ''Ģ ģ'' | ||
| /d͡ʒ/ | | /d͡ʒ/ | ||
| | | ''DŔ, dŕ'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''I i'' | | ''I i'' | ||
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* ''aḑir'' represents a limited class of nouns, all relating to kinship terms, which have a NAsg. in -C''ir'' but the remaining paradigm in -C''r-''. This class includes ''maḑir'' "mother", ''braḑir'' "brother", ''auțir'' "uncle" and the rare, archaic ''dôćir'' "daughter". | * ''aḑir'' represents a limited class of nouns, all relating to kinship terms, which have a NAsg. in -C''ir'' but the remaining paradigm in -C''r-''. This class includes ''maḑir'' "mother", ''braḑir'' "brother", ''auțir'' "uncle" and the rare, archaic ''dôćir'' "daughter". | ||
** related, but irregular, is ''zviur'' "sister" (NAsg.), ''zviare'' (GDsg.), ''zviŕi'' (NApl.), ''zviara'' (GDpl.). | ** related, but irregular, is ''zviur'' "sister" (NAsg.), ''zviare'' (GDsg.), ''zviŕi'' (NApl.), ''zviara'' (GDpl.). | ||
====The Vocative==== | ====The Vocative==== | ||
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===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! !! Cardinal !! Ordinal | |||
|- | |||
! 1 | |||
|| ''vona'' || ''ćata'' | |||
|- | |||
! 2 | |||
| ''da'' || ''aĺa'' | |||
|- | |||
! 3 | |||
| ''ći'' || ''ćića'' | |||
|- | |||
! 4 | |||
| ''peudre'' || ''peuģa'' | |||
|- | |||
! 5 | |||
| ''pjape'' || ''pjapda'' | |||
|- | |||
! 6 | |||
| ''zveś'' || ''zveśta'' | |||
|- | |||
! 7 | |||
| ''seća'' || ''sećveda'' | |||
|- | |||
! 8 | |||
| ''oću'' || ''oćveda'' | |||
|- | |||
! 9 | |||
| ''nava'' || ''naveda'' | |||
|- | |||
! 10 | |||
| ''dega'' || ''degveda'' | |||
|- | |||
! 11 | |||
| ''vonzega'' || ''vonzegveda'' | |||
|- | |||
! 12 | |||
| ''dazga'' || ''dazgveda'' | |||
|- | |||
! 13 | |||
| ''ćizga'' || ''ćizgveda'' | |||
|- | |||
! 14 | |||
| ''pedzega'' || ''pedzegveda'' | |||
|- | |||
! 15 | |||
| ''pjapzega'' || ''pjapzegveda'' | |||
|- | |||
! 16 | |||
| ''zveśzega'' || ''zveśzegveda'' | |||
|- | |||
! 17 | |||
| ''sećzega'' || ''sećzegveda'' | |||
|- | |||
! 18 | |||
| ''oćzega'' || ''oćzegveda'' | |||
|- | |||
! 19 | |||
| ''nauzega'' || ''nauzegveda'' | |||
|- | |||
! 20 | |||
| ''vêgți'' || ''vêgtveda'' | |||
|- | |||
! 21 | |||
| || | |||
|- | |||
! 30 | |||
| ''ćigta'' || | |||
|- | |||
! 40 | |||
| ''pedgota'' || | |||
|- | |||
! 50 | |||
| ''pjapta'' || | |||
|- | |||
! 60 | |||
| ''zveścota'' || | |||
|- | |||
! 70 | |||
| ''sećvogta'' || | |||
|- | |||
! 80 | |||
| ''oćgota'' || | |||
|- | |||
! 90 | |||
| ''naugota'' || | |||
|- | |||
! 100 | |||
| ''cata'' || ''catveda'' | |||
|} | |||
====Cardinal==== | ====Cardinal==== | ||
The cardinal numbers occur before '''singular''' forms of nouns. Only ''vona'' "one" is inflected for case. | The cardinal numbers occur before '''singular''' forms of nouns. Only ''vona'' "one" is inflected for case. | ||