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Bźatga: Difference between revisions
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Verbs possess a relatively simple agglutinative morphology. Each verb consists of a stem to which affixes denoting such things as tense, person and aspect are added. | Verbs possess a relatively simple agglutinative morphology. Each verb consists of a stem to which affixes denoting such things as tense, person and aspect are added. The position of the affixes is restricted, with the stem (e.g. ''vel-'' "see") taking '''Position 1''', and the other affixes as follows: | ||
* '''Position 2''' must be filled with one of the tense-marking suffixes ''d'' for the non-past or ''s'' for the past (e.g. ''veld-'' "sees", ''vels-'' "saw"). In imperative verbs the position is held by the imperative suffix ''a'' (e.g. ''vela'' "see!"). | |||
* '''Position 3''' denotes verbal aspect and is empty when the verb is active, but contains ''or'' when passive (e.g. ''veld-'' "sees", ''veldor-'' "is seen"). | |||
'' | * '''Position 4''' is usually empty, but is filled by ''ja'' when the verb is relative (''velśa'' "who saw" < ''vels-ja''). | ||
'' | * '''Position 5''' is always theoretically filled by a suffix denoting person. In most cases these are identical to the NA pronouns, with an epenthetic ''e'' following consonants (e.g. ''veldemi'' "I see", ''velsoreśi'' "you were seen"). When the subject is a noun or a 3sg pronoun, the ending is ''-e'', but this disappears following relative ''ja'' (e.g. ''velde'' "he/she/it sees", ''velģa'' "whom he etc. sees"). Only the 2nd person pronouns may be used with the imperative (e.g. ''velatu'' "see!"). | ||
* '''Position 0''' may be empty or filled by one of the several prefixes: | |||
** ''ră'' is used with past-tense verbs to denote the perfect, but in the non-past it denotes a modal of possibility, often used to express doubt (e.g. ''răvelseje'' "they have seen", ''răveldesśńi'' "we may see"). It may not be used with the imperative. | |||
** ''nă'' is the negative, which may be used with any of the suffixes (e.g. ''năvelsemi'' "I did not see", ''năvelģaśi'' "whom you did not see"). | |||
** ''ă'' is the conditional | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" text-align:center;" | ||
! align="center" style="width: | ! align="center" style="width: 150px;" | Position 0 <br> Prefixes | ||
! align="center" style="width: | ! align="center" style="width: 150px;" | Position 1 <br> Stem | ||
! | ! align="center" style="width: 150px;" | Position 2 <br> Tense | ||
! align="center" style="width: 150px;" | Position 3 <br> Aspect | |||
! align="center" style="width: 150px;" | Position 4 <br> Relative | |||
| | ! align="center" style="width: 150px;" | Position 5 <br> Person | ||
! align="center" | |||
! align="center" | |||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center" rowspan="2;" | Ø <br> ''ră'' (perfect) <br> ''nă'' (negative) <br> ''ă'' (conditional) | |||
| align="center"| '' | | align="center" rowspan="2;" | STEM | ||
| align="center"| '' | | align="center" | ''d'' (non-past) <br> ''s'' (past) | ||
| align="center"| '' | | align="center" | Ø (active) <br> ''or'' (passive) | ||
| align="center" | Ø (non-relative) <br> ''ja'' (relative) | |||
| align="center" rowspan="2;" | ''(e)mi'' (1sg) <br> ''(e)tu'' (2sg.) <br> ''e/-'' (3sg.) <br> ''(e)śńi'' (1pl.) <br> ''(e)śi'' (2pl.) <br> ''(e)je'' (3pl.) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center" colspan="3" | ''a'' (imperative) | |||
|} | |} | ||