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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Verbs have two tenses (past and non-past), two voices (active and passive) and each verb is marked for person, number and relativity. Mood is restricted to the indicative (unmarked) or imperative but quasi-moods may be indicated by means of the conditional and modal prefixes (see below). Most verbs also have a verbal noun, present participle, past passive participle and a participle of necessity. | |||
Verbs possess a relatively simple agglutinative morphology. Each verb consists of a stem to which affixes denoting such things as tense, person and voice are added. The position of the affixes is restricted, with the stem (e.g. ''vel-'' "see") taking '''Position 1''', and the other affixes as follows: | Verbs possess a relatively simple agglutinative morphology. Each verb consists of a stem to which affixes denoting such things as tense, person and voice are added. The position of the affixes is restricted, with the stem (e.g. ''vel-'' "see") taking '''Position 1''', and the other affixes as follows: | ||
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* '''Position 5''' is always theoretically filled by a suffix denoting person. In most cases these are identical to the NA pronouns, with an epenthetic ''e'' following consonants (e.g. ''veŭdemi'' "I see", ''veŭsoreśi'' "you were seen"). When the subject is a noun or a 3sg pronoun, the ending is ''-e'', but this disappears following relative ''ja'' (e.g. ''veŭde'' "he/she/it sees", ''veŭģa'' "whom he etc. sees" < ''vel-d-ja''). Only the 2nd person pronouns may be used with the imperative (e.g. ''velatu'' "see!"). | * '''Position 5''' is always theoretically filled by a suffix denoting person. In most cases these are identical to the NA pronouns, with an epenthetic ''e'' following consonants (e.g. ''veŭdemi'' "I see", ''veŭsoreśi'' "you were seen"). When the subject is a noun or a 3sg pronoun, the ending is ''-e'', but this disappears following relative ''ja'' (e.g. ''veŭde'' "he/she/it sees", ''veŭģa'' "whom he etc. sees" < ''vel-d-ja''). Only the 2nd person pronouns may be used with the imperative (e.g. ''velatu'' "see!"). | ||
* '''Position 0''' may be empty or filled by one of the several prefixes: | * '''Position 0''' may be empty or filled by one of the several prefixes: | ||
** ''ră'' functions somewhat like a subjunctive or modal particle, introducing a sense of uncertainty to the verb. It can be translated as 'may' or 'would' (e.g. ''răveŭseje'' "they may have seen", ''răveŭdeśńi'' "we may see"). It cannot be used with the imperative. | ** ''ră'' functions somewhat like a subjunctive or modal particle, introducing a sense of uncertainty to the verb. It can be translated as 'may' or 'would' (e.g. ''răveŭseje'' "they may have seen", ''răveŭdeśńi'' "we may see"). It cannot be used with the imperative. The negative form is ''răn'' (e.g. ''rǎnveŭdeje'' "they may not see"). | ||
** ''nă'' is the negative, which may be used with any of the suffixes (e.g. ''năveŭsemi'' "I did not see", ''năveŭģaśi'' "whom you did not see"). | ** ''nă'' is the negative, which may be used with any of the suffixes (e.g. ''năveŭsemi'' "I did not see", ''năveŭģaśi'' "whom you did not see"). | ||
** ''mă'' is the conditional, used with the past or non-past to mean "if ..." (e.g. ''măveŭdetu'' "if you see", ''măveŭsoremi'' "if I were seen"). The conditional cannot be used with the relative suffix. | ** ''mă'' is the conditional, used with the past or non-past to mean "if ..." (e.g. ''măveŭdetu'' "if you see", ''măveŭsoremi'' "if I were seen"). The conditional cannot be used with the relative suffix, but combines with the negative as ''măn'' (e.g. ''mănveŭdetu'' "if you don't see"). | ||
The table below summarises the position of the affixes in relation to the stem: | The table below summarises the position of the affixes in relation to the stem: | ||
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|} | |} | ||
====Summary of Verb Forms==== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" text-align:center;" | ||
! align="center | ! align="center" rowspan="2;" style="width: 300px;" colspan="2;" | Stem: ''vel-'' "see" | ||
! align="center" colspan="2;" | Active | ! align="center" colspan="2;" | Active | ||
! align="center" colspan="2;" | Passive | ! align="center" colspan="2;" | Passive | ||
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! align="center" style="width: 100px;"| Relative | ! align="center" style="width: 100px;"| Relative | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" rowspan=" | ! align="center" rowspan="6;" | Present | ||
! align="center" | Affirmative | ! align="center" | Affirmative | ||
| align="center" | ''veŭde'' | | align="center" | ''veŭde'' | ||
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| align="center" | ''veŭdoŕa'' | | align="center" | ''veŭdoŕa'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" | | ! align="center" | Negative | ||
| align="center" | ''năveŭde'' | |||
| align="center" | ''năveŭģa'' | |||
| align="center" | ''năveŭdore'' | |||
| align="center" | ''năveŭdoŕa'' | |||
|- | |||
! align="center" | Modal | |||
| align="center" | ''răveŭde'' | | align="center" | ''răveŭde'' | ||
| align="center" | ''răveŭģa'' | | align="center" | ''răveŭģa'' | ||
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| align="center" | ''răveŭdoŕa'' | | align="center" | ''răveŭdoŕa'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" | Negative | ! align="center" | Negative Modal | ||
| align="center" | '' | | align="center" | ''rănveŭde'' | ||
| align="center" | '' | | align="center" | ''rănveŭģa'' | ||
| align="center" | '' | | align="center" | ''rănveŭdore'' | ||
| align="center" | '' | | align="center" | ''rănveŭdoŕa'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" | Conditional | ! align="center" | Conditional | ||
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| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" rowspan=" | ! align="center" | Negative Conditional | ||
| align="center" | ''mănveŭde'' | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | ''mănveŭdore'' | |||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
! align="center" rowspan="6;" | Past | |||
! align="center" | Affirmative | ! align="center" | Affirmative | ||
| align="center" | '' | | align="center" | ''veŭse'' | ||
| align="center" | '' | | align="center" | ''veŭśa'' | ||
| align="center" | '' | | align="center" | ''veŭsore'' | ||
| align="center" | '' | | align="center" | ''veŭsoŕa'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" | | ! align="center" | Negative | ||
| align="center" | ''năveŭse'' | |||
| align="center" | ''năveŭśa'' | |||
| align="center" | ''năveŭsore'' | |||
| align="center" | ''năveŭsoŕa'' | |||
|- | |||
! align="center" | Modal | |||
| align="center" | ''răveŭse'' | | align="center" | ''răveŭse'' | ||
| align="center" | ''răveŭśa'' | | align="center" | ''răveŭśa'' | ||
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| align="center" | ''răveŭsoŕa'' | | align="center" | ''răveŭsoŕa'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" | Negative | ! align="center" | Negative Modal | ||
| align="center" | '' | | align="center" | ''rănveŭse'' | ||
| align="center" | '' | | align="center" | ''rănveŭśa'' | ||
| align="center" | '' | | align="center" | ''rănveŭsore'' | ||
| align="center" | '' | | align="center" | ''rănveŭsoŕa'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" | Conditional | ! align="center" | Conditional | ||
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| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
| align="center" | ''măveŭsore'' | | align="center" | ''măveŭsore'' | ||
| align="center" | | |||
|- | |||
! align="center" | Negative Conditional | |||
| align="center" | ''mănveŭse'' | |||
| align="center" | | |||
| align="center" | ''mănveŭsore'' | |||
| align="center" | | | align="center" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| align="center" colspan="2;" | ''vela'' | | align="center" colspan="2;" | ''vela'' | ||
| align="center" colspan="2;" | | | align="center" colspan="2;" | | ||
|- | |||
! align="center" colspan="2;" | Verbal Noun | |||
| align="center" colspan="2;" | ''velą'' | |||
| align="center" colspan="2;" | | |||
|- | |||
! align="center" colspan="2;" | Present Participle | |||
| align="center" colspan="2;" | ''evelą'' | |||
| align="center" colspan="2;" | | |||
|- | |||
! align="center" colspan="2;" | Past Passive Participle | |||
| align="center" colspan="2;" | ''veŭda'' | |||
| align="center" colspan="2;" | | |||
|- | |||
! align="center" colspan="2;" | Participle of Necessity | |||
| align="center" colspan="2;" | ''veŭdoja'' | |||
| align="center" colspan="2;" | | |||
|} | |} | ||