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Kimmig: a [[/Vocabulary|ellpossgirytnē]] enn a [[/Thematic dictionary|prattdúlig]] worrtliss.
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|creator = User:Dē Graut Bʉr
|image =  
|image =  
|imagesize =  
|imagesize =  
|name = Bearlandic
|name = Bearlandic
|nativename = ''Bʉrnlannts''
|nativename = Bʉrnlannts
|pronunciation=  /ˈbœːrnlɑnːts/
|pronunciation=  ˈbœːrnlɑnːts
|region =  
|region =  
|states =  
|states =  
|speakers = Approximately 20 million  
|speakers = ~20 million  
|date = 2653
|date = 2653
|familycolor=
|familycolor=conlang
|family=Iropo-Antilonian languages
|fam1 = Iropo-Antilonian languages
* Berilonian languages
|fam2 = Berilonian languages
** Western Berilonian languages
|fam3 = Western Berilonian languages
*** '''Bearlandic'''
|ancestor=Old Bearlandic
|ancestor=Old Bearlandic
|script=Berilonian alphabet, western style
|scripts= * Berilonian alphabet, western style
|agency=
|iso1=
|iso2=
|iso3=
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}
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Coda consonants may be voiced when the following syllable begins with a voiced consonant.
Coda consonants may be voiced when the following syllable begins with a voiced consonant.
Most speakers have [ɬ] as an allophone of /l/, though the exact conditioning of this allophony varies considerably. In the cluster /tl/, the [ɬ] allophone is nearly universal, and the pronunciation of /lh/ as [ɬ], though less common, is also found all over the country. In a few places scattered across the country one may hear [sɬ] or even [ɬ] for /sl/, and in the east, some people devoice /l/ in any cluster involving voiceless consonants.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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|-
|-
! Low
! Low
| colspan="3" | /ɑ aː/
| colspan="3" | a /ɑ aː/
|}
|}
Short vowels are followed by long vowels and vice versa. Orthographically, vowel length is indicated by the doubling of the following consonant. Word-finally, short vowels are marked with a macron.
Short vowels are followed by long consonants and vice versa. Orthographically, vowel length is indicated by the doubling of the following consonant. Word-finally, short vowels are marked with a macron.


There are two diphthongs: y, pronounced /ɛɪ̯/ and au, pronounced /aʊ̯/. Just like long vowels, they are always followed by a short consonant.
There are two diphthongs: y, pronounced /ɛɪ̯/ and au, pronounced /aʊ̯/. Just like long vowels, they are always followed by a short consonant.
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To codas the following rules apply:
To codas the following rules apply:
*There is no phonemic voicing contrast, but instead the voicing depends on the voicing of the onset of the following syllable. Before vowels and at the end of an utterance coda obstruents are by default voiceless.
*There is no phonemic voicing contrast, but instead all syllable-final obstruents are voiceless by default. However, they may be optionally voiced if the following syllable starts with a voiced consonant.
*P t k s can be preceded by r l s or a homorganic nasal consonant.
*P t k s can be preceded by r l s or a homorganic nasal consonant.
*H q do not occur at the end of a syllable.
*H q do not occur at the end of a syllable.


The second syllable of disyllabic roots usually ends in one of the following sequences: /ər ɛrː ɪrː ol ɔlː ɛ ɪ/. Two native words are an exception to this rule: ''niktū'' /niːktʏ/ "without" and ''ottjo'' /ɔtːjoː/ "eight".
In general, disyllabic roots consist of a syllable which would be a valid monosyllabic root followed by a sequence of a vowel and a consonant or just a vowel. In native roots, the only such sequences that are known to occur are /ər ɛrː ɪrː ɔlː ol ɪmː ɪsː ɛ ɪ ʏ oː/, and of these, /ɪmː ʏ oː/ are all restricted to a single root. In addition to the possible syllable-final cluster, /tj/ is also a possible medial cluster in disyllabic roots.
 
There is a slight tendency to shorten disyllabic roots to monosyllabic ones. Occasionally this has created two variants of a single root, as in ''valt'' "go for a walk" and its derived noun ''vantl-ing'' "walk".


Some non-native or recently coined words break these rules.
Some non-native or recently coined words break these rules. /tl/, which is realised as [tɬ] by most speakers, is a particularly common cluster in non-inherited vocabulary.


==Verbs==
==Verbs==
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| aus-gi-dwyn-t
| aus-gi-dwyn-t
|-
|-
! Infinitive
! Ē-form
| lop-ē
| lop-ē
| sgit-ē
| sgit-ē
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* Verbs ending in -t don't add an extra t in the past and perfect forms.
* Verbs ending in -t don't add an extra t in the past and perfect forms.
* Verbs ending in -n do add an extra n in the present participle, causing the preceding vowel to become short. If this vowel is y, it becomes i. If the verb already has a short vowel, the participle is written with three consecutive n's, but there is no change in pronunciation.
* Verbs ending in -n do add an extra n in the present participle, causing the preceding vowel to become short. If this vowel is y, it becomes i. If the verb already has a short vowel, the participle is written with three consecutive n's, but there is no change in pronunciation.
* Verbs with a disyllabic root drop the second vowel in the infinitive and the present participle. In the latter form, this would result in an unpronounceable consonant cluster which is broken up by an /ə/ directly before the ending.
* Verbs with a disyllabic root drop the second vowel in the ē-form and the present participle. In the latter form, this would result in an unpronounceable consonant cluster which is broken up by an /ə/ directly before the ending.
* If the stem ends in a short f or s, this final fricative becomes voiced in the infinitive.
* If the stem ends in a short f or s, this final fricative becomes voiced in the ē-form.
* Verbs beginning with an unstressed prefix don't add an extra prefix in the perfect forms.
* Verbs beginning with an unstressed prefix don't add an extra prefix in the perfect forms.
* Verbs beginning with a stressed prefix are separable. Depending on the context, the prefix may be separated from the stem in the present and past tenses, and in the perfect, the gi- prefix comes between the separable prefix and the stem.
* Verbs beginning with a stressed prefix are separable. Depending on the context, the prefix may be separated from the stem in the present and past tenses, and in the perfect, the gi- prefix comes between the separable prefix and the stem.
The ē-form is used for several unrelated purposes and may be thought of as a variant present form.


====Strong verbs====
====Strong verbs====
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| short i
| short i
|}
|}
The infinitive of strong verbs always has either an y or a short i, depending on the length of the stem vowel. There are two verbs whose infinitive seemingly has the wrong vowel, namely ''zegg'' "say", whose infinitive is ''zygē'', and ''stass'' "stand", whose infinitive may be either ''stissē'' or ''styzē''.
The ē-form of strong verbs always has either an y or a short i, depending on the length of the stem vowel. There are three verbs whose ē-form seemingly has the wrong vowel, namely ''zegg'' "say", whose ē-form is ''zygē'', ''stass'' "stand", whose ē-form may be either ''stissē'' or ''styzē'', and ''slap'' "sleep", whose ē-form ''slapē'' retains the stem vowel of the present tense.


Some examples:
Some examples:
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| gisgrifft
| gisgrifft
|-
|-
! Infinitive
! Ē-form
| birrē
| birrē
| stissē/styzē
| stissē/styzē
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! "give"
! "give"
! "eat"
! "eat"
! "know"
! "become"
! "become"
|-
|-
! Present
! Present
| iss, zyt
| iss
| heppt
| heppt
| ga
| ga
| gef
| gef
| et
| et
| wet
| vort
| vort
|-
|-
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| giffti
| giffti
| ati
| ati
| wati
| virti
| virti
|-
|-
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| gigifft
| gigifft
| giotē
| giotē
| giwotē
| givirtē
| givirtē
|-
|-
! Infinitive
! Ē-form
| yē
| yē, zyt
| hypē
| hypē
| gatē
| gatē
| gyvē
| gyvē
| ytē
| ytē
| wytē
| vortē
| vortē
|-
|-
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| gefnē
| gefnē
| etnē
| etnē
| wetnē
| vortnē
| vortnē
|-
|-
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| gigifftnē
| gigifftnē
| giotnē
| giotnē
| giwotnē
| givirtnē
| givirtnē
|}
|}
''Iss'' has two distinct forms corresponding to the ē-forms of all other verbs. ''Yē'' is used as an infinitive, whereas ''zyt'' is used in subordinate clauses.


===Tenses===
===Tenses===
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It '''has snowed'''.
It '''has snowed'''.


Modal verbs take the same auxiliary as the main verb. The modal is put in the perfect form, while the main verb is put in the infinitive and preceded by ''oss''.
Modal verbs take the same auxiliary as the main verb. The modal is put in the perfect form, while the main verb is put in the ē-form and preceded by ''oss''.


''Ig '''heppt gikusst''' oss ytē.''<br>
''Ig '''heppt gikusst''' oss ytē.''<br>
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There '''has been''' an accident.
There '''has been''' an accident.


The verb ''zʉll'' and its past form ''zʉllti'' are used to form the future and the future past respectively.
The verb ''zʉll'' and its past form ''zʉllti'' are used to form the future and the future past respectively. These are both followed by the ē-form.


''Ig '''zʉll ytē'''.''<br>
''Ig '''zʉll ytē'''.''<br>
I '''will eat'''.
I '''will eat'''.
''Anymann '''zʉllti''' bly '''yē'''.''<br>
''Everyone '''would be''' happy.''


====Usage====
====Usage====
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Modality is expressed using a variety of modal auxiliary verbs. The main ones are basic auxiliaries ''kuss'' "can", ''mut'' "must", ''will'' "want", ''mogg'' "may", as well as ''tyē, yē, hyē, wylē'' and ''kynē'', which are remnants of old optative forms of ''tú'' "do", ''iss'' "be", ''heppt'' "have", ''will'' and ''kuss'' respectively.
Modality is expressed using a variety of modal auxiliary verbs. The main ones are basic auxiliaries ''kuss'' "can", ''mut'' "must", ''will'' "want", ''mogg'' "may", as well as ''tyē, yē, hyē, wylē'' and ''kynē'', which are remnants of old optative forms of ''tú'' "do", ''iss'' "be", ''heppt'' "have", ''will'' and ''kuss'' respectively.


After the basic auxiliaries one can choose between two possible constructions: SVOV using an infinitive and SVVO using the base form. These two constructions differ slightly in meaning in some contexts and are known as the "definite" and "uncertain" mood respectively. An optative may only be followed by an infinitive when used as an auxiliary. Thus one may say:
After the basic auxiliaries one can choose between two possible constructions: SVOV using an ē-form and SVVO using the base form. These two constructions differ slightly in meaning in some contexts and are known as the "definite" and "uncertain" mood respectively. An optative may only be followed by an ē-form when used as an auxiliary. Thus one may say:


* ''Ig kuss dē túē.'' (definite)
* ''Ig kuss dē túē.'' (definite)
* ''Ig kuss tú dē.'' (uncertain)
* ''Ig kuss tú dē.'' (uncertain)
* ''If kynē dē túē.'' (optative)
* ''Ig kynē dē túē.'' (optative)


The choice between these forms is a complicated matter and varies considerably between dialects and even between different speakers of the same dialect. Some guidelines are presented below, but the reader should bear in mind that the actual usage is considerably more complicated than can be shown here.
The choice between these forms is a complicated matter and varies considerably between dialects and even between different speakers of the same dialect. Some guidelines are presented below, but the reader should bear in mind that the actual usage is considerably more complicated than can be shown here.
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The optative can be used in several ways, two of which will be discussed in this section. Firstly, it may be used to express a wish. In this case, the optative verb comes at the beginning of the sentence, and ''tyē'' is used when the subject can control the action, whereas ''wylē'' is used when it can't.
The optative can be used in several ways, two of which will be discussed in this section. Firstly, it may be used to express a wish. In this case, the optative verb comes at the beginning of the sentence, and ''tyē'' is used when the subject can control the action, whereas ''wylē'' is used when it can't.


'''''Yē''' his oss hirr!''<br>
'''''Yē''' hi oss hirr!''<br>
'''If only''' he '''were''' here!
'''If only''' he '''were''' here!


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***''tú'' "do" -> ''hertú'' "repeat"
***''tú'' "do" -> ''hertú'' "repeat"
***''wet'' "know" -> ''herwet'' "remember"
***''wet'' "know" -> ''herwet'' "remember"
====Conjugation of prefixed verbs====
Verbs derived from other verbs are conjugated the same as their base verbs. The only exceptions to this rule are the verbs derived from ''iss'' and ''heppt'',  which become ''zyt'' and ''hyf'' respectively when a prefix is added. Both are then conjugated like weak verbs.
Verbs derived from other parts of speech are almost always weak, except if the base word has y as its stem vowel, in which case it is strong. Thus ''ossrʉt'' is weak while ''ausgyg'' is strong.
====Separation====
As mentioned, the stressed prefixes can be separated from the root. This happens in the main clause, whereas the prefix remains attached in subordinate clauses.
{{Gloss
| phrase = Hi pratti miess nam fautlyk yt.
| gloss = 3SG.SUBJ speak-PST 1SG.POSS name wrong-ADV YT
| translation = He pronounced my name wrongly.
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = Ig bizaggti oss emm dass hi miess nam fautlyk ytpratti.
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ tell.PST to 3SG.OBJ that 3SG.SUBJ 1SG.POSS name wrong-ADV YT-speak-PST
| translation = I told him that he pronounced my name wrongly.
}}


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
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*''vogg'' "bird" > ''voggs'' "birds"
*''vogg'' "bird" > ''voggs'' "birds"
*''mann'' "man" > ''manns'' "men"
*''mann'' "man" > ''manns'' "men"
*''kennī'' "dog" > ''kenniss'' "dogs"
*''fingrī'' "finger" > ''fingriss'' "fingers"


A few nouns feature an irregular vowel change in the plural.
A few nouns feature an irregular vowel change in the plural.
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*''ze'' "sea" > ''zyess'' "seas"
*''ze'' "sea" > ''zyess'' "seas"
*''sten'' "stone" > ''styness'' "stones"
*''sten'' "stone" > ''styness'' "stones"
*''ry'' "row" > ''ryess'' "rows"
*''kennī'' "dog" > ''kenniss'' "dogs"


The nouns which end in -s in the singular are all irregular. Three of them have a plural in -issē.
The nouns which end in -s in the singular are all irregular. Three of them have a plural in -issē.
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===Nominalising suffixes===
===Nominalising suffixes===
The main nominalising suffixes are:
*''-ē'': an all-purpose noun suffix. Among the functions it can have are:
**Forming a noun meaning "person/thing with quality X" from an adjective: ''stirg'' "strong" -> ''a stirgē'' "a strong person", ''lykig'' "similar" -> ''a lykigē'' "something similar"
**Forming various kinds of associated nouns from various other parts of speech: ''knirr'' "cut with scissors" -> ''knirrē'' "scissors"
**Forming diminutives, often with highly idiomatic meanings and frequently accompanied by a vowel change: ''vogg'' "bird" -> ''vʉggē'' "feather"
**For many nouns ending in -ē, this ending has no meaning at all: ''atjē'' "bridge", ''hillvē'' "hill"
*''-hyt'': an abstract noun suffix, usually but not always added to adjectives to form a nouns referring a state:
**''bly'' "happy" -> ''blyhyt'' "happiness"
**''brútē'' "brother" -> ''brúthyt'' "family"
*''-ing'': an abstract noun suffix which is usually added to verbs:
**''kis'' "choose" -> ''kising'' "choice"
**''kopp'' "buy" -> ''kopping'' "trade"
*''-er'': forms a noun referring to either the person doing something or the instrument used for it
**''jaggt'' "hunt" -> ''jaggter'' "hunter"
**''sgit'' "shoot" -> ''sgiter'' "gun"
*''-ness'': technically not a single suffix but a pluralised nominalised participle. It forms collective nouns.
**''won'' "live, dwell" -> ''wonness'' "population"
**''burr'' "happen" -> ''giburrtness'' "history"


==Adjectives==
==Adjectives==
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===Formation===
===Formation===
With a few exceptions, all adjectives end in the highly productive adjectivising suffix -ig. Adjectives derived from place names and names of ethnic groups end in -iess instead, and a closed class of native adjectives has no suffix at all.
With a few exceptions, all adjectives end in the highly productive adjectivising suffix -ig. Adjectives derived from place names and names of ethnic groups end in -iess instead, and a closed class of native adjectives has no suffix at all.
A sizeable group of adjectives look like past participles, but are not derived from any actually existing verb. For example, ''ausgioggt(nē)'' "neutral" looks like it is the past participle of ''*ausogg'', but no such verb actually exists.


===Inflection===
===Inflection===
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*''ferr'' "far" > ''ferrtē'' "further" > ''firrst'' "furthest"
*''ferr'' "far" > ''ferrtē'' "further" > ''firrst'' "furthest"


Adverbs can be derived from adjectives using the suffix -lyk. Most adjectives ending in -ig can be used as adverbs without first adding -lyk.
Adverbs can be derived from adjectives using the suffix -lyk. Most adjectives not ending in -ig can be used as adverbs without first adding -lyk.
 
Participial adjectives, as well as ''wyg'' "few, little", have separate attributive and predicative forms. When used attributively, the end in -nē, while they have no ending when used predicatively. The citation form of these adjectives is the predicative from.


===Comparison===
===Comparison===
In the formal standard language, comparisons of equality are expressed by ''ef ... solls''. However, in informal language, ''solls'' in this expression is often replaced by ''oss''.
{{Gloss
| phrase = Dē bom iss ef kra solls dē haus.
| gloss = DEF tree be equally big as DEF house
| translation = The tree is as tall as the house
}}
Comparisons of inequality always use ''oss''.
{{Gloss
| phrase = Ig iss auterr oss emm.
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ be old-COMP than 3SG.OBJ
| translation = I am older than him.
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = Dē missē iss minnig snell oss dē katt.
| gloss = DEF mouse.PL be less fast than DEF cat
| translation = The mice are not as fast as the cat.
}}


==Pronouns==
==Pronouns==
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| dē
| dē
| dy
| dy
|-
! Several things
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" | dy
|-
|-
! Sentence
! Sentence
| colspan="2" | dy
|-
! "that which"
|}
|}


===Other pronouns===
===Other pronouns===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
!
! Which
! This
! That
! All
! Some
! None
|-
! Determiner
| willg
| rowspan="2" | ditt, dē
| rowspan="2" | di, dē
| all, anē
| somm, imig, itig
| gyn
|-
! Thing
| wass
| all, alltingiss
| itiss
| nikktitiss, nytitiss, nitiss
|-
! Person
| wi
| colspan="2" | hi, zē, zess
| anmann, all
| imann, imē
| nimē, nytimē
|-
! Place
| warr
| hirr
| dirr
| oss allpē
| irgiss
| nytirgiss, nirgiss
|-
! Time
| wann
| nu
| tann
| alltyt
| oss ojjē
| nauter
|-
! Reason
| werrmē
| colspan="2" | darross, derrmē
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#DDDDDD" |
|-
! Manner
| hu, hulyk
| colspan="2" | zoss, solls dē
|}
''Ditt'' and ''di'' are used less often than "this" and "that" in English.
The determiners ''all'' and ''somm'' cannot be followed by a singular countable noun; they have to be followed by either a plural noun or an uncountable one. ''Anē'', ''imig'' and ''itig'' on the other hand can only be followed by a singular noun. ''Imig'' is only used before nouns referring to people, whereas ''itig'' is only used before other nouns.
''Alltingiss'' is an emphatic variant of ''all'' in the sense of "everything".
''All'' in the sense of "everyone" is dialectal and tends to be avoided in formal speech and writing.
The short forms ''nitiss'' and ''nirgiss'' of the negative pronouns are colloquial, and in many situations the full forms are preferred. By contrast, the short form ''nimē'' is generally preferred to the somewhat archaic ''nytimē''.
''solls dē'' generally refers to something more concrete than ''zoss''.


==Numerals==
==Numerals==
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==Complex sentences==
==Complex sentences==
===Subordinate clauses===
===Subordinate clauses===
Subordinate clauses always begin with a subordinating word, which, depending on the type of clause, is either a conjunction or a relative pronoun, and can be preceded by a preposition. Subclauses have the same distinction between definite/uncertain as auxiliary verbs. The main subordinators are:
Subordinate clauses always begin with a subordinating word, which, depending on the type of clause, is either a conjunction or a relative pronoun, and can be preceded by a preposition. Just like modal verbs, subordinate clauses distinguish between definite, uncertain and optative moods.


*''dass'': introduces a complement clause. Unlike in English, it cannot be left out. When used after a preposition, it becomes ''dy''.
====Complement clauses====
*''oss dy'': whether.
Complement clauses begin with the conjunction ''dass'', which becomes ''dy'' after prepositions. Unlike in English, the conjunction cannot be left out. Usually the definite mood is used in complement clauses.
*''oss dy'' + interrogative pronoun: introduces an indirect question.
 
*''oss'' + definite: because
{{Gloss
*''oss'' + uncertain: if
| phrase = Ig wet dass hi a yzēpart hypē.
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ know that 3SG.M.SUBJ INDEF car have.INF
| translation = I know (that) he has a car.
}}
 
{{Gloss
| phrase = Ig iss zykrig oss dy ji dē wytē.
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ be certain PREP that 2SG 3SG.N know.INF
| translation = I am certain that you know that.
}}
 
====Indirect questions====
Indirect yes-no questions are introduced by ''oss dy''.
 
{{Gloss
| phrase = Ig wet nikkt oss dy dē a prʉlē zyt.
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ know not PREP that 3SG.N INDEF problem be.DEF
| translation = I don't know if that's a problem.
}}
 
Indirect open questions can be formed in two ways:
* ''oss dy'' + interrogative pronoun
* interrogative pronoun + ''dy''
 
{{Gloss
| phrase = Hi frigti oss mi warr dy dē pispott dē zyti.
| gloss = 3SG.M.SUBJ ask.PST PREP 1SG.OBJ where that DEF toilet PT exist-PST
| translation = He asked me where the toilet was.
}}
 
====Relative clauses====
Relative clauses start with a [[#Relative pronouns|relative pronoun]]. The pronoun is followed by the subject of the clause (if it isn't the same as the antecedent), which in turn is followed by the verb.
 
{{Gloss
| phrase = Dē mann wē plʉkti dē fiss iss stoppig.
| gloss = DEF man REL.HUM catch-PST DEF fish be stupid
| translation = The man who caught the fish is stupid.
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = Hi heppt dē fiss dē hi plʉkti giotē.
| gloss = 3SG.M.SUBJ have DEF fish REL.NHUM 3SG.M.SUBJ catch-PST eat.PERF
| translation = He has eaten the fish he caught.
}}
 
Since the position of the verb within a relative clause is determined by strict rules, so is the choice of the verb form. In the present tense, an ē-form is used if the verb is the last word in the clause, while otherwise the ordinary present is used.
 
{{Gloss
| phrase = Ig tú dy ig willē.
| gloss = 1SG.SUBJ do that.which 1SG.SUBJ want-INF
| translation = I do what I want.
}}
 
====Conditional and causal clauses====
Conditional and causal clauses both start with the conjunction ''oss'', but are distinguished from one another by the choice of moods.


===Participial phrases===
===Participial phrases===
A participial phrase consists of the preposition ''oss'' and a participle and functions as a kind of temporal or adverbial clause. A subject may be specified, in which case it comes between ''oss'' and the participle. If no subject is specified, the subject of the participial phrase is taken to be the same as the sentence's subject.


{{Gloss
| phrase = Oss zangnē lopti wi nass haus.
| gloss = PREP sing-PTC walk-PST 1PL.SUBJ to house
| translation = While singing, we walked home.
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = Oss mi zangnē lopti wi nass haus.
| gloss = PREP 1SG.OBJ sing-PTC walk-PST 1PL.SUBJ to house
| translation = While I was singing, we walked home.
}}
Participial phrases can also have objects and adverbial phrases, both of which follow the participle. Having multiple modifiers within a single participial phrase is considered awkward and is best avoided.
{{Gloss
| phrase = Hi zitti oss dirr oss lesnē a bʉk.
| gloss = 3SG.SUBJ sit-PST PREP there PREP read-PTC INDEF book
| translation = He sat there, reading a book.
}}


===Independent infinitives===
===Independent infinitives===
Infinitives can be used as nouns. Just like participial phrases, independent infinitives can be followed by objects and adverbs, though they cannot have a subject.


{{Gloss
| phrase = Ytē gʉmless iss gut oss dē zaning.
| gloss = eat.INF fruit-PL be good for DEF health
| translation = Eating fruit is good for your health.
}}


==Negation==
==Negation==
Line 824: Line 1,055:


{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = Sgit dē jaggter dē konin?
| phrase = Pratt ji dē Bʉrnlannts?
| IPA = /ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈjɑxːtər dɛ ˈkóːnin/
| gloss = speak 2SG DEF Bearlandic
| gloss = Shoot the hunter the rabbit?
| translation = Do you speak Bearlandic?
| translation = Does the hunter shoot the rabbit?
}}
}}


Line 833: Line 1,063:


{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = Wi sgiti dē konin?
| phrase = Wass tú ji?
| IPA = /ˈʋi ˈsxiːti dɛ ˈkóːnin/
| gloss = what do 2SG
| gloss = Who shoot-PAST the rabbit?
| translation = What are you doing?
| translation = Who shot the rabbit?
}}
 
In questions, ''iss'', ''kuss'' and ''will'' usually appear in their optative forms ''yē'', ''kynē'' and ''wylē''. The latter two are used to make polite requests or offers.
 
{{Gloss
| phrase = Yē dē a maktall?
| gloss = be.OPT 3SG.N INDEF conlang
| translation = Is that a conlang?
}}
 
{{Gloss
| phrase = Kynē ji mi hellfē?
| gloss = can.OPT 2SG 1SG.OBJ help-INF
| translation = Could you help me?
}}
 
{{Gloss
| phrase = Wylē ji itiss oss ytē?
| gloss = want.OPT 2SG something PREP eat-INF
| translation = Would you like something to eat?
}}
}}


As interrogative pronouns don't distinguish subject and object forms, this question could also be translated as "Whom did the rabbit shoot?". This is however rare; the latter would normally be expressed using a passive: "Wi virti oss dē konin gisgit?".
The particle ''nyē'' can be placed at the end of a sentence to form a tag question.
 
{{Gloss
| phrase = Ji pratt gyn Kunyziess, nyē?
| gloss = 2SG speak none Kunesian Q
| translation = You don't speak Kunesian, do you?
}}


==''Dē zyt''==
==''Dē zyt''==
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