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Kimmig: a [[/Vocabulary|ellpossgirytnē]] enn a [[/Thematic dictionary|prattdúlig]] worrtliss.
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|creator = User:Dē Graut Bʉr
|image =  
|image =  
|imagesize =  
|imagesize =  
|name = Bearlandic
|name = Bearlandic
|nativename = ''Bʉrnlannts''
|nativename = Bʉrnlannts
|pronunciation=  /ˈbœːrnlɑnːts/
|pronunciation=  ˈbœːrnlɑnːts
|region =  
|region =  
|states =  
|states =  
|speakers = Approximately 20 million  
|speakers = ~20 million  
|date = 2653
|date = 2653
|familycolor=
|familycolor=conlang
|family=Iropo-Antilonian languages
|fam1 = Iropo-Antilonian languages
* Berilonian languages
|fam2 = Berilonian languages
** Western Berilonian languages
|fam3 = Western Berilonian languages
*** '''Bearlandic'''
|ancestor=Old Bearlandic
|ancestor=Old Bearlandic
|script=Berilonian alphabet, western style
|scripts= * Berilonian alphabet, western style
|agency=
|iso1=
|iso2=
|iso3=
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}
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Coda consonants may be voiced when the following syllable begins with a voiced consonant.
Coda consonants may be voiced when the following syllable begins with a voiced consonant.
Most speakers have [ɬ] as an allophone of /l/, though the exact conditioning of this allophony varies considerably. In the cluster /tl/, the [ɬ] allophone is nearly universal, and the pronunciation of /lh/ as [ɬ], though less common, is also found all over the country. In a few places scattered across the country one may hear [sɬ] or even [ɬ] for /sl/, and in the east, some people devoice /l/ in any cluster involving voiceless consonants.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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|-
|-
! Low
! Low
| colspan="3" | /ɑ aː/
| colspan="3" | a /ɑ aː/
|}
|}
Short vowels are followed by long vowels and vice versa. Orthographically, vowel length is indicated by the doubling of the following consonant. Word-finally, short vowels are marked with a macron.
Short vowels are followed by long consonants and vice versa. Orthographically, vowel length is indicated by the doubling of the following consonant. Word-finally, short vowels are marked with a macron.


There are two diphthongs: y, pronounced /ɛɪ̯/ and au, pronounced /aʊ̯/. Just like long vowels, they are always followed by a short consonant.
There are two diphthongs: y, pronounced /ɛɪ̯/ and au, pronounced /aʊ̯/. Just like long vowels, they are always followed by a short consonant.
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*H q do not occur at the end of a syllable.
*H q do not occur at the end of a syllable.


The second syllable of disyllabic roots usually ends in one of the following sequences: /ər ɛrː ɪrː ol ɔlː ɛ ɪ/, of which /ɛ ɪ/ only appear in nouns. Three native words are an exception to this "rule": ''niktū'' /niːktʏ/ "without", ''grotto'' /ɣrɔtːoː/ "cave" and ''ottjo'' /ɔtːjoː/ "eight".
In general, disyllabic roots consist of a syllable which would be a valid monosyllabic root followed by a sequence of a vowel and a consonant or just a vowel. In native roots, the only such sequences that are known to occur are /ər ɛrː ɪrː ɔlː ol ɪmː ɪsː ɛ ɪ ʏ oː/, and of these, /ɪmː ʏ oː/ are all restricted to a single root. In addition to the possible syllable-final cluster, /tj/ is also a possible medial cluster in disyllabic roots.


There is a slight tendency to shorten disyllabic roots to monosyllabic ones. Occasionally this has created two variants of a single root, as in ''valt'' "go for a walk" and its derived noun ''vantl-ing'' "walk".
There is a slight tendency to shorten disyllabic roots to monosyllabic ones. Occasionally this has created two variants of a single root, as in ''valt'' "go for a walk" and its derived noun ''vantl-ing'' "walk".


Some non-native or recently coined words break these rules. /tl/ in particular is a common cluster in non-inherited vocabulary.
Some non-native or recently coined words break these rules. /tl/, which is realised as [tɬ] by most speakers, is a particularly common cluster in non-inherited vocabulary.


==Verbs==
==Verbs==
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| aus-gi-dwyn-t
| aus-gi-dwyn-t
|-
|-
! Infinitive
! Ē-form
| lop-ē
| lop-ē
| sgit-ē
| sgit-ē
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* Verbs ending in -t don't add an extra t in the past and perfect forms.
* Verbs ending in -t don't add an extra t in the past and perfect forms.
* Verbs ending in -n do add an extra n in the present participle, causing the preceding vowel to become short. If this vowel is y, it becomes i. If the verb already has a short vowel, the participle is written with three consecutive n's, but there is no change in pronunciation.
* Verbs ending in -n do add an extra n in the present participle, causing the preceding vowel to become short. If this vowel is y, it becomes i. If the verb already has a short vowel, the participle is written with three consecutive n's, but there is no change in pronunciation.
* Verbs with a disyllabic root drop the second vowel in the infinitive and the present participle. In the latter form, this would result in an unpronounceable consonant cluster which is broken up by an /ə/ directly before the ending.
* Verbs with a disyllabic root drop the second vowel in the ē-form and the present participle. In the latter form, this would result in an unpronounceable consonant cluster which is broken up by an /ə/ directly before the ending.
* If the stem ends in a short f or s, this final fricative becomes voiced in the infinitive.
* If the stem ends in a short f or s, this final fricative becomes voiced in the ē-form.
* Verbs beginning with an unstressed prefix don't add an extra prefix in the perfect forms.
* Verbs beginning with an unstressed prefix don't add an extra prefix in the perfect forms.
* Verbs beginning with a stressed prefix are separable. Depending on the context, the prefix may be separated from the stem in the present and past tenses, and in the perfect, the gi- prefix comes between the separable prefix and the stem.
* Verbs beginning with a stressed prefix are separable. Depending on the context, the prefix may be separated from the stem in the present and past tenses, and in the perfect, the gi- prefix comes between the separable prefix and the stem.


It should be noted that the verb form labeled as "infinitive" represents the merger of various verb forms in earlier stages of the language and is therefore used for other purposes as well. For this reason, this description will sometimes use the term "ē-form" instead to avoid possible confusion with the use infinitives in other languages.
The ē-form is used for several unrelated purposes and may be thought of as a variant present form.


====Strong verbs====
====Strong verbs====
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| short i
| short i
|}
|}
The infinitive of strong verbs always has either an y or a short i, depending on the length of the stem vowel. There are three verbs whose infinitive seemingly has the wrong vowel, namely ''zegg'' "say", whose infinitive is ''zygē'', ''stass'' "stand", whose infinitive may be either ''stissē'' or ''styzē'', and ''slap'' "sleep", whose infinitive ''slapē'' retains the stem vowel of the present tense.
The ē-form of strong verbs always has either an y or a short i, depending on the length of the stem vowel. There are three verbs whose ē-form seemingly has the wrong vowel, namely ''zegg'' "say", whose ē-form is ''zygē'', ''stass'' "stand", whose ē-form may be either ''stissē'' or ''styzē'', and ''slap'' "sleep", whose ē-form ''slapē'' retains the stem vowel of the present tense.


Some examples:
Some examples:
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| gisgrifft
| gisgrifft
|-
|-
! Infinitive
! Ē-form
| birrē
| birrē
| stissē/styzē
| stissē/styzē
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| givirtē
| givirtē
|-
|-
! Infinitive
! Ē-form
| yē, zyt
| yē, zyt
| hypē
| hypē
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|}
|}


Where all other verbs have one "infinitive", ''iss'' has two. ''Yē'' is used as an actual infinitive, i.e. it is used after modal verbs, whereas ''zyt'' is a finite form which is used where other verbs would use an ē-form. In glosses, ''zyt'' will be indicated as <small>be.DEF</small>, because it indicates the so-called "definite mood" (see [[#Modality|here]]).
''Iss'' has two distinct forms corresponding to the ē-forms of all other verbs. ''Yē'' is used as an infinitive, whereas ''zyt'' is used in subordinate clauses.


===Tenses===
===Tenses===
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It '''has snowed'''.
It '''has snowed'''.


Modal verbs take the same auxiliary as the main verb. The modal is put in the perfect form, while the main verb is put in the infinitive and preceded by ''oss''.
Modal verbs take the same auxiliary as the main verb. The modal is put in the perfect form, while the main verb is put in the ē-form and preceded by ''oss''.


''Ig '''heppt gikusst''' oss ytē.''<br>
''Ig '''heppt gikusst''' oss ytē.''<br>
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There '''has been''' an accident.
There '''has been''' an accident.


The verb ''zʉll'' and its past form ''zʉllti'' are used to form the future and the future past respectively. These are both followed by the infinitive, which in the case of ''iss'' is ''yē''.
The verb ''zʉll'' and its past form ''zʉllti'' are used to form the future and the future past respectively. These are both followed by the ē-form.


''Ig '''zʉll ytē'''.''<br>
''Ig '''zʉll ytē'''.''<br>
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Modality is expressed using a variety of modal auxiliary verbs. The main ones are basic auxiliaries ''kuss'' "can", ''mut'' "must", ''will'' "want", ''mogg'' "may", as well as ''tyē, yē, hyē, wylē'' and ''kynē'', which are remnants of old optative forms of ''tú'' "do", ''iss'' "be", ''heppt'' "have", ''will'' and ''kuss'' respectively.
Modality is expressed using a variety of modal auxiliary verbs. The main ones are basic auxiliaries ''kuss'' "can", ''mut'' "must", ''will'' "want", ''mogg'' "may", as well as ''tyē, yē, hyē, wylē'' and ''kynē'', which are remnants of old optative forms of ''tú'' "do", ''iss'' "be", ''heppt'' "have", ''will'' and ''kuss'' respectively.


After the basic auxiliaries one can choose between two possible constructions: SVOV using an infinitive and SVVO using the base form. These two constructions differ slightly in meaning in some contexts and are known as the "definite" and "uncertain" mood respectively. An optative may only be followed by an infinitive when used as an auxiliary. Thus one may say:
After the basic auxiliaries one can choose between two possible constructions: SVOV using an ē-form and SVVO using the base form. These two constructions differ slightly in meaning in some contexts and are known as the "definite" and "uncertain" mood respectively. An optative may only be followed by an ē-form when used as an auxiliary. Thus one may say:


* ''Ig kuss dē túē.'' (definite)
* ''Ig kuss dē túē.'' (definite)
* ''Ig kuss tú dē.'' (uncertain)
* ''Ig kuss tú dē.'' (uncertain)
* ''If kynē dē túē.'' (optative)
* ''Ig kynē dē túē.'' (optative)


The choice between these forms is a complicated matter and varies considerably between dialects and even between different speakers of the same dialect. Some guidelines are presented below, but the reader should bear in mind that the actual usage is considerably more complicated than can be shown here.
The choice between these forms is a complicated matter and varies considerably between dialects and even between different speakers of the same dialect. Some guidelines are presented below, but the reader should bear in mind that the actual usage is considerably more complicated than can be shown here.
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The optative can be used in several ways, two of which will be discussed in this section. Firstly, it may be used to express a wish. In this case, the optative verb comes at the beginning of the sentence, and ''tyē'' is used when the subject can control the action, whereas ''wylē'' is used when it can't.
The optative can be used in several ways, two of which will be discussed in this section. Firstly, it may be used to express a wish. In this case, the optative verb comes at the beginning of the sentence, and ''tyē'' is used when the subject can control the action, whereas ''wylē'' is used when it can't.


'''''Yē''' his oss hirr!''<br>
'''''Yē''' hi oss hirr!''<br>
'''If only''' he '''were''' here!
'''If only''' he '''were''' here!


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*''vogg'' "bird" > ''voggs'' "birds"
*''vogg'' "bird" > ''voggs'' "birds"
*''mann'' "man" > ''manns'' "men"
*''mann'' "man" > ''manns'' "men"
*''kennī'' "dog" > ''kenniss'' "dogs"
*''fingrī'' "finger" > ''fingriss'' "fingers"


A few nouns feature an irregular vowel change in the plural.
A few nouns feature an irregular vowel change in the plural.
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*''ze'' "sea" > ''zyess'' "seas"
*''ze'' "sea" > ''zyess'' "seas"
*''sten'' "stone" > ''styness'' "stones"
*''sten'' "stone" > ''styness'' "stones"
*''ry'' "row" > ''ryess'' "rows"
*''kennī'' "dog" > ''kenniss'' "dogs"


The nouns which end in -s in the singular are all irregular. Three of them have a plural in -issē.
The nouns which end in -s in the singular are all irregular. Three of them have a plural in -issē.
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===Formation===
===Formation===
With a few exceptions, all adjectives end in the highly productive adjectivising suffix -ig. Adjectives derived from place names and names of ethnic groups end in -iess instead, and a closed class of native adjectives has no suffix at all.
With a few exceptions, all adjectives end in the highly productive adjectivising suffix -ig. Adjectives derived from place names and names of ethnic groups end in -iess instead, and a closed class of native adjectives has no suffix at all.
A sizeable group of adjectives look like past participles, but are not derived from any actually existing verb. For example, ''ausgioggt(nē)'' "neutral" looks like it is the past participle of ''*ausogg'', but no such verb actually exists.


===Inflection===
===Inflection===
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Adverbs can be derived from adjectives using the suffix -lyk. Most adjectives not ending in -ig can be used as adverbs without first adding -lyk.
Adverbs can be derived from adjectives using the suffix -lyk. Most adjectives not ending in -ig can be used as adverbs without first adding -lyk.
Participial adjectives, as well as ''wyg'' "few, little", have separate attributive and predicative forms. When used attributively, the end in -nē, while they have no ending when used predicatively. The citation form of these adjectives is the predicative from.


===Comparison===
===Comparison===
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| dē
| dē
| dy
| dy
|-
! Several things
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" | dy
|-
|-
! Sentence
! Sentence
| colspan="2" | dy
|-
! "that which"
|}
|}


===Other pronouns===
===Other pronouns===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
!
! Which
! This
! That
! All
! Some
! None
|-
! Determiner
| willg
| rowspan="2" | ditt, dē
| rowspan="2" | di, dē
| all, anē
| somm, imig, itig
| gyn
|-
! Thing
| wass
| all, alltingiss
| itiss
| nikktitiss, nytitiss, nitiss
|-
! Person
| wi
| colspan="2" | hi, zē, zess
| anmann, all
| imann, imē
| nimē, nytimē
|-
! Place
| warr
| hirr
| dirr
| oss allpē
| irgiss
| nytirgiss, nirgiss
|-
! Time
| wann
| nu
| tann
| alltyt
| oss ojjē
| nauter
|-
! Reason
| werrmē
| colspan="2" | darross, derrmē
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background:#DDDDDD" |
|-
! Manner
| hu, hulyk
| colspan="2" | zoss, solls dē
|}
''Ditt'' and ''di'' are used less often than "this" and "that" in English.
The determiners ''all'' and ''somm'' cannot be followed by a singular countable noun; they have to be followed by either a plural noun or an uncountable one. ''Anē'', ''imig'' and ''itig'' on the other hand can only be followed by a singular noun. ''Imig'' is only used before nouns referring to people, whereas ''itig'' is only used before other nouns.
''Alltingiss'' is an emphatic variant of ''all'' in the sense of "everything".
''All'' in the sense of "everyone" is dialectal and tends to be avoided in formal speech and writing.
The short forms ''nitiss'' and ''nirgiss'' of the negative pronouns are colloquial, and in many situations the full forms are preferred. By contrast, the short form ''nimē'' is generally preferred to the somewhat archaic ''nytimē''.
''solls dē'' generally refers to something more concrete than ''zoss''.


==Numerals==
==Numerals==
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===Participial phrases===
===Participial phrases===
A participial phrase consists of the preposition ''oss'' and a participle and functions as a kind of temporal or adverbial clause. A subject may be specified, in which case it comes between ''oss'' and the participle. If no subject is specified, the subject of the participial phrase is taken to be the same as the sentence's subject.


{{Gloss
| phrase = Oss zangnē lopti wi nass haus.
| gloss = PREP sing-PTC walk-PST 1PL.SUBJ to house
| translation = While singing, we walked home.
}}
{{Gloss
| phrase = Oss mi zangnē lopti wi nass haus.
| gloss = PREP 1SG.OBJ sing-PTC walk-PST 1PL.SUBJ to house
| translation = While I was singing, we walked home.
}}
Participial phrases can also have objects and adverbial phrases, both of which follow the participle. Having multiple modifiers within a single participial phrase is considered awkward and is best avoided.
{{Gloss
| phrase = Hi zitti oss dirr oss lesnē a bʉk.
| gloss = 3SG.SUBJ sit-PST PREP there PREP read-PTC INDEF book
| translation = He sat there, reading a book.
}}


===Independent infinitives===
===Independent infinitives===
Infinitives can be used as nouns. Just like participial phrases, independent infinitives can be followed by objects and adverbs, though they cannot have a subject.


{{Gloss
| phrase = Ytē gʉmless iss gut oss dē zaning.
| gloss = eat.INF fruit-PL be good for DEF health
| translation = Eating fruit is good for your health.
}}


==Negation==
==Negation==
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{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = Sgit dē jaggter dē konin?
| phrase = Pratt ji dē Bʉrnlannts?
| IPA = /ˈsxiːt dɛ ˈjɑxːtər dɛ ˈkóːnin/
| gloss = speak 2SG DEF Bearlandic
| gloss = Shoot the hunter the rabbit?
| translation = Do you speak Bearlandic?
| translation = Does the hunter shoot the rabbit?
}}
}}


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{{Gloss
{{Gloss
| phrase = Wi sgiti dē konin?
| phrase = Wass tú ji?
| IPA = /ˈʋi ˈsxiːti dɛ ˈkóːnin/
| gloss = what do 2SG
| gloss = Who shoot-PAST the rabbit?
| translation = What are you doing?
| translation = Who shot the rabbit?
}}
}}


As interrogative pronouns don't distinguish subject and object forms, this question could also be translated as "Whom did the rabbit shoot?". This is however rare; the latter would normally be expressed using a passive: "Wi virti oss dē konin gisgit?".
In questions, ''iss'', ''kuss'' and ''will'' usually appear in their optative forms ''yē'', ''kynē'' and ''wylē''. The latter two are used to make polite requests or offers.
 
{{Gloss
| phrase = Yē dē a maktall?
| gloss = be.OPT 3SG.N INDEF conlang
| translation = Is that a conlang?
}}
 
{{Gloss
| phrase = Kynē ji mi hellfē?
| gloss = can.OPT 2SG 1SG.OBJ help-INF
| translation = Could you help me?
}}
 
{{Gloss
| phrase = Wylē ji itiss oss ytē?
| gloss = want.OPT 2SG something PREP eat-INF
| translation = Would you like something to eat?
}}
 
The particle ''nyē'' can be placed at the end of a sentence to form a tag question.
 
{{Gloss
| phrase = Ji pratt gyn Kunyziess, nyē?
| gloss = 2SG speak none Kunesian Q
| translation = You don't speak Kunesian, do you?
}}


==''Dē zyt''==
==''Dē zyt''==
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