Chlouvānem: Difference between revisions

Chlouvānem (view source)

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 These theoretical meanings may be translated into practice as this: the '''past''' is most commonly used to express something that happened in the past and does not influence the present, or it is not meaningful to the time of the action.
-: ''tammikeika flære lį yųlekrā.''
+: ''tammikeika lære lį yųlekrā.''
 : train_station.<small>DIR.SG</small>. yesterday. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. eat-<small>IND.PAST.3S.EXTERIOR-LOC</small>.
 : Yesterday I ate at the station.
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 In an appropriate context, however, the same verb form can carry an imperfective meaning:
-: ''tammikeika flære lį yųlekrā væse : nanā tammi tadāmek.''
+: ''tammikeika lære lį yųlekrā væse : nanā tammi tadāmek.''
 : train_station.<small>DIR.SG</small>. yesterday. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. eat-<small>IND.PAST.3S.EXTERIOR-LOC</small>. while. , that.<small>DIR</small>. train.<small>DIR.SG</small>. arrive-<small>IND.PAST.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>
 : Yesterday I ate at the station.
@@ Line 555: / Line 555: @@
 Generally this imperfective meaning is assumed by other words in the sentence, usually ''væse'' (while), but commonly also ''mbu'' (but) with a related sentence understood to be imperfective. Out of context, imperfective past is usually expressed with an analytic construction:
-: ''tammikeika flære lį yųlīrā lā ē.''
+: ''tammikeika lære lį yųlīrā lā ē.''
 : train_station.<small>DIR.SG</small>. yesterday. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. eat-<small>SUBJ.IMPF.3S.EXTERIOR-LOC</small>. with. be.<small>IND.PAST.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
 : Yesterday I was eating at the station.
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 The Chlouvānem perfect, however, has a broader use than the English one, compare:
-: ''flære dašajildek'' - “yesterday it rained”. Past tense, implied meaning is that there’s nothing that may indicate that yesterday it rained, or it doesn’t influence the speaker in any way.
+: ''lære dašajildek'' - “yesterday it rained”. Past tense, implied meaning is that there’s nothing that may indicate that yesterday it rained, or it doesn’t influence the speaker in any way.
-: ''flære dašejilda'' - *yesterday it has rained. Perfect tense; while wrong in English, this construction is possible - and, in fact, is frequently heard - though it often only makes sense in a broader context. For example, in a sentence like “yesterday it rained and the path collapsed, so we [two] can’t walk there”, English uses both times a simple past, while Chlouvānem uses the perfect, as the path is still not walkable due to the rain: ''flære menni dašejilda līlta viṣustura no, āñjulā gu pepeithnāyǣ ša''.
+: ''lære dašejilda'' - *yesterday it has rained. Perfect tense; while wrong in English, this construction is possible - and, in fact, is frequently heard - though it often only makes sense in a broader context. For example, in a sentence like “yesterday it rained and the path collapsed, so we [two] can’t walk there”, English uses both times a simple past, while Chlouvānem uses the perfect, as the path is still not walkable due to the rain: ''lære menni dašejilda līlta viṣustura no, āñjulā gu pepeithnāyǣ ša''.
 Note that the “impact on the present” meaning and the use of evidentials are independent from each other. Using a first inferential, for example, does not change the implications given by the use of perfect or past, though the actual interpretation is often heavily dependent from context:
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 The Chlouvānem perfect is however also used where English would use ''past perfect'' or ''future perfect'', as the “impact on the present” is understood to be on the time the main action in the sentence takes place, thus something that happened earlier is considered to have an impact on it:
-: ''tammikeika flære lį uyųlarā, utiya nanā tammi tadāmek''.
+: ''tammikeika lære lį uyųlarā, utiya nanā tammi tadāmek''.
 : train_station.<small>DIR.SG</small>. yesterday. <small>1SG.ERG</small>. eat-<small>IND.PERF.3S.EXTERIOR-LOC</small>. , then. that.<small>DIR</small>. train.<small>DIR.SG</small>. arrive-<small>IND.PAST.3S.PATIENT.EXTERIOR</small>.
 : I had [already] eaten at the station yesterday when the train arrived.
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 : ''naina mæn ～ dvārmom nañamṛca kautepuglek'' - "Naina ran<sub>PERF</sub> into the room [and] woke [us] up<sub>PAST</sub>"
 : ''hālkenīs yanomųvima keikom namṛcñāja'' - "we jumped out<sub>PERF</sub> of the beds [and] ran<sub>PAST</sub> into the yard"
-: ''tainā mæn yanelīsa pārṇami nacu ilakakte nainęs lā fuldek'' - "Tainā came out<sub>PERF</sub> [of the washing room], got dressed<sub>PERF</sub> for the day, [and] played<sub>PAST</sub> with Naina"
+: ''tainā mæn yanelīsa pārṇami nacu ilakakte nainęs lā ħuldek'' - "Tainā came out<sub>PERF</sub> [of the washing room], got dressed<sub>PERF</sub> for the day, [and] played<sub>PAST</sub> with Naina"
 Compare this other example from the same text where the last two verbs are both in the past because they're ''contemporaneous actions'':
 : ''nilāmulka mæn maildvārmom nañelīsa tainā lili no ṣveye primirtaram ñumirlam'' - "Nilāmulka entered<sub>PERF</sub> the washing room [and] me and Tainā sit<sub>PAST</sub> behind the wall [and] waited<sub>PAST</sub>"
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 : ''nītedhyuɂek karthāgo bīdrī.'' "(s)he called for Carthage to be destroyed."
 The verbs for "to study" (''pāṭṭaruke'', ''pāṭṭarudṛke'', ''kaminairīveke'') and "to learn" (interior forms of ''mišake''; ''nairīveke'') only need a supine-meaning subjunctive when they mean "in order to know something, in order to be able to". With the meaning "in order to become something", a noun in translative case is used:
-: ''fildenī āndṛke munati ejulā kaminairīveyu.'' "I study here in order to be able to create games."
+: ''ħildenī āndṛke munati ejulā kaminairīveyu.'' "I study here in order to be able to create games."
-: ''fildenāndarlilan kaminairīveyu.'' "I study in order to become a game creator."
+: ''ħildenāndarlilan kaminairīveyu.'' "I study in order to become a game creator."
 Verbs like ''lelke'' (to choose <small>(stem: ''len-'')</small>), its synonym ''vāgdulke'' <small>(''vād-kul-'')</small>, or ''mulke'' (to know how to <small>(stem: ''mun-'', highest grade ablaut in the present)</small> can use invariably the subjunctive or the infinitive; usually, the subjunctive is used when there is a stated subject that is different from an impersonal phrase:
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 These verbs have a peculiarity, as all prefixes except for ''ta-''/''tų-'' make the verb transitive but with a default “common” voice: that is, the agent-trigger is not marked on the verb and only case makes it clear:
-: ''jāyim ñariū āmfliven'' “the girl walks up the mountain” (agent-trigger)
+: ''jāyim ñariū āṃliven'' “the girl walks up the mountain” (agent-trigger)
-: ''ñariah jāyimei āmfliven'' "the mountain is walked up by the girl" (patient-trigger)
+: ''ñariah jāyimei āṃliven'' "the mountain is walked up by the girl" (patient-trigger)
 Other examples are:
-: ''jñūm prifliven'' "someone goes behind the tree" (lit. *the tree is being gone behind)
+: ''jñūm priliven'' "someone goes behind the tree" (lit. *the tree is being gone behind)
 : ''lālia ñæltah kitu yomfluṃsusah'' "my sister is approaching from home"
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 ''ta-''/''tes-'' prefixed verbs are always intransitive, and the transitive forms may be done only by deriving an additional applicative verb (usually mainly a stylistic exercise in poetry), as in ''taflulke'' "to arrive (on foot)" → ''nartaflulke'' "to reach (on foot)":
 : ''jaṃšom taflå'' "I arrive to the party"
-: ''jaṃšā nartafliven'' "the party is [being] reached"
+: ''jaṃšā nartaliven'' "the party is [being] reached"
 =====To wear, put on, take off=====