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Classical Talothic: Difference between revisions

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Classical Talothic (view source)

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! colspan="2" | Alveolar
! colspan="2" | Alveolar
! rowspan="2" | Velar
! rowspan="2" | Velar
! rowspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
|-
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|-  style="text-align:center;"
|-  style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Nasal
! rowspan="2" | Nasal
! <small> voiced <small>
! <small> voiceless <small>
| mh ''μ̔''<br>/m̥/
| mh ''μ̔''<br>/m̥/
| nh ''ν̔''<br>/n̥/
| nh ''ν̔''<br>/n̥/
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|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! <small> voiceless <small>
! <small> voiced <small>
| m ''μ''<br>/m/
| m ''μ''<br>/m/
| n ''ν''<br>/n/
| n ''ν''<br>/n/
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| kh ''χ''<br>/kʰ/
| kh ''χ''<br>/kʰ/
| qh ''ϙ''<br>/qʰ/
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|-  style="text-align:center;"
|-  style="text-align:center;"
! <small> plain <small>
! <small> tenuis <small>
| p ''π''<br>/p/
| p ''π''<br>/p/
| t ''τ''<br>/t/
| t ''τ''<br>/t/
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| k ''κ''<br>/k/
| k ''κ''<br>/k/
| q ''ҁ''<br>/q/
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|-  style="text-align:center;"
|-  style="text-align:center;"
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| g ''γ''<br>/g/
| g ''γ''<br>/g/
| ġ ''ϟ''<br>/ɢ/
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|-  style="text-align:center;"
|-  style="text-align:center;"
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| s ''σ,ς''<br>/s/
| s ''σ,ς''<br>/s/
| ś ''ϻ''<br>/ɬ~l̥/
| ś ''ϻ''<br>/ɬ~l̥/
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| h<br>/h/
| h<br>/h/
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|  
|  
| rh ''ῥ''<br>/r̥/
| rh ''ῥ''<br>/r̥/
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|  
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| r ''ρ''<br>/r/
| r ''ρ''<br>/r/
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|  
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| colspan="2" | lh ''λ̔''<br>/l̥~ɬ/
| colspan="2" | lh ''λ̔''<br>/l̥~ɬ/
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|  
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| l ''λ''<br>/l/
| l ''λ''<br>/l/
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* The clusters /ps/, /ks/, and /sd/ are written <ψ>, <ξ>, and <ζ> respectively.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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== Nouns ==
=== Cases ===
==== Telicity ====
Classical Talothic distinguishes [[w:Telicity|telic]] from atelic action by means of the case of the [[w:Direct object|direct object]].  The accusative is used for telic actions, whilst the genitive is used for atelic ones.  The former indicates action that have endpoints and are complete, whilst the latter have no endpoint and/or are not complete.  This is distinct from the perfective and imperfective aspects, which deal with whether the action is viewed with internal or external construction.
Because atelic action uses the genitive, a non-core case, to represent its object, the object cannot take verbal agreement, and thus the middle voice is triggered.  By making use of telicity in conjuncture with tense and aspect, a broad range on nuances may be expressed in Classical Talothic.  Some verbs by their very nature are almost always atelic, and thereby almost always appear in the middle voice.


== Verbs ==
== Verbs ==
=== Agreement ===
=== Agreement ===
[[File:Dga pyramid.png|thumb|250px|right|The ''DGA pyramid'', originally developed by u/Darkgamma, 2018. ''[https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/ The Total Cacophony of Bäladiri Verb Agreement and Argument Assignment]''.]]
[[File:Dga pyramid.png|thumb|250px|right|The ''DGA pyramid'', originally developed by u/Darkgamma, 2018. ''[https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/ The Total Cacophony of Bäladiri Verb Agreement and Argument Assignment]''.]]
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Strategies for forming ''S3'' (''perfective'') from ''S1'' (''gnomic''):
Strategies for forming ''S3'' (''perfective'') from ''S1'' (''gnomic''):
* Root vowel e-ablaut: ''ι'' → ''ει'', ''υ'' → ''ευ''
* Root vowel e-ablaut: ''ι'' → ''ει'', ''υ'' → ''ευ''
* Root vowel lengthening: ''α'' → ''η'', ''ε'' → ''η'', ''ο'' → ''ω'', e.g. ''παθ-'' ('to be straight') → ''πηθ-''
* Root vowel lengthening: ''α'' → ''η'', ''ε'' → ''η'', ''ο'' → ''ω'', e.g. ''τεφ-'' ('to drink') → ''τηφ-''; ''παθ-'' ('to be straight') → ''πηθ-''
* Nasal insertion with e-ablaut: ''α'' → ''εμ/εν/εγ''
* Nasal insertion with e-ablaut: ''α'' → ''εμ/εν/εγ''
* Root vowel o-ablaut: ''ι'' → ''οι'', ''υ'' → ''ου'', ''ε'' → ''ο'', e.g. ''κιδ-'' ('to cut') → ''κοιδ-''; ''φυρ-'' ('to fall') → ''φουρ-''; ''τεφ-'' ('to drink') → ''τοφ-''; ''αγ-'' ('to plant') → ''ογ-''
* Root vowel o-ablaut: ''ι'' → ''οι'', ''υ'' → ''ου'', ''ε'' → ''ο'', e.g. ''κιδ-'' ('to cut') → ''κοιδ-''; ''φυρ-'' ('to fall') → ''φουρ-''; ''αγ-'' ('to plant') → ''ογ-''
* Root vowel lengthening with o-ablaut: ''α'' → ''ω'', ''ε'' → ''ω''
* Root vowel lengthening with o-ablaut: ''α'' → ''ω'', ''ε'' → ''ω''
* Nasal insertion with o-ablaut: ''α'' → ''ομ/ον/ογ''
* Nasal insertion with o-ablaut: ''α'' → ''ομ/ον/ογ''
=== Tense and Aspect ===
== Numbers ==
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Talothic numbers
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 1
| ''εἶξ''
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! 11
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! 21
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! 120
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|- 
! 2
| ''ἧθρα''
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! 12
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! 22
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! 140
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|- 
! 3
| ''μόρερα''
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| ''μάρα''
! 13
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! 30
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! 160
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|- 
! 4
| ''πατύρ''
| ''παταῖνος''
| ''πάτα''
! 14
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! 40
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! 180
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|- 
! 5
| ''πεῖτρα''
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! 15
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! 50
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! 200
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|- 
! 6
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! 16
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! 60
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! 220
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|- 
! 7
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! 17
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! 70
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! 240
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|- 
! 8
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! 18
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! 80
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! 260
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|- 
! 9
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! 19
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! 90
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! 280
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|- 
! 10
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! 20
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! 100
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! 400
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|}


== Footnotes ==
== Footnotes ==
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:A priori]]
Nicomega
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