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Dundulanyä: Difference between revisions
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====''Junyai''==== | ====''Junyai''==== | ||
The forms called, in traditional Dundulanyä grammar, ''junyai'' (sg. ''junya'', literally "shade, hue") are special stems (hence filling only the "stem" portion of the verb complex) which denote particular meanings, often corresponding to moods. There are | The forms called, in traditional Dundulanyä grammar, ''junyai'' (sg. ''junya'', literally "shade, hue") are special stems (hence filling only the "stem" portion of the verb complex) which denote particular meanings, often corresponding to moods. There are four ''junyai'': desiderative, necessitative, potential and permissive, formed as follows, through reduplication (with different ablaut grades in the stem and in the reduplication) and suffixes: | ||
* Desiderative: zero-grade reduplication + middle-grade root + ''-s''; | * Desiderative: zero-grade reduplication + middle-grade root + ''-s''; | ||
* Necessitative: middle-grade reduplication + zero-grade root + ''-sū''; | * Necessitative: middle-grade reduplication + zero-grade root + ''-sū''; | ||
* Potential: zero-grade reduplication + middle-grade root + ''-nā''; | * Potential: zero-grade reduplication + middle-grade root + ''-nā''; | ||
* Permissive: reduplication with the vowel ''ī'' (''ū'' after non-nasal labials) + zero-grade root + ''-ūd''; | * Permissive: reduplication with the vowel ''ī'' (''ū'' after non-nasal labials) + zero-grade root + ''-ūd''; | ||
* Intensive: reduplication with lengthened vowel + zero-grade root + ''-ī''. | <!-- * Intensive: reduplication with lengthened vowel + zero-grade root + ''-ī''. --> | ||
Examples with various roots: | Examples with various roots: | ||
* ''meś-'' (II) "to see": <small>DES</small> mi-meś-s- → ''mimekṣ-''; <small>NEC</small> me-miś-sū- → ''memikṣū''; <small>POT</small> mi-meś-nā- → ''mimeśñā-''; <small>PERM</small> mī-miś-ūd → ''mīmiśūd-''; <small>INT</small> mī-miś-ī- → ''mīmiśī-''. | * ''meś-'' (II) "to see": <small>DES</small> mi-meś-s- → ''mimekṣ-''; <small>NEC</small> me-miś-sū- → ''memikṣū''; <small>POT</small> mi-meś-nā- → ''mimeśñā-''; <small>PERM</small> mī-miś-ūd → ''mīmiśūd-''<!--; <small>INT</small> mī-miś-ī- → ''mīmiśī-''-->. | ||
* ''śan-'' (I) "to breathe": <small>DES</small> ś-śan-s- → ''kṣaṃs-'' (rarely ''śaśaṃs-''); <small>NEC</small> śa-śn-sū- → ''śaśñāsū-''; <small>POT</small> ś-śan-nā- → ''kṣannā-'' (rarely ''śaśannā-''); <small>PERM</small> śī-śn-ūd- → ''śīśñūd-''; <small>INT</small> śā-śn-ī- → ''śāśñī-''. | * ''śan-'' (I) "to breathe": <small>DES</small> ś-śan-s- → ''kṣaṃs-'' (rarely ''śaśaṃs-''); <small>NEC</small> śa-śn-sū- → ''śaśñāsū-''; <small>POT</small> ś-śan-nā- → ''kṣannā-'' (rarely ''śaśannā-''); <small>PERM</small> śī-śn-ūd- → ''śīśñūd-''<!--; <small>INT</small> śā-śn-ī- → ''śāśñī-''-->. | ||
====Causative, applicative and trigger (voice) markers==== | ====Causative, applicative and trigger (voice) markers==== | ||