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Dundulanyä: Difference between revisions
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→Stem and TAM formation
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** otherwise, the same rules as the perfect augment apply. | ** otherwise, the same rules as the perfect augment apply. | ||
Some affixes may force the stem vowel to be in a certain ablaut grade, such as the ablative motion marker shown in the previous section, which forces a present stem to have a zero grade vowel regardless. | Some affixes may force the stem vowel to be in a certain ablaut grade, such as the ablative motion marker shown in the previous section, which forces a present stem to have a zero grade vowel regardless. | ||
* The '''intensive''' (or ''energetic'') stem, which does not form tenses but a mood, is formed with a higher grade augment and a middle grade root vowel. | |||
As an example, the stems of ''ne-'' (II) "to say" are: present ''ne-'', past ''ni-'', perfect ''ini-'', frequentative ''enisā-''. The non-ablauting root ''pūn-'' (to work) has present/past ''pūn-'', perfect ''upūn-'', frequentative ''upūṃsā-''; ''mäly-'' (0) "to give" has present/past ''mäly-'', perfect ''amäly-'', frequentative ''amälisā-''. | As an example, the stems of ''ne-'' (II) "to say" are: present ''ne-'', past ''ni-'', perfect ''ini-'', frequentative ''enisā-'', intensive ''aine-''. The non-ablauting root ''pūn-'' (to work) has present/past ''pūn-'', perfect ''upūn-'', frequentative ''upūṃsā-''; ''mäly-'' (0) "to give" has present/past ''mäly-'', perfect ''amäly-'', frequentative ''amälisā-''. | ||
There are also '''tense markers''' which are added to the above stems to form the base for other TAM: | There are also '''tense markers''' which are added to the above stems to form the base for other TAM: | ||
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* Future: future "stem" + perfect terminations | * Future: future "stem" + perfect terminations | ||
* Future intentional: future intentional "stem" + perfect terminations | * Future intentional: future intentional "stem" + perfect terminations | ||
The intensive, which is a tense-aspect-mood combination, has only two aspects: imperfective and perfective (today both found in very formal styles, but otherwise considered too bookish for general use): | |||
* Imperfective intensive: intensive stem + present terminations | |||
* Perfective intensive: intensive stem + perfect terminations | |||
The '''imperative''' is generally considered apart from the other stems, as it is only used in second person singular and plural and first person plural forms: its stem is the bare stem but with the higher grade vowel (i.e. ''maiś-'' for the root ''meś-''), with the present terminations for the two plural forms but endingless for the singular. | The '''imperative''' is generally considered apart from the other stems, as it is only used in second person singular and plural and first person plural forms: its stem is the bare stem but with the higher grade vowel (i.e. ''maiś-'' for the root ''meś-''), with the present terminations for the two plural forms but endingless for the singular. | ||
The '''subjunctive''' does not have its own stem, but is formed as a sort of reverse intensive: it has specific endings which are used together with the zero-grade stem (for the imperfective subjunctive) and with the perfect stem (for the perfective subjunctive). | |||
====''Junyai''==== | ====''Junyai''==== | ||