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Eska (view source)

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examples:
examples:
The '''book''' is red.
The '''book''' is red.
The '''sky''' is blue.
The '''sky''' is blue.
The '''man''' is tall.
The '''man''' is tall.
The man sees a '''woman'''.
The man sees a '''woman'''.
The dog chased a '''cat'''.
The dog chased a '''cat'''.
The woman has a '''car'''.
The woman has a '''car'''.
The woman bought a '''dress'''.
The woman bought a '''dress'''.
The '''man''' is at home.
The '''man''' is at home.
The '''meeting''' is on Monday.
The '''meeting''' is on Monday.
The '''dog''' weighs 70 pounds.
The '''dog''' weighs 70 pounds.


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The '''man''' painted the house red.
The '''man''' painted the house red.
The '''woman''' bought a dress from the boutique.
The '''woman''' bought a dress from the boutique.
The '''man''' gave the woman a gift.
The '''man''' gave the woman a gift.
The '''man''' showed the woman a trick.
The '''man''' showed the woman a trick.
The '''dog''' chased the cat.
The '''dog''' chased the cat.
The '''man''' brought food home.
The '''man''' brought food home.
The '''man''' talked to the woman.
The '''man''' talked to the woman.


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The '''woman''' sees a bird.
The '''woman''' sees a bird.
The '''woman''' spied a bird.  
The '''woman''' spied a bird.  
The man showed the '''woman''' a trick.
The man showed the '''woman''' a trick.
The '''man''' hears the woman.
The '''man''' hears the woman.
The '''child''' wants to play.
The '''child''' wants to play.
The '''child''' is sad.  (The '''child''' feels sadness.)
The '''child''' is sad.  (The '''child''' feels sadness.)
The '''child''' is hungry.  (The '''child''' feels hunger.)
The '''child''' is hungry.  (The '''child''' feels hunger.)
The man talks to the '''woman'''.
The man talks to the '''woman'''.
The '''woman''' listens to music.
The '''woman''' listens to music.
The '''woman''' knows Spanish.
The '''woman''' knows Spanish.
The '''man''' thinks about rock climbing.
The '''man''' thinks about rock climbing.


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The '''man''' has a book.
The '''man''' has a book.
The woman bought a dress from the '''boutique'''.
The woman bought a dress from the '''boutique'''.
The '''man''' got a letter.
The '''man''' got a letter.
The woman sold a car to the '''man'''.
The woman sold a car to the '''man'''.
The '''woman''' owns a house.
The '''woman''' owns a house.
The '''man''' lacks a wife.
The '''man''' lacks a wife.
The '''woman''' lost an earring.
The '''woman''' lost an earring.
The thief stole money from the '''bank'''.
The thief stole money from the '''bank'''.


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The man is '''at home'''.
The man is '''at home'''.
The woman is '''inside'''.
The woman is '''inside'''.
The dog is '''outside'''.
The dog is '''outside'''.
The man enters the '''house'''.
The man enters the '''house'''.
The woman exits the '''house'''.
The woman exits the '''house'''.
The cat climbs the '''drapes'''.
The cat climbs the '''drapes'''.
The child walks the dog '''to the park'''.
The child walks the dog '''to the park'''.


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The meeting lasts for an '''hour'''.
The meeting lasts for an '''hour'''.
The man spends the '''day''' with the woman.
The man spends the '''day''' with the woman.


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The dog weighs '''70 pounds'''.
The dog weighs '''70 pounds'''.
The book cost '''$10'''.
The book cost '''$10'''.
The man bid '''$100'''.
The man bid '''$100'''.


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The man '''is tall'''.
The man '''is tall'''.
The woman '''is beautiful'''.
The woman '''is beautiful'''.
The man '''is old'''.
The man '''is old'''.
The woman '''is happy'''.
The woman '''is happy'''.
The man '''has''' a book.
The man '''has''' a book.
The woman '''lacks''' a husband.
The woman '''lacks''' a husband.
The man '''sees''' a woman.
The man '''sees''' a woman.
The woman '''hears''' a bird.
The woman '''hears''' a bird.
The man '''smells''' coffee.
The man '''smells''' coffee.
The woman '''tastes''' the donut.
The woman '''tastes''' the donut.
The man '''is at''' home.
The man '''is at''' home.
The child '''is in''' bed.
The child '''is in''' bed.
The dog '''is outside'''.
The dog '''is outside'''.
The meeting '''is on''' Wednesday.
The meeting '''is on''' Wednesday.
The dog '''weighs''' 70 pounds.
The dog '''weighs''' 70 pounds.


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The man '''becomes''' old.
The man '''becomes''' old.
The woman '''gets happier'''.
The woman '''gets happier'''.
The man '''gets''' a book.
The man '''gets''' a book.
The woman '''loses''' her husband.
The woman '''loses''' her husband.
The man '''spied''' a woman.
The man '''spied''' a woman.
The woman '''began to hear''' a bird.
The woman '''began to hear''' a bird.
The man '''begins to smell''' the coffee.
The man '''begins to smell''' the coffee.
The woman '''begins to taste''' the donut.
The woman '''begins to taste''' the donut.
The man '''arrives''' home.
The man '''arrives''' home.
The child '''goes''' to bed,
 
The meeting '''lasted''' an hour,
The child '''goes''' to bed.
 
The meeting '''lasted''' an hour.
 
The woman '''allocates''' a place for the book.
The woman '''allocates''' a place for the book.


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Family '''makes''' the woman '''happier'''.
Family '''makes''' the woman '''happier'''.
The woman '''gives''' the man a book.
The woman '''gives''' the man a book.
The man '''buys''' a book.
The man '''buys''' a book.
The woman '''divorces''' her husband.
The woman '''divorces''' her husband.
The man '''showed''' the woman a trick.
The man '''showed''' the woman a trick.
The woman '''listened''' to the bird.
The woman '''listened''' to the bird.
The man '''sold''' a car.
The man '''sold''' a car.
The woman '''spends''' an hour in the park.
The woman '''spends''' an hour in the park.


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The '''man''' saw a beautiful '''woman'''.
The '''man''' saw a beautiful '''woman'''.
The '''dog''' chased a '''cat'''.
The '''dog''' chased a '''cat'''.
The '''salesman''' sold a '''car'''.
The '''salesman''' sold a '''car'''.
The '''child''' bought '''candy'''.
The '''child''' bought '''candy'''.
The '''man''' showed the '''woman''' a '''trick'''.
The '''man''' showed the '''woman''' a '''trick'''.
The '''woman''' spends an '''hour''' in the '''park'''.
The '''woman''' spends an '''hour''' in the '''park'''.


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The woman is cooking ('''something''').
The woman is cooking ('''something''').
The man seems ('''to me''') to be sad.
The man seems ('''to me''') to be sad.
Susan told me ('''something''').
Susan told me ('''something''').
Susan said something ('''to me''').
Susan said something ('''to me''').
Nick sold the car ('''to somebody''').
Nick sold the car ('''to somebody''').
John filled the glass ('''with water''').
John filled the glass ('''with water''').
John poured milk ('''into the glass''').
John poured milk ('''into the glass''').
She told me ('''that she was sick''').
She told me ('''that she was sick''').


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'''John''' looked at the sunrise.
'''John''' looked at the sunrise.
John = Agent + one who sees  Agent = Experiencer
John = Agent + one who sees  Agent = Experiencer
'''George''' frightened the baby.
'''George''' frightened the baby.
George = Agent + cause of the fright  Agent = Object
George = Agent + cause of the fright  Agent = Object
The '''girls''' caught 5 fish.
The '''girls''' caught 5 fish.
Catch = acquire for self  Agent = Benefactor
Catch = acquire for self  Agent = Benefactor
'''Sue''' went to New York.
'''Sue''' went to New York.
Sue = Agent + moving object  Agent = Object
Sue = Agent + moving object  Agent = Object


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p t k b d f v s z m n l r y w j as in English
p t k b d f v s z m n l r y w j as in English
g always hard
g always hard
c pronounce like ch
c pronounce like ch
x pronounce like sh
x pronounce like sh
h pronounce like th in '''th'''in
h pronounce like th in '''th'''in


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a e i o u as in Spanish
a e i o u as in Spanish
ay   
ay   
oy
oy
au
au


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Penultimate stress when word ends in a vowel.
Penultimate stress when word ends in a vowel.
Final stress when word ends in a consonant.
Final stress when word ends in a consonant.


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Sac iz vidine ip mani '''misa'''.  The man saw a woman.
Sac iz vidine ip mani '''misa'''.  The man saw a woman.
Sac iz vidise ip mani '''ava'''.  The man spied a bird.
Sac iz vidise ip mani '''ava'''.  The man spied a bird.
Sac iz baytile op mano '''kara'''.  The man bought a car.
Sac iz baytile op mano '''kara'''.  The man bought a car.
Sac az imoxine mani '''hapa'''.  The man is happy.  (The man feels happiness.)
Sac az imoxine mani '''hapa'''.  The man is happy.  (The man feels happiness.)
Sac az azine ip misi '''buka'''.  The woman has a book.
Sac az azine ip misi '''buka'''.  The woman has a book.
Sac az atine ap '''kida''' husi.  The child is at home.
Sac az atine ap '''kida''' husi.  The child is at home.
Sac az wezine ap '''doga''' 70 pondi.  The dog weighs 70 pounds.
Sac az wezine ap '''doga''' 70 pondi.  The dog weighs 70 pounds.
Sac az talane ap '''mana'''.  The man is tall.
Sac az talane ap '''mana'''.  The man is tall.


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Sac iz vidine op '''mano''' ip misi ava.  The man showed the woman a bird.
Sac iz vidine op '''mano''' ip misi ava.  The man showed the woman a bird.
Sac iz baytine op '''mano''' kara.  The man bought a car.
Sac iz baytine op '''mano''' kara.  The man bought a car.
Sac iz azine op '''mano''' ip misi buka.  The man gave the woman a book.
Sac iz azine op '''mano''' ip misi buka.  The man gave the woman a book.
Sac iz dedale op '''mano''' ap misa.  The man killed the woman.
Sac iz dedale op '''mano''' ap misa.  The man killed the woman.
Sac iz wakine op '''kido''' doga ip parki.  The child walked the dog at the park.
Sac iz wakine op '''kido''' doga ip parki.  The child walked the dog at the park.


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Sac iz vidine ip '''misi''' mana.  The woman saw a man.
Sac iz vidine ip '''misi''' mana.  The woman saw a man.
Sac iz vidise ip '''misi''' mana.  The woman spied a man.
Sac iz vidise ip '''misi''' mana.  The woman spied a man.
Sac iz hirine ip '''misi''' ap songa.  The woman heard the song.
Sac iz hirine ip '''misi''' ap songa.  The woman heard the song.
Sac iz smelise ip '''misi''' flora.  The woman smelled a flower.
Sac iz smelise ip '''misi''' flora.  The woman smelled a flower.
Sac iz hotine ip '''mani''' doga.  The man thought about a dog.
Sac iz hotine ip '''mani''' doga.  The man thought about a dog.
Sac iz kognizine ip '''misi''' spanixa.  The woman knows Spanish.
Sac iz kognizine ip '''misi''' spanixa.  The woman knows Spanish.
Sac iz nowine ip '''mani''' ap misa.  The man knows the woman.
Sac iz nowine ip '''mani''' ap misa.  The man knows the woman.
Sac az bilivine ip '''mani''' Goda.  The man believes in God.
Sac az bilivine ip '''mani''' Goda.  The man believes in God.
Sac iz hirile iop misio ap songa.  The woman listened to the song.




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Sac iz baytile op mano kara '''dileri'''.  The man bought a car from a dealer.
Sac iz baytile op mano kara '''dileri'''.  The man bought a car from a dealer.
Sac iz seline op selmiso ap dresa ip '''misi'''.  The saleswoman sold the dress to a woman.
Sac iz seline op selmiso ap dresa ip '''misi'''.  The saleswoman sold the dress to a woman.
Sac iz azile op mano ip '''misi''' gifta.  The man gave the woman a gift.
Sac iz azile op mano ip '''misi''' gifta.  The man gave the woman a gift.
Sac az lakine ip '''misi''' huzbana.  The woman lacks a husband.
Sac az lakine ip '''misi''' huzbana.  The woman lacks a husband.
Sac iz azile op miso ip '''kidi''' helpa.  The woman helps the child.  (The woman gives the child help.)
Sac iz azile op miso ip '''kidi''' helpa.  The woman helps the child.  (The woman gives the child help.)
Sac iz lakise ip '''misi''' iringa.  The woman lost an earring.
Sac iz lakise ip '''misi''' iringa.  The woman lost an earring.
Sac az azine ip '''mani''' buka.  The man has a book.
Sac az azine ip '''mani''' buka.  The man has a book.


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Sac az atine ap mana '''husi'''.  The man is at home.
Sac az atine ap mana '''husi'''.  The man is at home.
Sac iz entise ap misa '''stori'''.  The woman enters the store.
Sac iz entise ap misa '''stori'''.  The woman enters the store.
Sac iz wakile op kido ap doga '''parki'''.  The child walked the dog at the park.
Sac iz wakile op kido ap doga '''parki'''.  The child walked the dog at the park.
Sac iz wakise ap kida '''tuparki'''.  The child walked to the park.
Sac iz wakise ap kida '''tuparki'''.  The child walked to the park.
Sac iz wakise ap kida '''froparki'''.  The child walked from the park.
Sac iz wakise ap kida '''froparki'''.  The child walked from the park.


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Sac oz okurise mitinga pentip '''minuti'''.  The meeting will take place in five minutes.
Sac oz okurise mitinga pentip '''minuti'''.  The meeting will take place in five minutes.
Sac iz okurise festiva '''yesti'''.  The party happened yesterday.
Sac iz okurise festiva '''yesti'''.  The party happened yesterday.


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Sac az wezine ap doga 70 '''pondi'''.  The dog weighs 70 pounds.
Sac az wezine ap doga 70 '''pondi'''.  The dog weighs 70 pounds.
Sac az kostine ap buka dekip '''dolari'''.  The book costs ten dollars.
Sac az kostine ap buka dekip '''dolari'''.  The book costs ten dollars.


'''Coreferential Cases'''
Coreferential cases are used when a nominal fulfills two roles in a clause.  In Eska there are 3 coreferential roles: -ia Dative + Object, -io Dative + Agent, and -oa Agent + Object.
examples:
Sac iz hirile iop '''misio''' ap songa.  The woman listened to the song.
Sac iz vidile iop '''manio''' ap ava.  The man watched the bird.
Sac iz bitane oap '''manoa''' hamaror.  The man hit himself with a hammer.




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Ap  The
Ap  The
Disap  This, these
Disap  This, these
Datap  That, those
Datap  That, those
Unap  One
Unap  One
Duap  Two
Duap  Two
Hrap  Three
Hrap  Three
Kwadrap  Four
Kwadrap  Four
Pentap  Five
Pentap  Five
Multap  Many, much
Multap  Many, much
Fap  A few
Fap  A few
Parap  Some, partial
Parap  Some, partial


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examples:
examples:


 
Sac iz kognizine




Xagena
20

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