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Eska (view source)

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Two other important differences will be noted here:  the Matrix Model allows two occurrences of the Object case within the same clause.  In Eska using Extended Case Grammar, I disallow this; I reinterpret these clauses as having an Object case and a Benefactive case.  The Matrix Model only allows a clause to be embedded under the Object case.  Extended Case Grammar and Eska in particular allow clauses to be embedded under any case.  Embedding a clause under the Agent case has the effect of a '''because''' clause.
Two other important differences will be noted here:  the Matrix Model allows two occurrences of the Object case within the same clause.  In Eska using Extended Case Grammar, I disallow this; I reinterpret these clauses as having an Object case and a Benefactive case.  The Matrix Model only allows a clause to be embedded under the Object case.  Extended Case Grammar and Eska in particular allow clauses to be embedded under any case.  Embedding a clause under the Agent case has the effect of a '''because''' clause.


'''Extended Case Grammar'''
'''Extended Case Grammar'''
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Many systems of Case Grammar have been proposed; each of them having particular strengths and weaknesses.  Extended Case Grammar begins with the Matrix Model and extends it into a full grammar.  (See above section for the differences between the two.)
Many systems of Case Grammar have been proposed; each of them having particular strengths and weaknesses.  Extended Case Grammar begins with the Matrix Model and extends it into a full grammar.  (See above section for the differences between the two.)


'''Propositional Cases'''
'''Propositional Cases'''
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The book cost '''$10'''.
The book cost '''$10'''.
The man bid '''$100'''.
The man bid '''$100'''.


''State Verbs''
''State Verbs''
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The man '''sold''' a car.
The man '''sold''' a car.
The woman '''spends''' an hour in the park.
The woman '''spends''' an hour in the park.


'''Overt Case Roles'''
'''Overt Case Roles'''
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The '''man''' showed the '''woman''' a '''trick'''.
The '''man''' showed the '''woman''' a '''trick'''.
The '''woman''' spends an '''hour''' in the '''park'''.
The '''woman''' spends an '''hour''' in the '''park'''.


'''Covert Case Roles'''
'''Covert Case Roles'''
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Penultimate stress when word ends in a vowel.
Penultimate stress when word ends in a vowel.
Final stress when word ends in a consonant.
Final stress when word ends in a consonant.




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Sac iz dedale op '''mano''' ap misa.  The man killed the woman.
Sac iz dedale op '''mano''' ap misa.  The man killed the woman.
Sac iz wakine op '''kido''' doga ip parki.  The child walked the dog at the park.
Sac iz wakine op '''kido''' doga ip parki.  The child walked the dog at the park.


'''Dative Case'''
'''Dative Case'''
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Sac az wezine ap doga 70 '''pondi'''.  The dog weighs 70 pounds.
Sac az wezine ap doga 70 '''pondi'''.  The dog weighs 70 pounds.
Sac az kostine ap buka dekip '''dolari'''.  The book costs ten dollars.
Sac az kostine ap buka dekip '''dolari'''.  The book costs ten dollars.
'''Articles'''
In Eska articles form a special word class.  Articles take the ending -p.  You have already encountered some articles in the examples.  Articles agree in case with the noun they modify.  Object articles end in -ap.  Dativew articles end in -ip. And Agent articles end in -op.
Ap  The
Disap  This, these
Datap  That, those
Unap  One
Duap  Two
Hrap  Three
Kwadrap  Four
Pentap  Five
Multap  Many, much
Fap  A few
Parap  Some, partial
'''Predicates'''
Main Predicates end in -e.  Subordinate Predicates end in -u.  Embedded predicates take two suffixes: they take the Subordinate Predicate suffix -u plus one of the case suffixes:  -a, -i, or -o.  Reduced Predicates do not take any of these suffixes.  In addition to these final suffixes all predicates take two other suffixes:  a Dative Status suffix, and a Class suffix.
The Dative Status suffix has two possibilities: -i, and -a.  When a Dative argument is '''not''' required by a Predicate, the Dative Status suffix is -a.  When a Dative argument '''is''' required by a Predicate, the Dative Status suffix is -i.
The Class suffix determines which type of Predicate is being used.  For State Verbs the suffix -n is used.  For Inchoative Verbs the suffix -s is used.  And for Causative Verbs the suffix -l is used.
Predicate suffixes appear in this order:  Dative Status + Class + (Main or Subordinate Predicate) + (Case)
''Main Predicates''
examples:




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