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Eurolatin (view source)

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==General information==
==General information==


'''Eurolatin''' or '''Eurolatinus''' is an auxiliary language invented by Llyn as European Lingua Franca. Latin has been one of the most important languages ever spoken in Europe until XVIII century. Many English words have a Latin origin and, through English, many Latin words have spread in modern European languages, such as: ''habitat'', ''virus'', ''nation'', ''sympathy'', ''idea'' (of Greek origin), and so forth.
'''Eurolatin''' or '''Eurolatinus''' is an auxiliary language invented by Llais as European Lingua Franca.
Latin has been one of the most important languages ever spoken in Europe until XVIII century. Many English words have a Latin origin and, through English, many Latin words have spread in modern European languages, such as: ''habitat'', ''virus'', ''nation'', ''sympathy'' (of Greek origin), ''idea'' (of Greek origin), and so forth.
Medical terms of European languages are mainly from Latin and Ancient Greek and so are many legal terms. Latin has also influenced German, Celtic languages, and, slightly also Scandinavian languages and Slavic languages.
Medical terms of European languages are mainly from Latin and Ancient Greek and so are many legal terms. Latin has also influenced German, Celtic languages, and, slightly also Scandinavian languages and Slavic languages.
In any way Latin isn't a simple language (even if it is no harder than other modern inflected languages) and its crystallized grammatical norms have closed it off from other evolving European languages: they have prevented it from moving with the times. It is also because of this that Romanic languages have developed.
In any way Latin isn't a simple language (even if it is no harder than other modern inflected languages) and its crystallized grammatical norms have closed it off from other evolving European languages: they have prevented it from moving with the times. It is also because of this that Romanic languages have developed.
Llyn has thought to "modernizing" Classical Latin with grammatical and lexical features of modern European languages - not only from Romanic languages, but also from Germanic ones - to make it more "usable" and "simple".
Llais has thought to "modernize" Classical Latin with grammatical and lexical features of modern European languages - not only from Romanic languages, but also from Germanic ones - to make it more "usable" and "simple". This Latin, anyway, is based mainly on Romanic languages, terms that comes from "Vulgar Latin" are thus preferred, ex.:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Classical Latin'''
!'''Vulgar Latin'''
!'''Eurolatin'''
!'''Spanish'''
!'''Portuguese'''
!'''French'''
!'''Italian'''
!'''Catalan'''
!'''Galician'''
!'''Rumanian'''
!'''English'''
|-
|iecur
|ficātum
|fícatum
|hígado
|fígado
|foie
|fegato
|fetge
|fígado
|ficat
|liver
|-
|īre
|*anditāre / ambulāre
|ire / andare
|ir (andar)
|ir (andar)
|aller
|andare
|anar
|ir (andar)
|a merge
|to go (to walk)
|}
 
These are just a couple of examples, but it is possible to understan how much the Romanic languages influence Eurolatin.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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===Alphabet===
===Alphabet===


Eurolatin alphabet has got 24 letters:
Eurolatin alphabet has got 26 letters:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
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|-
|-
|a
|a
|[a] / [ɑ:]
|[a]
|it can be either ''short'' ('''ă''') or ''long'' ('''ā''')
| -
|-
|-
|b
|b
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|-
|-
|e
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|[ɛ] / [e]
|it can be either ''short'' ('''ĕ''') or ''long'' ('''ē''')
| -
|-
|-
|f
|f
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|-
|-
|i
|i
|[ɪ] / [i:] / [j]
|[i] / [j]
|it can be either ''short'' ('''ĭ''') or ''long'' ('''ī'''). At the beginning of words, when it is followed by a vowel, or between vowels it is pronounced [j]
|at the beginning of words, when it is followed by a vowel, or between vowels it is pronounced [j]
|-
|j
|[j]
|it is used in place of Classical Latin ''i'' when it has got a semiconsonantic value
|-
|-
|k
|k
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|-
|-
|o
|o
|[ɔ] / [o:]
|[ɔ] / [o]
|it can be either ''short'' ('''ŏ''') or ''long'' ('''ō''')
| -
|-
|-
|p
|p
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|-
|-
|u
|u
|[ʊ] / [u:] / [w]
|[u] / [w]
|it can be either ''short'' ('''ŭ''') or ''long'' ('''ū'''). When it is followed by a vowel it is pronounced as [w]
|when it is followed by a vowel it is pronounced as [w]
|-
|-
|v
|v
|[v]
|[v]
| -
| -
|-
|w
|[w]
|it is used in foreign words and has the same phonetic value as in the foreign word
|-
|-
|x
|x
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|-
|-
|y
|y
|[ʏ] / [y:]
|[y]
|it can be either ''short'' ('''y̆''') or ''long'' ('''ȳ'''); it comes tipically in Greek loan words
|it comes tipically in Greek loan words
|-
|-
|z
|z
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The letters '''j''' and '''w''' occur in foreign words and loan words. They can be pronounced as in the original language or can be pronounced respectively as [j] and [v] / [ʊ].
The letters '''j''' and '''w''' occur in foreign words and loan words. They can be pronounced as in the original language or can be pronounced respectively as [j] and [v] / [ʊ].
There are also three digraphs: '''ch''', '''ph''' and '''th'''.
There are also three digraphs: '''ch''', '''ph''' and '''th'''.


===Consonantal phonemes===
===Consonantal phonemes===
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===Vocalic phonemes===
===Vocalic phonemes===


Eurolatinus has got the following vocalic phonemes:
As Romanic languages have lost the distinction between long and short vowels, why should Eurolatin use it again? The length of a vowel can't vary the meaning of a word, that can be understood within a sentence.


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Back'''
|-
|-
!'''Closed'''
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ ʏ
|i y
|ʊ
|u
|i: y:
|u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
|-
!'''Mid-open''
!'''Middle'''
|ɛ
|e [ɛ]
|ɔ
|o [ɔ]
|
|
|-
|-
!'''Open'''
!'''Open'''
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|a
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|a [ɑ]
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|ɑ:
|}
|}


The different pronunciation of ''a'', ''e'', ''o'' doesn't change the meaning of the words: every speaker can pronounce these vowels more opened or more closed according to his/her habits.


===Diphthongs and digraphs===
===Diphthongs and digraphs===
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Diphthongs formed by '''i''' + vowel and '''u''' + vowel are not considered true diphthongs, because when '''i''' and '''u''' precede a vowel are considered approximant consonants.
Diphthongs formed by '''i''' + vowel and '''u''' + vowel are not considered true diphthongs, because when '''i''' and '''u''' precede a vowel are considered approximant consonants.
Eurolatin has got three digraphs: '''ch''' [x], '''ph''' [f], '''th''' [θ]. They are found in Greek loan words.
Eurolatin has got three digraphs: '''ch''' [x], '''ph''' [f], '''th''' [θ]. They are found in Greek loan words and can also be pronounced as [kʰ], [pʰ], and [tʰ] according speaker's habits.


===Stress===
===Stress===


Stress position is established by observing the quantity of the last but one syllable: '''If the last but one syllable is ''long'' -''' that is to say, if it has got a ''long vowel'', a ''diphthong'' or ends with a ''consonant'' '''- then here falls the stress; otherwise the stress falls on the last but two syllable.'''
Stress position follows generally the rules that were valid for Classical Latin, but, as the distinction between long and short vowels has been removed in Eurolatin, the accent has to be graphically signed in some cases, according to the following rules:
Stress can never fall before of the last but two syllable. If a word has got only two syllable, then the stress falls on the last but one syllable apart from its quantity.
Some examples:


* '''lŭpus''' (wolf) = '''LŬ'''-pus;
* generally the stress falls on the last but one syllable; if this is the case, than the stress hasn't to be signed;
* '''iuvĕnis''' (young) = '''IU'''-vĕ-nis (''-vĕ-'' is short);
* if the stress falls on the last syllable or of the last but two syllable, it has to be graphically signed.
* '''amātus''' (beloved) = a-'''MĀ'''-tus (''-mā-'' is long);
* '''felicissĭmus''' (happiest) = fe-li-'''CIS'''-sĭ-mus (''-sĭ-'' is short).


===Further notes on quantity and pronunciation===
Stress can never fall before of the last but two syllable.
Some examples:


It is not precisely known how Latin speakers pronounced the vowels and how the quantity affected their pronunciation. The difference between '''ă''' and '''ā''', for example, has been explained here as between [a] and [ɑ:], but this is only a convention. There aren't sufficient clues that demonstrate that the quantity really affected the place of articulation of the vowel.
* '''lupus''' (wolf) = '''LU'''-pus;
Some scholars believe that the long quantity meant only that the vowel was pronounced with a longer emission of breath: the difference between '''ă''' and '''ā''' would become then as between [a] and [a:].
* '''júvenis''' (young) = '''JÚ'''-ve-nis (''-vĕ-'' is short in Classical Latin);
Others believe that the long quantity meant that the vowel was pronounced almost twice: '''ă''' would be pronounced [a] and '''ā''' would be pronounced [aa͡].
* '''amatus''' (beloved) = a-'''MA'''-tus (''-mā-'' is long in Classical Latin);
Llyn has only given a suggestion of pronunciation, basing it on some old English texts about Latin language. The speaker can pronounce the vowels as he wants to, but his pronunciation must be coherent.
* '''felicíssimus''' (happiest) = fe-li-'''CÍS'''-si-mus (''-sĭ-'' is short in Classical Latin).
In this work the breve quantity is marked on the last but one syllable vowels to indicate that the stress falls on the last but two syllable. When in words of three or more syllables it isn't marked any quantity, it must be assumed that the last but one syllable is long and that here falls the stress, ex.:


* '''''iu''vĕnis''' is always written in this work with the marked breve;
The stress is graphically signed also to signalize a hiatus, as in '''líus''' (of the) = '''LI'''-us, two syllables.
* '''au''di''tus''' is always written in this work without the marked long.


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
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|-
|-
!'''Gen.'''
!'''Gen.'''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''līus''
|rowspan="1" colspan="3"|''líus''
|''lōrum''
|''lorum''
|''lārum''
|''larum''
|''lōrum''
|''lorum''
|-
|-
!'''Dat.'''
!'''Dat.'''
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The article always precedes the noun which it is referred to.
The article always precedes the noun which it is referred to.
The indefinite article doesn't exist, so it is simply omitted, ex.: '''homo''' can mean both ''man'' or ''a man''. With plural nouns it can be omitted or it can be used the plural of the numeral '''ūnus, a, um''', ''one'', to mean "some, any", ex.: '''visne (una) crepitilla?''', ''do you want some crackers?'' (the neuter '''crepitillum''' means ''cracker'').
The indefinite article doesn't exist, so it is simply omitted, ex.: '''homo''' can mean both ''man'' or ''a man''. With plural nouns it can be omitted or it can be used the plural of the numeral '''unus, a, um''', ''one'', to mean "some, any", ex.: '''visne (una) crepitilla?''', ''do you want some crackers?'' (the neuter '''crepitillum''' means ''cracker'').
The numerals are explained further.
The numerals are explained further.


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[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
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