Evonish

Evonish is a Germanic languages of the Evonen language branch. It is based on General American phonology and uses grammar that descends directly, but far from Common Germanic. The wordstock has many influences of Celtic languages and a priori conlangs. Despite this, the alphabet is a modified Latin one. The elder form is the runic Middle Evonish, which was less organized but had featured greater morphology. The two languages split on 25 May 2012 and will differentiate more over time. The objective of Evonish is to preserve old features of Germanic, preserve Celtic vocabulary, as well as eliminate any need for interpretation by context.

Evonish '
Progress: 80%
Type
Fusional
Alignment
Nominative-accusative
Head direction
Initial	Mixed		Final
Primary word order
Subject-verb-object
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
Common, Neuter
Nouns decline according to...
Case		Number
Definiteness		Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice		Mood
Person		Number
Tense		Aspect

Phonology

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Labio-velar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m			n				(ŋ)
Plosive	p b			t d				k g	ʔ
Fricative		f v	θ ð	s z	ʃ (ʒ)	ç		x (ɣ)	h
Approximant			ɹ			j	ʍ w
Flap/Tap			ɾ
Lateral				l

Vowels

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	i				u
Near-close		ɪ		ʊ
Close-mid	e				o
Mid			ə
Open-mid	ɛ				ʌ ɔ
Near-open	æ
Open					ɑ

Rhotic

R vowels	IPA	General American Examples
ar	/ɑ˞/	mark, dark
er	/ɛ˞ː/	air, bear
ir	/e˞ː/	deer and fear
or	/ɔ˞ː/	or and cord
ur	/ɝː/	fur and her

Palatalization

This sound change creates related pairs of words with c, k, and x. Occurrences:

• lorem
• ipsum

Writing

Allophones & Alphabet

See IPA for Evonish for the pronunciations of the letters. It is a 28 letter alphabet as follows: a, p, b, c, j, t, d, þ, ð, e, f, v, k, g, h, i, y, l, m, n, o, r, s, z, u, ƕ, w, x.
N is pronounced /ŋ/ before k or g. "Hr" which appears in the initial position of some words is pronounced /ɾ/, although it is oft mistakenly pronounced /hɹ/.

Diacritics & Digraphs

Certain letters with the diaeresis will be used to express umlaut. The umlauts can be rewritten as the standard vowel with an e after. These can be entered with an international keyboard, or copied. aa - /a/, ee - /e/, ii - /i/, oo - /o/, uu - /u/, yy - /ai/

Pronouns

Personal pronouns feature a combination of the Germanic, h-stem, i-stem, and s-stem in third person. The sole relative pronoun is [TBD].

Person	# / Gender	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative
First	Singular
	Plural
Second	Singular
	Plural
Third	Common
	Neuter
	Plural
Indefinite	Reflexive
Interrogative	Common
	Neuter

Determiners

The negative article is understood as indefinite; there is no negative definite article so the verb of the sentence is negated instead.

Determiners		Article			Demonstrative
		Definite	Indefinite	Negative	Proximal	Distal
Singular	Common
	Neuter
Plural	Common
	Neuter

Morphology

Adjective

Certain adjectives decline only in an attributive position; they do not in a predicative position. Cf. German die schwarze Magd vs die Magd ist schwarz. Some adjectives undergo umlaut, such as old, ölder, and öldest. Furthermore, there are many common affixes which form adjectives, whose list will be available in time.

• Comparative: -err
• Superlative: -est

Mutation

Ablaut

coming soon...

Umlaut

Occurrences:

• Certain plurals of strong nouns
• Genitive and dative singular of some nouns
• Second and third person singular indicative of some verbs
• Comparatives and superlatives
• Derivative verbs (of nouns)
• Abstract nouns with the -þ suffix
• Nouns with the -enn feminine suffix

Noun

Nouns in Evonish are declined to indicate their grammatical role in the sentence. Their declension depends upon case, gender, and number. Gender is a special factor in Evonish; a word does not determine a gender, rather a selected gender determines a different word. For example, a stone in common gender may be an igneous rock while a stone in neuter may be a sedimentary rock. The plural genitive ending is used in compound words much like kennings.

Class I		Vocative	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative	Instrumental
Singular	Common
	Neuter
Plural	Common
	Neuter
Class I		Vocative	Nominative	Accusative	Genitive	Dative	Instrumental
Singular	Common
	Neuter
Plural	Common
	Neuter

Verb

The infinitives of the frequentative aspects are -eln and -ern. The primary aspects are simple(with gnomic), perfect, progressive, habitual, and frequentative. Further aspects are formed by nonstandard ways or purely by context.

Aspects		Modal Verb		Main verb
Simple				conjugation
Perfect		(to have)		passive participle
Progressive		(to be)		active participle
Habitual		(to do)		infinitive
Frequentative				-eln conjugation (above)

Future is generally expressed by giving a time, or is implied in context with the simple present tense. There are auxiliary verbs that are standard as well. These are conjugated for the indicative mood.

Auxiliary verbs	Singular	Plural
First Person	"I shall"	"we shall"
Second Person	"thou wilt"	"ye will"
Third Person	"he goes"	"we go"

The use of the prefix ne- on any verb's form implies negation. Alternatively add the particle "nict" after the main verb, this is especially useful when a different prefix is already attached to the verb.

Weak I
Infinitive
Gerund
Supine
Imperative		-eþ
Tense	Present	Past
Participle	-end	ge- -ed
1st singular	-e
2nd singular	-est
3rd singular	-eþ	-ed
Plural
Subjunctive Singular
Subjunctive Plural	-en

Syntax

Comparisons

Comparative forms use the particle "ðann" followed by the noun(s) being compared to. Depending on that noun's case will determine which noun is first making the comparison. For example:

• "He jumped quicker than I" would yield "than I jumped" (in this example the compared noun is in the nominative).
• "He jumped quicker than me" would yield "than he jumped me" (in this example the compared noun is in the accusative).

Word Order

The standard word order is V2. Questions without interrogative pronouns(yes or no) have verb first and subject second. Dependent clauses have this special word order: Subject - Indirect Object - Direct Object - Instrument - Verb. Relative clauses have their own, to come soon.

Dictionary

Kinship

soon...

Kinship
																					Grandmother		Grandfather				Grandmother		Grandfather
Uncles Wife		Uncle		Uncles Wife		Uncle		Uncles Wife		Uncle		Aunts husband		Aunt		Aunts husband		Aunt		Aunts husband		Aunt		Father		Mother		Uncles Wife		Uncle		Uncles Wife		Uncle		Uncles Wife		Uncle		Aunts husband		Aunt		Aunts husband		Aunt		Aunts husband		Aunt
Male Cousin		Female Cousin		Male Cousin		Female Cousin		Male Cousin		Female Cousin		Male Cousin		Female Cousin		Male Cousin		Female Cousin		Male Cousin		Female Cousin						Male Cousin		Female Cousin		Male Cousin		Female Cousin		Male Cousin		Female Cousin		Male Cousin		Female Cousin		Male Cousin		Female Cousin		Male Cousin		Female Cousin
										Twin Sisters Husband		Twin Sister		Little Sisters Husband		Little Sister		Big Sisters Huband		Big Sister		Wife		Self				Husband		Big Brother		Big Brothers Wife		Little Brother		Little Brothers Wife		Twin Brother		Twin Brothers Wife
										Niece		Nephew		Niece		Nephew		Niece		Nephew		Son		Daughter		Son		Daughter		Niece		Nephew		Niece		Nephew		Niece		Nephew

To add

Soon to be added to contionary after a little management:

• brinnen - to be afire
• graven - to sculpture
• ingraven - to engrave
• kwellen - to torment (with umlaut)
• taken - to reach, to lay hold of(related to touch, to take, and to tuck)
• wacen - to keep watch
• wecken - to wake up (transitive)
• waken - to awaken (intransitive)
• wrýten - to write, to scribe, to shrive

Verb List

This is not formatted, I will fix it soon

Verb	English	Etymology	Notes
fegen	to add	Old English "fegan", Dutch "voegen", German "fügen"
to bring forth
been	to be	Old English "beon"	one of two forms of "to be"
	to dwell, to occupy	Old English "buan"	shares roots with beeon
burnen	to ignite	Old English "baernan" and "beornan", Dutch "branden", German "brennen", Modern English "burn"
breken	to break	Old English "brecan", Dutch "breken", German "brechen", Pgmc *brekan	CG
deemen	to judge	Old English "deman", Modern English "to deem"
don	to do	Old English "don", Dutch "doen", Ger "tun", Wgmc *don	This also is used as an auxilary with infinitives.
ðanken	to thank		c. f. English "thanks" German "danke"
efttellen	to retell, recount	from eft + tellan, literally meaning re + tell
enden	to end, to discontinue	Old English "endian"
eten	to eat	Old English "etan"
	to journey, to travel	Old English "faran" Dutch "varen" German "fahren"
follen	to fall	Old English "feallan"
fillen	to fill, to replenish, to restock	Old English "fyllon", Dutch "vullen"
folgen	to follow	Old English "fylgan", German "folgen", Dutch "volgen"
feogen	to hate	Old English "feogan", compare "foe" and "fiend"
fregen	to like, to favor	Old English "freogan", related to "friend"
forstanden	to understand	Old English "understandan", "forstanden", German "verstehen"	English's is of the idea of standing admist objects, others use the idea of standing before
gabinden	to combind	"ga-" + "bindan""
	to gather, to unite	Old English "gaderian"
	to compare	"ga-" + "seekan"
	to recall	Old English "feoh"
	to terrify, to leave agast	Old English "gæstan"	gæst means ghost
	to equip	Old High German "garawen " meaning "to make ready"	related to gear
haven	to have	Old English "habban"	irregular, forms the perfect aspect
holden	to care for, to foster	Anglian "haldan", West Saxon "healdan"	same root as "hold"
to hold, to grasp
heeden	to heed	Old English "hedan", Modern English "heed"
	to throw outward	Old Norse "kasta"	is used to translate "cast" in English sense "cast a spell"
	to agree	Old English "beclencan"	sense change from to hold onto
	to draw near	Old English "cuman", German "kommen"
	to knife	noun "kneif" from Old Norse "knifr"
	to be able	Old English "cunnan" and German "kennen"	only sense is "to be able", followed by an infinitive
	to know
	to moisten	Old English "leccan"	c. f. "leekan", "lake"
	to allow
	to leak	Middle Dutch "leken", Modern English "to leak"
	to live
	to be like	Old English "lic"
	to like	Old English "lician"	directly related to leican and suffix "lic" common germanic
	to lift
	to love
magen	to be permitted	Old English "magan"	irregular, with cognates of both may and might in its inflections
	to "must"	Old English "motan" Dutch "moeten"	irregular, with cognates of both mote and must in its inflections
	to mind	see "mund"
needen	to need	Mercian "ned", Old Norse "nauðr"	noun influenced by Mercian, verb influenced by Norse
nimen	to take	Old English "niman", German "nehmen"	strong
	to split	Old norse "rifa", mod eng "rive"
reken	to reason		c. f. reckon
renden	to tear, to cur	Old English "rendon", Modern English "rend"	Neuter
	to cross	Old English "rood"	rood means cross (Old Eng)
	to strike	Old English "slean" to slay, German "schlagen" to slay, to strike	common germanic
	to be	Old English "seeon"	one of two forms of "to be"
	to say	Old English "secgan"	object is words, not languages
	to slay	Old English "slean" to slay, German "schlagen" to slay, to strike
	to strike a spark	Old English "slean" to strike a spark
seeken	to seek		strong
scaven	to shave		strong
scowen	to show		strong
	to dispute, to argue
spreken	to speak		object is languages, not words, strong
standen	to stand
swelten	to die	Old English, Old Saxon "sweltan"
	to discard	ut + þreowan	English phrasal verb "throw out"
	to absorb		paralleled with Modern English "take in"
	to count	Old English "tellan", Dutch "tellen"	for recount see "efttellan"
	to toss, to pass	Modern English "toss" thought to be from a scandinavian source
	to think	Old English "þencan"	related to "to think"
	to throw	Old English "þrawan"
	to seem, appear as	Old English "þyncan", Early Modern English "methinks" (it seems to me, not I think)	related to "to think" This word was historically confused with Old English "þencan" and merged in Middle English
	to wane, fade	Old English "wanian"	used of lunar phases, but also power, intensity, degree, ect
	to twist, to coil	Old English "windon"	from root of "wind"
wenden	to move	Old English "wendon"	irregular, from root of "wind"
	to want, to will for	Old English "willan", "wyllon"
	to wander	Old English "wandrian"	from root of "wind"
	to warp, to distort	Old English "weorpan"
	to wone, reside	Old English "wunian"