Far East Semitic: Difference between revisions
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Inspiration: Old Chinese, [[Heleasic]], Akkadian, Amharic | Inspiration: Old Chinese, [[Heleasic]], Akkadian, Amharic | ||
Far East Semitic is one of the major branches of Semitic and | In [[Verse:Irta|Irta]], Far East Semitic is one of the major branches of Semitic. | ||
Loans from Old Chinese and Sino-IE in addition to the usual SEA families (except Austronesian) | |||
==Todo== | |||
Verner's law in random words? plax "to open" <- *pdax <- *phthax | |||
lhor "king", mələkh "prince"? | |||
(ğurayb >) ''qraib'' "crow, raven" | |||
hlān 'language' | |||
nəphəs "soul" | |||
nəphle "to fall" | |||
bəihl "egg" | |||
qe "egg" in Hmooblang (from a substrate) | |||
Lots of dvandvas | |||
bayth X = expert in X | |||
šmay 2ərətlh: world | |||
Gmad = to resist | |||
Gəmed = to support (same sense as Arabic 3amada) | |||
yiθ = there is, liθ = there is not (yiθ becomes 'have' in later languages: *nā yiθ phkar 'I have cows') | |||
Gabəd 'slave' | |||
laqhəm 'fish' (< 'food') | |||
t=ār 'bird' | |||
ts⁼pʰur 'bird' | |||
==Family tree== | ==Family tree== | ||
*Proto-Far East Semitic (~ 500 AD) | *Proto-Far East Semitic (~ 500 AD) | ||
** | ** [[Far East Semitic/Tonal Semitic]]: A language with two tones from the register split and lots of preinitials. Irta's only tonal Semlang. | ||
**hyperconservative Far East Semitic | **hyperconservative Far East Semitic | ||
Far East Semitic is phonologically one of the more conservative branches of Semitic | Far East Semitic is phonologically one of the more conservative branches of Semitic, with different reflexes for almost all the consonants of Proto-Semitic. Morphologically, though, it is the exact opposite -- it is a rather typical Southeast Asian sprachbund language even in the proto-stage. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
Consonants: | Consonants: | ||
*p b t ṭ d k q g ħ ʕ -> | *p b t ṭ d k q g ħ ʕ -> ph b th t d kh k g x ɣ~ɢ | ||
*m n l r w y -> m n l | *m n l r w y -> m n l ɹ w j | ||
*θ θ̣ ð s ṣ z ś ṣ́ š x ɣ h -> θ θ ð s ts z~dz l̥ | *θ θ̣ ð s ṣ z ś ṣ́ š x ɣ h -> θ θ ð s ts z~dz l̥ tl̥~ts (from koineization) š qʰ q h | ||
Vowels: i ɨ u e ə o a | Vowels: i ɨ u e ə o a ā | ||
''p'' and ''ŋ'' show up by assimilation or in loanwords from Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan languages. | |||
ɣašt, θian, l̥āθ, ɚbaɣ, qhamš, šɨš, šbaɣ, šmān, dɨšq, l̥ər | |||
θina, l̥əθa, | 11: l̥ər had, 12: l̥ər θian, etc. | ||
100,000: | θina, l̥əθa, ɚbɣa, qhəmša, šɨša, šbəɣa, šməna, dɨšqa, mə'a | ||
ələp | |||
100,000: ləkəš | |||
100,00,000: kot | 100,00,000: kot | ||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
Far East Semitic | Most Far East Semitic languages are written with an abugida inspired aesthetically by Ahom. The consonant letters are based on the Proto-Sinaitic abjad. | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
| Line 37: | Line 76: | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Far East Semitic has noun classifiers but no grammatical gender. Noun classifiers are also used as definite articles. | Far East Semitic has noun classifiers but no grammatical gender. Noun classifiers are also used as definite articles though ðə is also commonly used, especially in the literary language. | ||
ah - classifier for people, from the feminine form of numbers in PSem | |||
mušab - classifier for places | |||
Animate plurals are marked with postposed ''wɨl'' (which is more of an associative marker). | |||
==== Derivation ==== | |||
Singulatives are formed with ''bɨn-''. | |||
kʰətʰāb: agentive | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
As in English, Far East Semitic verbs are analytic with some vestigial ablaut; participial (with ''m-'') and verbnoun (with ''t-'' and other grammaticalized noun derivations) forms are common, as in modern Aramaic dialects. | As in English, Far East Semitic verbs are analytic with some vestigial ablaut; participial (with ''m-'') and verbnoun (with ''t-'' and other grammaticalized noun derivations) forms are common, as in modern Aramaic dialects. It's relatively unpredictable which Semitic verb root was assigned to which pattern (but it should correlate with the semantics of the noun patterns before they turned into verbs, e.g. agency) | ||
==== Derivation ==== | ==== Derivation ==== | ||
Morphology that corresponds to binyanim in other Semitic languages are more concatenative and are used as triggers: | |||
*G-stem: xtab, xtob, xtib | *G-stem: xtab, xtob, xtib (agent trigger) | ||
*D-stem: | ** D-stem: kʰətʰVb as opposed to xtVb should become an iterative? | ||
*N-stem: | *N-stem: nə·xtVb (patient trigger stem) | ||
*S-stem: | *S-stem: šə·xtVb (instrument/cause trigger) | ||
*t-stems: | *t-stems: tə·xtVb (reciprocal) | ||
*locative trigger: θə(m)-xtVb (from *þamma 'there', cf. Gàidhlig ''ann'' when fronting an adjunct) | |||
the pa'al / pi'el distinction surfaces as initial clusters vs minor syllables | the pa'al / pi'el distinction surfaces as initial clusters vs minor syllables | ||
mə- prefix for derived nouns | mə- prefix for derived nouns | ||
Some | Some former VN patterns (also noun patterns) | ||
* kʰətʰıb | |||
* xteb, xtib | * xteb, xtib | ||
* xtub for adjectives | * xtub, xtib for adjectives | ||
* tə·xtVb | * tə·xtVb | ||
* kʰətʰib, kʰətʰub, kʰətʰāb | * kʰətʰib, kʰətʰub, kʰətʰāb | ||
| Line 62: | Line 113: | ||
particles for aspects like Wdm (mɨn for perfect tense etc) | particles for aspects like Wdm (mɨn for perfect tense etc) | ||
bə xtib | bə xtib nākʰ = I write | ||
min xtib | min xtib nākʰ = I wrote | ||
l̥aʔ xtib | l̥aʔ xtib nākʰ = I will write | ||
==== Pronouns ==== | ==== Pronouns ==== | ||
* 1sg '' | * 1sg ''nā''~''nākʰ''~''ni'' | ||
* 2sg '' | * 2sg ''əntu''~''kʰmu'' | ||
* | Plural pronouns were formed with the associative marker ''wɨl'' (< *wa-illu 'and these') or ''kʰol'' (from *kullu 'all'): | ||
* | * 1pl: ''nākʰ wɨl~nākʰol'' | ||
* 2pl ''kʰmu wɨl~kʰmu kʰol~kʰmɨl'' | |||
Largely replaced with rank pronouns in descendants in non-intimate speech | Largely replaced with kinship terms and rank pronouns in descendants in non-intimate speech except in the hyperconservative FES language, where directional adverbs are sometimes used instead of pronouns | ||
==Derivation== | ==Derivation== | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Proto-Far East Semitic syntax is close to Tagalog. It's a VSO language. Modern Far East Semitic languages have a much more similar syntax to Thai, Vietnamese, Modern Hebrew or Arabic. | |||
[[Category:Semitic languages]] | [[Category:Semitic languages]] | ||
[[Category:Stem-Akkadian languages]] | |||
Latest revision as of 08:14, 11 April 2023
Inspiration: Old Chinese, Heleasic, Akkadian, Amharic
In Irta, Far East Semitic is one of the major branches of Semitic.
Loans from Old Chinese and Sino-IE in addition to the usual SEA families (except Austronesian)
Todo
Verner's law in random words? plax "to open" <- *pdax <- *phthax
lhor "king", mələkh "prince"?
(ğurayb >) qraib "crow, raven"
hlān 'language'
nəphəs "soul"
nəphle "to fall"
bəihl "egg"
qe "egg" in Hmooblang (from a substrate)
Lots of dvandvas
bayth X = expert in X
šmay 2ərətlh: world
Gmad = to resist
Gəmed = to support (same sense as Arabic 3amada)
yiθ = there is, liθ = there is not (yiθ becomes 'have' in later languages: *nā yiθ phkar 'I have cows')
Gabəd 'slave'
laqhəm 'fish' (< 'food')
t=ār 'bird'
ts⁼pʰur 'bird'
Family tree
- Proto-Far East Semitic (~ 500 AD)
- Far East Semitic/Tonal Semitic: A language with two tones from the register split and lots of preinitials. Irta's only tonal Semlang.
- hyperconservative Far East Semitic
Far East Semitic is phonologically one of the more conservative branches of Semitic, with different reflexes for almost all the consonants of Proto-Semitic. Morphologically, though, it is the exact opposite -- it is a rather typical Southeast Asian sprachbund language even in the proto-stage.
Phonology
Consonants:
- p b t ṭ d k q g ħ ʕ -> ph b th t d kh k g x ɣ~ɢ
- m n l r w y -> m n l ɹ w j
- θ θ̣ ð s ṣ z ś ṣ́ š x ɣ h -> θ θ ð s ts z~dz l̥ tl̥~ts (from koineization) š qʰ q h
Vowels: i ɨ u e ə o a ā
p and ŋ show up by assimilation or in loanwords from Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan languages.
ɣašt, θian, l̥āθ, ɚbaɣ, qhamš, šɨš, šbaɣ, šmān, dɨšq, l̥ər
11: l̥ər had, 12: l̥ər θian, etc.
θina, l̥əθa, ɚbɣa, qhəmša, šɨša, šbəɣa, šməna, dɨšqa, mə'a ələp 100,000: ləkəš 100,00,000: kot
Orthography
Most Far East Semitic languages are written with an abugida inspired aesthetically by Ahom. The consonant letters are based on the Proto-Sinaitic abjad.
Grammar
Far East Semitic is only vestigially triconsonantal.
Nouns
Far East Semitic has noun classifiers but no grammatical gender. Noun classifiers are also used as definite articles though ðə is also commonly used, especially in the literary language.
ah - classifier for people, from the feminine form of numbers in PSem
mušab - classifier for places
Animate plurals are marked with postposed wɨl (which is more of an associative marker).
Derivation
Singulatives are formed with bɨn-.
kʰətʰāb: agentive
Verbs
As in English, Far East Semitic verbs are analytic with some vestigial ablaut; participial (with m-) and verbnoun (with t- and other grammaticalized noun derivations) forms are common, as in modern Aramaic dialects. It's relatively unpredictable which Semitic verb root was assigned to which pattern (but it should correlate with the semantics of the noun patterns before they turned into verbs, e.g. agency)
Derivation
Morphology that corresponds to binyanim in other Semitic languages are more concatenative and are used as triggers:
- G-stem: xtab, xtob, xtib (agent trigger)
- D-stem: kʰətʰVb as opposed to xtVb should become an iterative?
- N-stem: nə·xtVb (patient trigger stem)
- S-stem: šə·xtVb (instrument/cause trigger)
- t-stems: tə·xtVb (reciprocal)
- locative trigger: θə(m)-xtVb (from *þamma 'there', cf. Gàidhlig ann when fronting an adjunct)
the pa'al / pi'el distinction surfaces as initial clusters vs minor syllables
mə- prefix for derived nouns
Some former VN patterns (also noun patterns)
- kʰətʰıb
- xteb, xtib
- xtub, xtib for adjectives
- tə·xtVb
- kʰətʰib, kʰətʰub, kʰətʰāb
Inflection
particles for aspects like Wdm (mɨn for perfect tense etc)
bə xtib nākʰ = I write
min xtib nākʰ = I wrote
l̥aʔ xtib nākʰ = I will write
Pronouns
- 1sg nā~nākʰ~ni
- 2sg əntu~kʰmu
Plural pronouns were formed with the associative marker wɨl (< *wa-illu 'and these') or kʰol (from *kullu 'all'):
- 1pl: nākʰ wɨl~nākʰol
- 2pl kʰmu wɨl~kʰmu kʰol~kʰmɨl
Largely replaced with kinship terms and rank pronouns in descendants in non-intimate speech except in the hyperconservative FES language, where directional adverbs are sometimes used instead of pronouns
Derivation
Syntax
Proto-Far East Semitic syntax is close to Tagalog. It's a VSO language. Modern Far East Semitic languages have a much more similar syntax to Thai, Vietnamese, Modern Hebrew or Arabic.