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===VOWEL INVENTORY===
===VOWEL INVENTORY===


Front Mid Back
{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent; float:right;"
High i î u û
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
e ê
||
Low o ô
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
a â
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">i</div>
<!--
<div style="position:absolute; left:13%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">y</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:40%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɨ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ʉ</div>
-->
<div style="position:absolute; left:88%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div>
<!--
<div style="position:absolute; left:79%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɯ</div>
-->
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
<!--
<div style="position:absolute; left:20%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɪ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:28%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ʏ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ʊ</div>
-->
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:13%; width:2em; top:29%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">e</div>
<!--
<div style="position:absolute; left:22%; width:2em; top:29%;height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ø</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:46%; width:2.66em; top:29%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɘ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:55%; width:2.66em; top:29%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɵ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:79%; width:2em; top:29%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɤ</div>
-->
<div style="position:absolute; left:88%; width:2em; top:29%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o</div>
<!-- MID VOWELS -->
<!--
<div style="position:absolute; left:53%; width:2em; top:42%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ə</div>
-->
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
<!---
<div style="position:absolute; left:24%; width:2.66em; top:56%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɛ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:33%; width:2.66em; top:56%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">œ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:51%; width:2.66em; top:56%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɜ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:56%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɞ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:79%; width:2.66em; top:56%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ʌ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:88%; width:2.66em; top:56%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɔ</div>
-->
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
<!--
<div style="position:absolute; left:30%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">æ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɐ</div>
-->
<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
<!--
<div style="position:absolute; left:39%; width:2.66em; top:85%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">a</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:48%; width:2.66em; top:85%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɶ</div>
-->
<div style="position:absolute; left:62%; width:2.66em; top:85%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ä</div>
<!--
<div style="position:absolute; left:79%; width:2.66em; top:85%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɑ</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:88%; width:2.66em; top:85%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɒ</div>
-->
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! || colspan=2| Front || colspan=2| Mid || colspan=2| Back
|-
| rowspan=2| High || i || î || || || u || û  
|-
| e || ê || || || ||
|-
| rowspan=2| Low || || || || || o || ô  
|-
| || || a || â || ||
|-
|}




===CONSONANT INVENTORY===
===CONSONANT INVENTORY===


h [ħ] š [ʃ] l [l] b [b] r [r] y [j] n [n] x [X] m [m] p [p] k [k] z [z] w [w]
h [ħ] š [ʃ] l [l] b [b] r [r/ɾ] y [j] n [n] x [χ] m [m] p [p] k [k] z [z] w [w]


<!--
<!--
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! rowspan="2" style="background:white"|  
! rowspan="2" style="background:white"|  
! colspan="4" | Labial
! colspan="4" | Labial
! colspan="6" | Coronal
! colspan="8" | Coronal
! colspan="6" | Dorsal
! colspan="6" | Dorsal
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Labiovelar
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Labiovelar
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! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Alveolar
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Alveolar
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Palatoalveolar
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Palatoalveolar
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Retroflex
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Palatal
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Palatal
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Velar
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Velar
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| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ʈ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ɖ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| k
| k
| g
| g
| q
| ɢ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ʔ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
|-
|-
! style="text-align:left"|Nasal
! style="text-align:left"|Nasal
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| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ɳ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ɲ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ŋ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ŋʷ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
|-
|-
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| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| r
| r
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
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| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ɾ
| ɾ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
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|-
|-
! style="text-align:left"|Fricative
! style="text-align:left"|Fricative
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ɸ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| β
| f
| f
| v
| v
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| θ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ð
| s
| s
| z
| z
| ʃ
| ʃ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ʒ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ʂ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ʐ
| ç
| ʝ
| x
| x
| ɣ
| ɣ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| xʷ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| h
| h
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| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ʦ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ʣ
| ʧ
| ʤ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
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| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| ɹ
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
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| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| l
| l
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
| style="background: darkgray;"|
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:{|
:{|
|-
|-
| ''pešš-'', tea plant, ''penašš-''
| ''pešš-'', "tea plant" → ''penašš-''
|-
|-
| <nowiki>{pe<na>šš-eš}</nowiki>
| <nowiki>{pe<na>šš-eš}</nowiki>
|-
|-
| <nowiki>[tea.plant<STAT>-SG], "to be a teaplant";</nowiki>
| [tea.plant<{{sc|stat}}>-{{sc|sg}}], "to be a teaplant";
|-
|-
| <nowiki>{tea.plant<STAT>-SG DEM.SG.PROX.SP}</nowiki>
| {tea.plant<{{sc|stat}}>-{{sc|sg}} {{sc|dem.sg.prox.sp}}}
|-
|-
| ''''' <nowiki>'</nowiki>penaššeš telêš<nowiki>'</nowiki> ''''', "this is a teaplant";
| ''''' <nowiki>'</nowiki>penaššeš telêš<nowiki>'</nowiki> ''''', "this is a teaplant";
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| <nowiki>{pe<na>šš-a-telê-eš}</nowiki>
| <nowiki>{pe<na>šš-a-telê-eš}</nowiki>
|-
|-
| <nowiki>[tea.plant<STAT>-A-DEM.SG.PROX.SP-SG]</nowiki>
| [tea.plant<{{sc|stat}}>-{{sc|a}}-{{sc|dem.sg.prox.sp}}-{{sc|sg}}]
|-
|-
| ''''' <nowiki>'</nowiki>penaššatelêš<nowiki>'</nowiki> '''''
| ''''' <nowiki>'</nowiki>penaššatelêš<nowiki>'</nowiki> '''''
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is also valid.
is also valid.


====Incorporation====
====Incorporation====
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! Aspect || Marker || Notes
! Aspect || Marker || Notes
|-
|-
| {{sc|}} || -ô- ||  
| Imperfective/Atelic {{sc|ipf}} || -ô- ||  
|-
|-
| {{sc|}} || -ta- ||  
| Perfective/Telic {{sc|perf}} || -ta- ||  
|-
|-
| {{sc|}} || -û- ||  
| {{sc|}} || -û- ||  
|-
|-
| {{sc|}} || -î- ||  
| Progressive/Continuous {{sc|prog}}/{{sc|cont}} || -î- ||  
|-
|-
| {{sc|}} || -ne- ||  
| Resultative {{sc|res}} || -ne- ||  
|-
|-
| Tense/aspect || -Ø- || Unmarked aspect in Slot 4 points towards the tense/aspect marking in Slot 1 (aspects: perfective, gnomic, imperfective); a gnomic/habitual aspect is also convenient by leaving the agent pronoun in Slot -2 unmarked.
| Tense/aspect || -Ø- || Unmarked aspect in Slot 4 points towards the tense/aspect marking in Slot 1 (aspects: perfective, gnomic, imperfective); a gnomic/habitual aspect is also convenient by leaving the agent pronoun in Slot -2 unmarked.
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====Nominal marking====
====Nominal marking====
====Verbal marking====


:{|
:{|
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|-
|-
|}
|}


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
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|-
|-
|}
|}
 
<sup>1</sup> the verb receives an incorporated noun in genitive compound; akin to a construct state marking in the verb.
 
====Verbal marking====


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
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*  haptu- < happ=ttu-
*  haptu- < happ=ttu-
<sup>1</sup> the verb receives an incorporated noun in genitive compound; akin to a construct state marking in the verb.


==DEICTICS==
==DEICTICS==
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===Demonstrative pronouns===
===Demonstrative pronouns===


Haššûl spatial deictics correlate in proximity with first exclusive (proximal), second (medial), and third person (distal) pronouns. The short form of the genitive pronouns is affixed wih the following locative markers (LOC) depending on relative positions: -le 'speaker', -nê 'addressee' and -la 'both'. This gives us the following combinations:
Haššûl spatial deictics correlate in proximity with first exclusive (proximal), second (medial), and third person (distal) pronouns. The short form of the genitive pronouns is affixed wih the following locative markers ({{sc|loc}}) depending on relative positions: ''-le'' 'speaker', ''-nê'' 'addressee' and ''-la'' 'both'. This gives us the following combinations:


Singular:
====Singular:====
Personal pronoun and correlative proximity
first exclusive  (proximal) second (medial) third (distal)
têk- en- ey-


LOC 'speaker' -le têk-le- > têkle- > telê- en-le- > elne- > êlle- ey-le > eyye > êye-
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"  style="text-align:center"
'addressee' -nê têk-nê- > têknê- > tekne- en-nê- > ennê- > êne- ey-nê > enyê > enye-
|-
'both' -la têk-la- > têkla- > telâ- en-la- > elna- > êlla- ey-la > eyya > êya-
! rowspan=3 colspan=3| || colspan=6| Personal pronoun and correlative proximity
|-
! colspan=2| first exclusive (proximal) || colspan=2| second (medial) || colspan=2| third (distal)
|-
! colspan=2| ''têk-'' || colspan=2| ''en-'' || colspan=2| ''ey-''
|-
| rowspan=3 style="background:lightsteelblue"| {{sc|loc}} || style="background:lightsteelblue"| 'speaker' || style="background:lightsteelblue"| ''-le'' || têk-le- > têkle- > || ''telê-'' || en-le- > elne- > || ''êlle-'' || ey-le- > eyye- > || ''êye-''
|-
| style="background:lightsteelblue"| 'addressee' || style="background:lightsteelblue"| ''-nê'' || têk-nê- > têknê- > || ''tekne-'' || en-nê- > ennê- > || ''êne-'' || ey-nê- > enyê- > || ''enye-''
|-
| style="background:lightsteelblue"| 'both' || style="background:lightsteelblue"| ''-la'' || têk-la- > têkla- > || ''telâ-'' || en-la- > elna- > || ''êlla-'' || ey-la- > eyya- > || ''êya-''
|-
|}


Paucal/Plural:
====Paucal/Plural:====
Personal pronoun and correlative proximity
first exclusive (proximal) second (medial) third (distal)
tâl- aš(š)- nâm-


LOC 'speaker' -le tâl-le- > tâlle- > tale- aš(š)-le- > ašle- > ašše- nâm-le- > nâlme- > nâlle-
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"  style="text-align:center"
'addressee' -nê tâl-nê- > tânlê- > tanne- aš(š)-nê- > ašne- > ašnê- nâm-nê- > nâmne- > nâmme-
|-
'both' -la tâl-la- > tâlla- > tala- aš(š)-la- > ašla- > ašša- nâm-la- > nâlma- > nâlla-
! rowspan=3 colspan=3| || colspan=6| Personal pronoun and correlative proximity
|-
! colspan=2| first exclusive (proximal) || colspan=2| second (medial) || colspan=2| third (distal)
|-
! colspan=2| ''tâl-'' || colspan=2| ''aš(š)-'' || colspan=2| ''nâm-''
|-
| rowspan=3 style="background:lightsteelblue"| {{sc|loc}} || style="background:lightsteelblue"| 'speaker' || style="background:lightsteelblue"| ''-le'' || tâl-le- > tâlle- > || ''tale-'' || aš(š)-le- > ašle- > || ''ašše-'' || nâm-le- > nâlme- > || ''nâlle-''
|-
| style="background:lightsteelblue"| 'addressee' || style="background:lightsteelblue"| ''-nê'' || tâl-nê- > tânlê- > || ''tanne-'' || aš(š)-nê- > ašne- > || ''ašnê-'' || nâm-nê- > nâmne- > || ''nâmme-''
|-
| style="background:lightsteelblue"| 'both' || style="background:lightsteelblue"| ''-la'' || tâl-la- > tâlla- > || ''tala-'' || aš(š)-la- > ašla- > || ''ašša-'' || nâm-la- > nâlma- > || ''nâlla-''
|-
|}


Deictics may occur either in place of nouns or postposed to nouns, as in ??hanô lene??  'that house'.
Deictics may occur either in place of nouns or postposed to nouns, as in ??hanô lene??  'that house'.
Verbal forms of the demonstrative pronouns can be derived with the verbalizer =š- for intransitive verbs, with the meaning to.be/stay/remain/be.present-LOC, e.g. {ašša=š-} 'aššaš' "they just stay there"
 
Verbal forms of the demonstrative pronouns can be derived with the verbalizer ''=š-'' for intransitive verbs, with the meaning ''to.be/stay/remain/be.present-{{sc|loc}}''. E.g. {ašša=š-} ''''' <nowiki>'</nowiki>aššaš<nowiki>'</nowiki> ''''' "they just stay there"


==POSSESSION==
==POSSESSION==


Posession can be marked with the enclitic form of either a genitive or a negative pronoun, indicating respectively posession or non-posession by the marked-for person.
Possession can be marked with the enclitic form of either a ''genitive'' or a ''negative pronoun'', indicating respectively ''possession'' or ''non-possession'' by the marked-for person.
Genitive possessive
 
The possession of a noun is marked with the enclitic form of the genitive pronouns, bearing the same person and number (1S.GEN = 1S.POS, "my", etc).
===Genitive possessive===
Whenever a genitive pronoun in its long form is used in a clause (e.g. when the posessor is explicitly mentioned), posession marking is dropped from the arguments and the roles are marked by their syntactic relation with the pronoun (e.g. possessed-gen-possessor). For instance, in the sentence "Manxên eyer Rûl" ("a man's she-dog"), the posessor is mentioned (Rûl, a.man), and therefore the long version of the third person singular genitive pronoun (eyer) is used; the form **eyManxên eyer Rûl would be incorrect.
 
Negative possessive
The possession of a noun is marked with the enclitic form of the genitive pronouns, bearing the same person and number ({{sc|1s.gen}}={{sc|1s.pos}}, ''"my"'', etc).
The enclitic form of the negative pronouns is used in the same way as that of the genitive pronouns, likewise bearing the same person and number (1S.NEG = 1S.NEG.POS, "not.my", etc, to indicate a non-belonging relationship. E.g. "rexlanneš", {re=x-lann-eš} 1S.NEG.POS-house-SG 'not.my.house'.
 
Whenever a genitive pronoun in its long form is used in a clause (e.g. when the possessor is explicitly mentioned), possession marking is dropped from the arguments and the roles are marked by their syntactic relation with the pronoun (order ''possessed-{{sc|gen}}-possessor'').
For instance, in the sentence ''"Manxên eyer Rûl"'' (''"a man's she-dog"''), the possessor is mentioned (''rûl'', 'a.man'), and therefore the long version of the third person singular genitive pronoun (''eyer'') is used. The form ''**eyManxên eyer Rûl'' ({{sc|1s.pos}}-she.dog {{sc|1s.gen}} man), using the short form of the third person singular genitive pronoun (''ey-''), would be incorrect.
 
===Negative possessive===
 
The enclitic form of the negative pronouns is used in the same way as that of the genitive pronouns, likewise bearing the same person and number ({{sc|1s.neg}}={{sc|1s.neg.pos}}, ''"not.my"'', etc.), to indicate a non-belonging relationship. E.g. '''''<nowiki>'</nowiki>rexlanneš<nowiki>'</nowiki>''''', {re=x-lann-eš} {{sc|1s.neg.pos}}-house-{{sc|sg}}, ''<nowiki>'</nowiki>not.my.house<nowiki>'</nowiki>''.


==DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY==
==DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY==
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:{|
:{|
|-
|-
| ''hanaptilir hanaptupepšeš''
| {{cardo|hanaptilir hanaptupepšeš}}
|-
|-
| {hanap-(t)ilir hanaptupepšeš}
| {hanap-(t)ilir hanaptupepšeš}
Line 866: Line 995:
:{|
:{|
|-
|-
| ''happ(at)ilir hanaptweš''
| {{cardo|happ(at)ilir hanaptweš}}
|-
|-
| <nowiki>{happ=a-(t)ilir ha<na>p=tu-eš}</nowiki>
| <nowiki>{happ=a-(t)ilir ha<na>p=tu-eš}</nowiki>
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|-
|-
|}
|}


===Denominal verbs===
===Denominal verbs===
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===Word order===
===Word order===


{|
====Constituent order per sentence type====
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| rowspan=3| DECLARATIVE || rowspan=2| Transitive || Monotransitive||
|-
| Ditransitive ||
|-
| colspan=2| Intransitive ||
|-
| colspan=3| IMPERATIVE ||  
|-
|-
| DECLARATIVE Transitive Monotransitive
| colspan=3| QUESTION || [topic]=Q [encl.pron]=[NO.OBJECT]-to.ask{tr}
Ditransitive
Intransitive
IMPERATIVE
QUESTION [topic]=Q [encl.pron]=[NO.OBJECT]-to.ask{tr}
|-
|-
|}
|}
====Other====


A/N
A/N
possessed/gen/possessor
 
possessed/gen/possessor (see ''Possession'' above)


=LEXICON=
=LEXICON=


Nouns (n): animate (an), inanimate (in), derivated from verbs (dev).
{|
Verbs (v): transitive (tr), intransitive (int), incorporated (inc)
|-
Particles (p): verbal (ver), nominal (nom), suprasegmental (sup)
| Nouns (n): || animate (an), inanimate (in), deverbal (dev).
Numerals (nu)
|-
| Verbs (v): || transitive (tr), intransitive (int), incorporated (inc)
|-
| Particles (p): || verbal (ver), nominal (nom), suprasegmental (sup)
|-
| Numerals (nu) ||
|-
|}


<> // Nr.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:left"
hanapp- n an ii fire -na- (infix); stative (nominal form)
|-
happ=š- v int to.burn.(down) happ- < *haff-, fire ; =š- VLZ3
! colspan=7| Wordlist
happ=a- v tr to.burn happ- < *haff-, fire ; =Ca- VLZ1
|-
haptu- v tr "to.transform.using.fire": to.cook (a meal, clay, etc), to.evaporate (water, etc), some (al-)chemical reactions happ- < *haff-, fire ; =ttu- VLZ2
! <> || // || colspan=2| POS || Nr. || Meaning || Notes
happ-ttu- to.transform.using.fire
|-
hanaptu- n dev (a) cooking
| hanapp- || ˈhä.nä.pː͜  || n || an || ii || fire || -na- (infix); stative (nominal form)
hašnapturûl- n an ii a cook "a man of cooking", ha<šnV>ptu-rûl-
|-
hašnaptukkûrûl- n an ii a baker
| happ=š- || ˈhä.pːʃ͜  || v || int || || to.burn.(down) || ''happ-'' (< *haff-), "fire"; ''=š-'' {{sc|vlz3}}
akkwaku- n in ii a meal reduplication of "bread", akku-akku-
|-
akku-, -kkû- n in ii bread
| happ=a- || ˈhä.pːä. || v || tr || || to.burn || ''happ-'' (< *haff-), "fire"; ''=Ca-'' {{sc|vlz1}}
haptukkû- v inc to.bread-cook, to.bake.bread
|-
manne n an ii animal similar to a dog
| haptu- || ˈhäp.tu. || v || tr || || "to.transform.using.fire": to.cook (a meal, clay, etc), to.evaporate (water, etc), some (al-)chemical reactions || ''happ-'' (< *haff-), "fire"; ''=ttu-'' {{sc|vlz2}}
rûl n an ii man
→ ''happ-ttu-'', "to.transform.using.fire"
kên n an ii female (of an animal)
|-
êrš- v int to.belong *wēr=š- (to.belong=VLZ3)
| hanaptu- || ˈhä.näp.tu. || n || dev || || (a) cooking ||
ertu- v tr to.adhere, to.make.be.with *wêr=ttu- (to.belong=VLZ2)
|-
etna-, -(e)tn(a)- without *tə
| hašnapturûl- || ˈhäʃ.näp.tu.ɾuːl. || n || an || ii || a cook || "a man of cooking", ''<nowiki>ha<šnV>ptu-rûl-</nowiki>''
tə-na- > ət-na- > etna-/atna-
|-
-reš-, -raš- p nom noun modifier in respect of a verbal root
| hašnaptukkûrûl- || ˈhäʃ.näp.tu.kːu.ɾuːl. || n || an || ii || a baker ||
an action is applied to a noun; being subject to that action characterizes the noun.
|-
happ=a-[] a-rûl-reš-[]
| akkwaku- || ˈä.kːwä.ku. || n || in || ii || a meal || reduplication of "bread", ''akku-akku-''
to.burn-
|-
"the.burning.man"
| akku-, -kkû- || ˈä.kːu {{pipe}} .kːuː. || n || in || ii || bread ||
adjectivization through gerundives?
|-
pešš-, -pepš- n an ii tea plant, tea leaf: tea infusion
| haptukkû- || ˈhäp.tu.kːuː. || v || inc || || to.bread-cook, to.bake.bread ||
haptupepš- v tr to.brew.tea
|-
hanaptupepš- n dev (a) teabrew(ing)
| manne- || ˈmä.nːe. || n || an || ii || animal similar to a dog ||
-šnV- p ver (infix) -šnV- (V=reduplication of the root vowel as short vowel regardless of original length); the verb receives a noun in genitive compound; akin to a construct state marking in the verb.
|-
lann-, -lan- n in ii house, shelter
| rûl- || ˈɾuːl. || n || an || ii || man ||
-eš p nom singular indefinite; etymologically related to he word for "one" êš < *weš, form which resurfaces when after a vowel (e.g.
|-
| kên- || ˈkeːn. || n || an || ii || female (of an animal) ||
|-
| êrš- || ˈeːɾʃ͜  || v || int || || to.belong || (< ''*wēr=š-'', to.belong={{sc|vlz3}})
|-
| ertu- || ˈeɾ.tu. || v || tr || || to.adhere, to.make.be.with || (< ''*wêr=ttu-'', to.belong={{sc|vlz2}})
|-
| etna-, -(e)tn(a)- || ˈet.nä. || || || || without || ''*tə'' > ''tə-na-'' > ''ət-na-'' > ''etna-/atna-''
|-
| -reš-, -raš- || .ɾeʃ. {{pipe}} .ɾäʃ. || p || nom || || || noun modifier in respect of a verbal root; an action is applied to a noun; being subject to that action characterizes the noun: {happ=a-[] a-rûl-reš-[]} to.burn- "the.burning.man" - adjectivization through gerundives?
|-
| pešš-, -pepš- || ˈpe.ʃː͜  {{pipe}} .pe.pʃ͜  || n || an || ii || tea plant, tea leaf: tea infusion ||
|-
| haptupepš- || ˈhäp.tu.pepš͜  || v || tr || || to.brew.tea ||
|-
| hanaptupepš- || || n || dev || || (a) tea-brew(ing) ||
|-
| -šnV- || || p || ver || || || (infix) ''-šnV-'' (V=reduplication of the root vowel as short vowel regardless of original length); the verb receives a noun in genitive compound; akin to a construct state marking in the verb.
|-
| lann-, -lan- || || n || in || ii || house, shelter ||
|-
| -eš || || p || nom || || singular indefinite || etymologically related to he word for "one" ''êš'' < ''*weš'', form which resurfaces when after a vowel (e.g.
-a-*weš > -aweš; -u-*weš > -ubeš)
-a-*weš > -aweš; -u-*weš > -ubeš)
-Vkti p sup -Vkti (suffix); it marks the topic of a question
|-
xapr=aš-
| -Vkti || || p || sup || || || ''-Vkti'' (suffix); it marks the topic of a question
aqqe-, -qqe- n in ii clay
|-
êš nu one *weš
| xapr=aš- || || || || || ||
haptuqqe- v inc to.cook.clay
|-
elaš-, -elš- n in ii place, room *welaš
| aqqe-, -qqe- || || n || in || ii || clay ||
haptubelaš- n in ii oven < *haff-ettu-welaš-
|-
xakš-, -akš- n in ii milk
| êš || || nu || || || one || (< ''*weš'')
-(a)lu(l)- p "with [an]", "containing [in]" commitative (an); subject demoting particle while incorporating
|-
hanaptupepšlulakš- n inc "a teabrewing with milk"
| haptuqqe- || || v || inc || || to.cook.clay ||
bâl-, -bâl- n in ii knife
|-
bâldu- v tr "to.transform.using.a.knife", to.chop.up bâl=ttu-  
| elaš-, -elš- || || n || in || ii || place, room || (< ''*welaš'')
ošša n an ii woman
|-
hûr- v to.sing
| haptubelaš- || || n || in || ii || oven || (< ''*haff-ettu-welaš-'')
zâš-, -zaš- n an ii onion
|-
luh-
| xakš-, -akš- || || n || in || ii || milk ||
bâltuzaš- v inc "to.onion-up.chop" The lenited -tt- (> -d-) of the VLZ2 resurfaces as -t- before the sibilant-vowel-sibilant sequence  
|-
| -(a)lu(l)- || || p || || || "with [an]", "containing [in]" || commitative (an); subject demoting particle while incorporating
|-
| hanaptupepšlulakš- || || n || inc || || "a teabrewing with milk" ||
|-
| bâl-, -bâl- || || n || in || ii || knife ||
|-
| bâldu- || || v || tr|| || "to.transform.using.a.knife", to.chop.up || (< ''*bâl=ttu-'')
|-
| ošša- || || n || an || ii || woman ||
|-
| hûr- || || v || || || to.sing ||
|-
| zâš-, -zaš- || || n || an || ii || onion||
|-
| luh- || || || || || ||
|-
| bâltuzaš- || || v || inc || || "to.onion-up.chop" || The lenited ''-tt-'' (> ''-d-'') of the {{sc|vlz2}} resurfaces as ''-t-'' before the [sibilant-vowel-sibilant] sequence
|}


=SAMPLES=
=SAMPLES=
Line 994: Line 1,175:
:{|
:{|
|-
|-
| ‹''Manxên eye'Rûl''›
| {{cardo|Manxên eye'Rûl}}
|-
|-
| /män.ˈχeːn e.je.ˈɾuːl/
| /män.ˈχeːn e.je.ˈɾuːl/
Line 1,008: Line 1,189:
:{|
:{|
|-
|-
| ‹''wânelššappš-''›
| {{cardo|wânelššappš-}}
|-
|-
| /wäː.nel.ʃːä.pːʃ-/
| /wäː.nel.ʃːä.pːʃ-/
Line 1,022: Line 1,203:
:{|
:{|
|-
|-
| ‹''aššašakti''›
| {{cardo|aššašakti}}
|-
|-
| /ä.ʃːä.ˈʃäk.ti/
| /ä.ʃːä.ˈʃäk.ti/
Line 1,035: Line 1,216:


----
----


{|
{|
Line 1,054: Line 1,236:
| e=n- || -happ=a- || -ra=z- || -Ø- || -Ø- || -ô- || -r- || -Ø
| e=n- || -happ=a- || -ra=z- || -Ø- || -Ø- || -ô- || -r- || -Ø
|-
|-
| 2S.GEN || to.burn=TR || PRES.FUT.IPF || DIR || UNSPEC || || NEG || IND
| {{sc|2s.gen}} || to.burn={{sc|tr}} || {{sc|pres.fut.ipf}} || {{sc|dir}} || {{sc|unspec}} || {{sc|ipf}} || {{sc|neg}} || {{sc|ind}}
|-
|-
| colspan=8| <>, ""
| colspan=8| ‹›, ""
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 1,080: Line 1,262:
The accent shifted from first to last syllable over time, which garnered some of the most distinctive sound changes in the evolution of the language.
The accent shifted from first to last syllable over time, which garnered some of the most distinctive sound changes in the evolution of the language.


*yek-wer- > yekwer > yekker > ekker
{|
*tə yek-wer- > têkwer > têkker > tekêr
|-
*wag_G-wer- > wakwer > akuer > akler
| *yek-wer- || > yekwer || > yekker || > ekker || ← ''Haššûl''
|-
| || > yekwer || > yekuər || > ikûr || ← ''Katzôr''
|-
| || || > yikuər || > çiɣʷâr/ʃiɣwâ || ← ''Hečjûr''
|-
|
|-
| *tə yek-wer- || > têkwer || > têkker || > tekêr || ← ''Haššûl''
|-
| || > tyekwer || > tyekuər || > tikûr || ← ''Katzôr''
|-
| || || > dyikuər || > diɣʷâr/diɣwâ || ← ''Hečjûr''
|-
|
|-
| *wagˠ-wer- || > wakwer || > akuer || > akler || ← ''Haššûl''
|-
| || > wakwer || > wakuər || > wakûr || ← ''Katzôr''
|-
| || || > ləkuər || > elkʷâr/elkwâ || ← ''Hečjûr''
|-
| || || || > elkûr || ← '' ''
|}




 
[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:A priori]] [[Category:Artlangs]] [[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]] [[Category:Yrḳuti]]
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