4,735
edits
Chrysophylax (talk | contribs) m (Text replacement - "Category:Conlangs" to "Category:Languages") |
|||
(20 intermediate revisions by one other user not shown) | |||
Line 40: | Line 40: | ||
===VOWEL INVENTORY=== | ===VOWEL INVENTORY=== | ||
{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent; float:right;" | |||
High i î | |- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;" | ||
|| | |||
Low | | style="width:60px;" | '''Front''' | ||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front''' | |||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central''' | |||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back''' | |||
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close''' | |||
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">[[Image:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px]]<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;"> | |||
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" | | |||
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">i</div> | |||
<!-- | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:13%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">y</div> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:40%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɨ</div> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:50%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ʉ</div> | |||
--> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:88%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">u</div> | |||
<!-- | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:79%; width:2em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɯ</div> | |||
--> | |||
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS --> | |||
<!-- | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:20%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɪ</div> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:28%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ʏ</div> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:73%; width:2.33em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ʊ</div> | |||
--> | |||
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS --> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:13%; width:2em; top:29%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">e</div> | |||
<!-- | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:22%; width:2em; top:29%;height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ø</div> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:46%; width:2.66em; top:29%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɘ</div> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:55%; width:2.66em; top:29%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɵ</div> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:79%; width:2em; top:29%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɤ</div> | |||
--> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:88%; width:2em; top:29%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">o</div> | |||
<!-- MID VOWELS --> | |||
<!-- | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:53%; width:2em; top:42%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ə</div> | |||
--> | |||
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS --> | |||
<!--- | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:24%; width:2.66em; top:56%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɛ</div> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:33%; width:2.66em; top:56%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">œ</div> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:51%; width:2.66em; top:56%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɜ</div> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:56%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɞ</div> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:79%; width:2.66em; top:56%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ʌ</div> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:88%; width:2.66em; top:56%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɔ</div> | |||
--> | |||
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS --> | |||
<!-- | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:30%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">æ</div> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:60%; width:2.66em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɐ</div> | |||
--> | |||
<!-- OPEN VOWELS --> | |||
<!-- | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:39%; width:2.66em; top:85%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">a</div> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:48%; width:2.66em; top:85%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɶ</div> | |||
--> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:62%; width:2.66em; top:85%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ä</div> | |||
<!-- | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:79%; width:2.66em; top:85%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɑ</div> | |||
<div style="position:absolute; left:88%; width:2.66em; top:85%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">ɒ</div> | |||
--> | |||
|} | |||
</div></div> | |||
|- | |||
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑close''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close‑mid''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open‑mid''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Near‑open''' | |||
|- | |||
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open''' | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! || colspan=2| Front || colspan=2| Mid || colspan=2| Back | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan=2| High || i || î || || || u || û | |||
|- | |||
| e || ê || || || || | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan=2| Low || || || || || o || ô | |||
|- | |||
| || || a || â || || | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===CONSONANT INVENTORY=== | ===CONSONANT INVENTORY=== | ||
h [ħ] š [ʃ] l [l] b [b] r [r] y [j] n [n] x [ | h [ħ] š [ʃ] l [l] b [b] r [r/ɾ] y [j] n [n] x [χ] m [m] p [p] k [k] z [z] w [w] | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
Line 55: | Line 147: | ||
! rowspan="2" style="background:white"| | ! rowspan="2" style="background:white"| | ||
! colspan="4" | Labial | ! colspan="4" | Labial | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="8" | Coronal | ||
! colspan="6" | Dorsal | ! colspan="6" | Dorsal | ||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Labiovelar | ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Labiovelar | ||
Line 65: | Line 157: | ||
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Alveolar | ! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Alveolar | ||
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Palatoalveolar | ! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Palatoalveolar | ||
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Retroflex | |||
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Palatal | ! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Palatal | ||
! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Velar | ! colspan="2" style="background:LightSteelBlue"| Velar | ||
Line 81: | Line 174: | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| | | ʈ | ||
| | | ɖ | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| k | | k | ||
| g | | g | ||
| q | |||
| ɢ | |||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| | | ʔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align:left"|Nasal | ! style="text-align:left"|Nasal | ||
Line 105: | Line 198: | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| ɳ | |||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| ɲ | |||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| ŋ | |||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| | | ŋʷ | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 123: | Line 218: | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| r | | r | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | |||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | |||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
Line 144: | Line 241: | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| ɾ | | ɾ | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | |||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | |||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
Line 157: | Line 256: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align:left"|Fricative | ! style="text-align:left"|Fricative | ||
| | | ɸ | ||
| | | β | ||
| f | | f | ||
| v | | v | ||
| | | θ | ||
| | | ð | ||
| s | | s | ||
| z | | z | ||
| ʃ | | ʃ | ||
| | | ʒ | ||
| | | ʂ | ||
| | | ʐ | ||
| ç | |||
| ʝ | |||
| x | | x | ||
| ɣ | | ɣ | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| | | xʷ | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| h | | h | ||
Line 184: | Line 285: | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| | | ʦ | ||
| | | ʣ | ||
| ʧ | |||
| ʤ | |||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
Line 205: | Line 308: | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | |||
| ɹ | |||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
Line 228: | Line 333: | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| l | | l | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | |||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | |||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
| style="background: darkgray;"| | | style="background: darkgray;"| | ||
Line 364: | Line 471: | ||
:{| | :{| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''pešš-'', tea plant | | ''pešš-'', "tea plant" → ''penašš-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <nowiki>{pe<na>šš-eš}</nowiki> | | <nowiki>{pe<na>šš-eš}</nowiki> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | [tea.plant<{{sc|stat}}>-{{sc|sg}}], "to be a teaplant"; | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {tea.plant<{{sc|stat}}>-{{sc|sg}} {{sc|dem.sg.prox.sp}}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''''' <nowiki>'</nowiki>penaššeš telêš<nowiki>'</nowiki> ''''', "this is a teaplant"; | | ''''' <nowiki>'</nowiki>penaššeš telêš<nowiki>'</nowiki> ''''', "this is a teaplant"; | ||
Line 382: | Line 489: | ||
| <nowiki>{pe<na>šš-a-telê-eš}</nowiki> | | <nowiki>{pe<na>šš-a-telê-eš}</nowiki> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | [tea.plant<{{sc|stat}}>-{{sc|a}}-{{sc|dem.sg.prox.sp}}-{{sc|sg}}] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''''' <nowiki>'</nowiki>penaššatelêš<nowiki>'</nowiki> ''''' | | ''''' <nowiki>'</nowiki>penaššatelêš<nowiki>'</nowiki> ''''' | ||
Line 389: | Line 496: | ||
is also valid. | is also valid. | ||
====Incorporation==== | ====Incorporation==== | ||
Line 634: | Line 740: | ||
! Aspect || Marker || Notes | ! Aspect || Marker || Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|}} || -ô- || | | Imperfective/Atelic {{sc|ipf}} || -ô- || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|}} || -ta- || | | Perfective/Telic {{sc|perf}} || -ta- || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|}} || -û- || | | {{sc|}} || -û- || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|}} || -î- || | | Progressive/Continuous {{sc|prog}}/{{sc|cont}} || -î- || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{sc|}} || -ne- || | | Resultative {{sc|res}} || -ne- || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Tense/aspect || -Ø- || Unmarked aspect in Slot 4 points towards the tense/aspect marking in Slot 1 (aspects: perfective, gnomic, imperfective); a gnomic/habitual aspect is also convenient by leaving the agent pronoun in Slot -2 unmarked. | | Tense/aspect || -Ø- || Unmarked aspect in Slot 4 points towards the tense/aspect marking in Slot 1 (aspects: perfective, gnomic, imperfective); a gnomic/habitual aspect is also convenient by leaving the agent pronoun in Slot -2 unmarked. | ||
Line 730: | Line 836: | ||
====Nominal marking==== | ====Nominal marking==== | ||
====Verbal marking==== | |||
:{| | :{| | ||
Line 752: | Line 860: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | ||
Line 779: | Line 886: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
<sup>1</sup> the verb receives an incorporated noun in genitive compound; akin to a construct state marking in the verb. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | ||
Line 802: | Line 907: | ||
* haptu- < happ=ttu- | * haptu- < happ=ttu- | ||
==DEICTICS== | ==DEICTICS== | ||
Line 808: | Line 912: | ||
===Demonstrative pronouns=== | ===Demonstrative pronouns=== | ||
Haššûl spatial deictics correlate in proximity with first exclusive (proximal), second (medial), and third person (distal) pronouns. The short form of the genitive pronouns is affixed wih the following locative markers ( | Haššûl spatial deictics correlate in proximity with first exclusive (proximal), second (medial), and third person (distal) pronouns. The short form of the genitive pronouns is affixed wih the following locative markers ({{sc|loc}}) depending on relative positions: ''-le'' 'speaker', ''-nê'' 'addressee' and ''-la'' 'both'. This gives us the following combinations: | ||
Singular: | ====Singular:==== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 colspan=3| || colspan=6| Personal pronoun and correlative proximity | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2| first exclusive (proximal) || colspan=2| second (medial) || colspan=2| third (distal) | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2| ''têk-'' || colspan=2| ''en-'' || colspan=2| ''ey-'' | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan=3 style="background:lightsteelblue"| {{sc|loc}} || style="background:lightsteelblue"| 'speaker' || style="background:lightsteelblue"| ''-le'' || têk-le- > têkle- > || ''telê-'' || en-le- > elne- > || ''êlle-'' || ey-le- > eyye- > || ''êye-'' | |||
|- | |||
| style="background:lightsteelblue"| 'addressee' || style="background:lightsteelblue"| ''-nê'' || têk-nê- > têknê- > || ''tekne-'' || en-nê- > ennê- > || ''êne-'' || ey-nê- > enyê- > || ''enye-'' | |||
|- | |||
| style="background:lightsteelblue"| 'both' || style="background:lightsteelblue"| ''-la'' || têk-la- > têkla- > || ''telâ-'' || en-la- > elna- > || ''êlla-'' || ey-la- > eyya- > || ''êya-'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Paucal/Plural: | ====Paucal/Plural:==== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 colspan=3| || colspan=6| Personal pronoun and correlative proximity | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2| first exclusive (proximal) || colspan=2| second (medial) || colspan=2| third (distal) | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2| ''tâl-'' || colspan=2| ''aš(š)-'' || colspan=2| ''nâm-'' | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan=3 style="background:lightsteelblue"| {{sc|loc}} || style="background:lightsteelblue"| 'speaker' || style="background:lightsteelblue"| ''-le'' || tâl-le- > tâlle- > || ''tale-'' || aš(š)-le- > ašle- > || ''ašše-'' || nâm-le- > nâlme- > || ''nâlle-'' | |||
|- | |||
| style="background:lightsteelblue"| 'addressee' || style="background:lightsteelblue"| ''-nê'' || tâl-nê- > tânlê- > || ''tanne-'' || aš(š)-nê- > ašne- > || ''ašnê-'' || nâm-nê- > nâmne- > || ''nâmme-'' | |||
|- | |||
| style="background:lightsteelblue"| 'both' || style="background:lightsteelblue"| ''-la'' || tâl-la- > tâlla- > || ''tala-'' || aš(š)-la- > ašla- > || ''ašša-'' || nâm-la- > nâlma- > || ''nâlla-'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Deictics may occur either in place of nouns or postposed to nouns, as in ??hanô lene?? 'that house'. | Deictics may occur either in place of nouns or postposed to nouns, as in ??hanô lene?? 'that house'. | ||
Verbal forms of the demonstrative pronouns can be derived with the verbalizer =š- for intransitive verbs, with the meaning to.be/stay/remain/be.present- | |||
Verbal forms of the demonstrative pronouns can be derived with the verbalizer ''=š-'' for intransitive verbs, with the meaning ''to.be/stay/remain/be.present-{{sc|loc}}''. E.g. {ašša=š-} ''''' <nowiki>'</nowiki>aššaš<nowiki>'</nowiki> ''''' "they just stay there" | |||
==POSSESSION== | ==POSSESSION== | ||
Possession can be marked with the enclitic form of either a ''genitive'' or a ''negative pronoun'', indicating respectively ''possession'' or ''non-possession'' by the marked-for person. | |||
Genitive possessive | |||
The possession of a noun is marked with the enclitic form of the genitive pronouns, bearing the same person and number ( | ===Genitive possessive=== | ||
Whenever a genitive pronoun in its long form is used in a clause (e.g. when the | |||
Negative possessive | The possession of a noun is marked with the enclitic form of the genitive pronouns, bearing the same person and number ({{sc|1s.gen}}={{sc|1s.pos}}, ''"my"'', etc). | ||
The enclitic form of the negative pronouns is used in the same way as that of the genitive pronouns, likewise | |||
Whenever a genitive pronoun in its long form is used in a clause (e.g. when the possessor is explicitly mentioned), possession marking is dropped from the arguments and the roles are marked by their syntactic relation with the pronoun (order ''possessed-{{sc|gen}}-possessor''). | |||
For instance, in the sentence ''"Manxên eyer Rûl"'' (''"a man's she-dog"''), the possessor is mentioned (''rûl'', 'a.man'), and therefore the long version of the third person singular genitive pronoun (''eyer'') is used. The form ''**eyManxên eyer Rûl'' ({{sc|1s.pos}}-she.dog {{sc|1s.gen}} man), using the short form of the third person singular genitive pronoun (''ey-''), would be incorrect. | |||
===Negative possessive=== | |||
The enclitic form of the negative pronouns is used in the same way as that of the genitive pronouns, likewise bearing the same person and number ({{sc|1s.neg}}={{sc|1s.neg.pos}}, ''"not.my"'', etc.), to indicate a non-belonging relationship. E.g. '''''<nowiki>'</nowiki>rexlanneš<nowiki>'</nowiki>''''', {re=x-lann-eš} {{sc|1s.neg.pos}}-house-{{sc|sg}}, ''<nowiki>'</nowiki>not.my.house<nowiki>'</nowiki>''. | |||
==DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY== | ==DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY== | ||
Line 854: | Line 983: | ||
:{| | :{| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{cardo|hanaptilir hanaptupepšeš}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {hanap-(t)ilir hanaptupepšeš} | | {hanap-(t)ilir hanaptupepšeš} | ||
Line 866: | Line 995: | ||
:{| | :{| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{cardo|happ(at)ilir hanaptweš}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <nowiki>{happ=a-(t)ilir ha<na>p=tu-eš}</nowiki> | | <nowiki>{happ=a-(t)ilir ha<na>p=tu-eš}</nowiki> | ||
Line 875: | Line 1,004: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Denominal verbs=== | ===Denominal verbs=== | ||
Line 960: | Line 1,088: | ||
! <> || // || colspan=2| POS || Nr. || Meaning || Notes | ! <> || // || colspan=2| POS || Nr. || Meaning || Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| hanapp- || || n || an || ii || fire || -na- (infix); stative (nominal form) | | hanapp- || ˈhä.nä.pː͜ || n || an || ii || fire || -na- (infix); stative (nominal form) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| happ=š- || || v || int || || to.burn.(down) || ''happ-'' (< *haff-), "fire"; ''=š-'' {{sc|vlz3}} | | happ=š- || ˈhä.pːʃ͜ || v || int || || to.burn.(down) || ''happ-'' (< *haff-), "fire"; ''=š-'' {{sc|vlz3}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| happ=a- || || v || tr || || to.burn || ''happ-'' (< *haff-), "fire"; ''=Ca-'' {{sc|vlz1}} | | happ=a- || ˈhä.pːä. || v || tr || || to.burn || ''happ-'' (< *haff-), "fire"; ''=Ca-'' {{sc|vlz1}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| haptu- || || v || tr || || "to.transform.using.fire": to.cook (a meal, clay, etc), to.evaporate (water, etc), some (al-)chemical reactions || ''happ-'' (< *haff-), "fire"; ''=ttu-'' {{sc|vlz2}} | | haptu- || ˈhäp.tu. || v || tr || || "to.transform.using.fire": to.cook (a meal, clay, etc), to.evaporate (water, etc), some (al-)chemical reactions || ''happ-'' (< *haff-), "fire"; ''=ttu-'' {{sc|vlz2}} | ||
→ ''happ-ttu-'', "to.transform.using.fire" | → ''happ-ttu-'', "to.transform.using.fire" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| hanaptu- || || n || dev || || (a) cooking || | | hanaptu- || ˈhä.näp.tu. || n || dev || || (a) cooking || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| hašnapturûl- || || n || an || ii || a cook || "a man of cooking", ''<nowiki>ha<šnV>ptu-rûl-</nowiki>'' | | hašnapturûl- || ˈhäʃ.näp.tu.ɾuːl. || n || an || ii || a cook || "a man of cooking", ''<nowiki>ha<šnV>ptu-rûl-</nowiki>'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| hašnaptukkûrûl- || || n || an || ii || a baker || | | hašnaptukkûrûl- || ˈhäʃ.näp.tu.kːu.ɾuːl. || n || an || ii || a baker || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| akkwaku- || || n || in || ii || a meal || reduplication of "bread", ''akku-akku-'' | | akkwaku- || ˈä.kːwä.ku. || n || in || ii || a meal || reduplication of "bread", ''akku-akku-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| akku-, -kkû- || || n || in || ii || bread || | | akku-, -kkû- || ˈä.kːu {{pipe}} .kːuː. || n || in || ii || bread || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| haptukkû- || || v || inc || || to.bread-cook, to.bake.bread || | | haptukkû- || ˈhäp.tu.kːuː. || v || inc || || to.bread-cook, to.bake.bread || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| manne- || || n || an || ii || animal similar to a dog || | | manne- || ˈmä.nːe. || n || an || ii || animal similar to a dog || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rûl- || || n || an || ii || man || | | rûl- || ˈɾuːl. || n || an || ii || man || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| kên || || n || an || ii || female (of an animal) || | | kên- || ˈkeːn. || n || an || ii || female (of an animal) || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| êrš- || || v || int || || to.belong || ''*wēr=š-'', to.belong={{sc|vlz3}} | | êrš- || ˈeːɾʃ͜ || v || int || || to.belong || (< ''*wēr=š-'', to.belong={{sc|vlz3}}) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ertu- || || v || tr || || to.adhere, to.make.be.with || ''*wêr=ttu-'', to.belong={{sc|vlz2}} | | ertu- || ˈeɾ.tu. || v || tr || || to.adhere, to.make.be.with || (< ''*wêr=ttu-'', to.belong={{sc|vlz2}}) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| etna-, -(e)tn(a)- || || || || || without || ''*tə'' > ''tə-na-'' > ''ət-na-'' > ''etna-/atna-'' | | etna-, -(e)tn(a)- || ˈet.nä. || || || || without || ''*tə'' > ''tə-na-'' > ''ət-na-'' > ''etna-/atna-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| -reš-, -raš- || || p || nom || || || noun modifier in respect of a verbal root; an action is applied to a noun; being subject to that action characterizes the noun: {happ=a-[] a-rûl-reš-[]} to.burn- "the.burning.man" - adjectivization through gerundives? | | -reš-, -raš- || .ɾeʃ. {{pipe}} .ɾäʃ. || p || nom || || || noun modifier in respect of a verbal root; an action is applied to a noun; being subject to that action characterizes the noun: {happ=a-[] a-rûl-reš-[]} to.burn- "the.burning.man" - adjectivization through gerundives? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| pešš-, -pepš- || || n || an || ii || tea plant, tea leaf: tea infusion || | | pešš-, -pepš- || ˈpe.ʃː͜ {{pipe}} .pe.pʃ͜ || n || an || ii || tea plant, tea leaf: tea infusion || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| haptupepš- || || v || tr || || to.brew.tea || | | haptupepš- || ˈhäp.tu.pepš͜ || v || tr || || to.brew.tea || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| hanaptupepš- || || n || dev || || (a) tea-brew(ing) || | | hanaptupepš- || || n || dev || || (a) tea-brew(ing) || | ||
Line 1,014: | Line 1,142: | ||
| aqqe-, -qqe- || || n || in || ii || clay || | | aqqe-, -qqe- || || n || in || ii || clay || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| êš || || nu || || || one || ''*weš'' | | êš || || nu || || || one || (< ''*weš'') | ||
|- | |- | ||
| haptuqqe- || || v || inc || || to.cook.clay || | | haptuqqe- || || v || inc || || to.cook.clay || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| elaš-, -elš- || || n || in || ii || place, room || ''*welaš'' | | elaš-, -elš- || || n || in || ii || place, room || (< ''*welaš'') | ||
|- | |- | ||
| haptubelaš- || || n || in || ii || oven || (< ''*haff-ettu-welaš-'') | | haptubelaš- || || n || in || ii || oven || (< ''*haff-ettu-welaš-'') | ||
Line 1,030: | Line 1,158: | ||
| bâl-, -bâl- || || n || in || ii || knife || | | bâl-, -bâl- || || n || in || ii || knife || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| bâldu- || || v || tr|| || "to.transform.using.a.knife", to.chop.up || < ''bâl=ttu-'' | | bâldu- || || v || tr|| || "to.transform.using.a.knife", to.chop.up || (< ''*bâl=ttu-'') | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ošša- || || n || an || ii || woman || | | ošša- || || n || an || ii || woman || | ||
Line 1,038: | Line 1,166: | ||
| zâš-, -zaš- || || n || an || ii || onion|| | | zâš-, -zaš- || || n || an || ii || onion|| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| luh- | | luh- || || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| bâltuzaš- || || v || inc || || "to.onion-up.chop" || The lenited ''-tt-'' (> ''-d-'') of the {{sc|vlz2}} resurfaces as ''-t-'' before the [sibilant-vowel-sibilant | | bâltuzaš- || || v || inc || || "to.onion-up.chop" || The lenited ''-tt-'' (> ''-d-'') of the {{sc|vlz2}} resurfaces as ''-t-'' before the [sibilant-vowel-sibilant] sequence | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,047: | Line 1,175: | ||
:{| | :{| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{cardo|Manxên eye'Rûl}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /män.ˈχeːn e.je.ˈɾuːl/ | | /män.ˈχeːn e.je.ˈɾuːl/ | ||
Line 1,061: | Line 1,189: | ||
:{| | :{| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{cardo|wânelššappš-}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /wäː.nel.ʃːä.pːʃ-/ | | /wäː.nel.ʃːä.pːʃ-/ | ||
Line 1,075: | Line 1,203: | ||
:{| | :{| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{cardo|aššašakti}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /ä.ʃːä.ˈʃäk.ti/ | | /ä.ʃːä.ˈʃäk.ti/ | ||
Line 1,108: | Line 1,236: | ||
| e=n- || -happ=a- || -ra=z- || -Ø- || -Ø- || -ô- || -r- || -Ø | | e=n- || -happ=a- || -ra=z- || -Ø- || -Ø- || -ô- || -r- || -Ø | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{sc|2s.gen}} || to.burn={{sc|tr}} || {{sc|pres.fut.ipf}} || {{sc|dir}} || {{sc|unspec}} || {{sc|ipf}} || {{sc|neg}} || {{sc|ind}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan=8| | | colspan=8| ‹›, "" | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,160: | Line 1,288: | ||
| || || || > elkûr || ← '' '' | | || || || > elkûr || ← '' '' | ||
|} | |} | ||
[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:A priori]] [[Category:Artlangs]] [[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]] [[Category:Yrḳuti]] |