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Haššûl: Difference between revisions

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:{|
:{|
|-
|-
| ''pešš-'', tea plant, ''penašš-''
| ''pešš-'', "tea plant" → ''penašš-''
|-
|-
| <nowiki>{pe<na>šš-eš}</nowiki>
| <nowiki>{pe<na>šš-eš}</nowiki>
|-
|-
| <nowiki>[tea.plant<STAT>-SG], "to be a teaplant";</nowiki>
| [tea.plant<{{sc|stat}}>-{{sc|sg}}], "to be a teaplant";
|-
|-
| <nowiki>{tea.plant<STAT>-SG DEM.SG.PROX.SP}</nowiki>
| {tea.plant<{{sc|stat}}>-{{sc|sg}} {{sc|dem.sg.prox.sp}}}
|-
|-
| ''''' <nowiki>'</nowiki>penaššeš telêš<nowiki>'</nowiki> ''''', "this is a teaplant";
| ''''' <nowiki>'</nowiki>penaššeš telêš<nowiki>'</nowiki> ''''', "this is a teaplant";
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| <nowiki>{pe<na>šš-a-telê-eš}</nowiki>
| <nowiki>{pe<na>šš-a-telê-eš}</nowiki>
|-
|-
| <nowiki>[tea.plant<STAT>-A-DEM.SG.PROX.SP-SG]</nowiki>
| [tea.plant<{{sc|stat}}>-{{sc|a}}-{{sc|dem.sg.prox.sp}}-{{sc|sg}}]
|-
|-
| ''''' <nowiki>'</nowiki>penaššatelêš<nowiki>'</nowiki> '''''
| ''''' <nowiki>'</nowiki>penaššatelêš<nowiki>'</nowiki> '''''
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is also valid.
is also valid.


====Incorporation====
====Incorporation====
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! Aspect || Marker || Notes
! Aspect || Marker || Notes
|-
|-
| {{sc|}} || -ô- ||  
| Imperfective/Atelic {{sc|ipf}} || -ô- ||  
|-
|-
| {{sc|}} || -ta- ||  
| Perfective/Telic {{sc|perf}} || -ta- ||  
|-
|-
| {{sc|}} || -û- ||  
| {{sc|}} || -û- ||  
|-
|-
| {{sc|}} || -î- ||  
| Progressive/Continuous {{sc|prog}}/{{sc|cont}} || -î- ||  
|-
|-
| {{sc|}} || -ne- ||  
| Resultative {{sc|res}} || -ne- ||  
|-
|-
| Tense/aspect || -Ø- || Unmarked aspect in Slot 4 points towards the tense/aspect marking in Slot 1 (aspects: perfective, gnomic, imperfective); a gnomic/habitual aspect is also convenient by leaving the agent pronoun in Slot -2 unmarked.
| Tense/aspect || -Ø- || Unmarked aspect in Slot 4 points towards the tense/aspect marking in Slot 1 (aspects: perfective, gnomic, imperfective); a gnomic/habitual aspect is also convenient by leaving the agent pronoun in Slot -2 unmarked.
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====Nominal marking====
====Nominal marking====
====Verbal marking====


:{|
:{|
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|-
|-
|}
|}


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
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|-
|-
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|}
 
<sup>1</sup> the verb receives an incorporated noun in genitive compound; akin to a construct state marking in the verb.
 
====Verbal marking====


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
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*  haptu- < happ=ttu-
*  haptu- < happ=ttu-
<sup>1</sup> the verb receives an incorporated noun in genitive compound; akin to a construct state marking in the verb.


==DEICTICS==
==DEICTICS==
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===Genitive possessive===
===Genitive possessive===


The possession of a noun is marked with the enclitic form of the genitive pronouns, bearing the same person and number ({{sc|1s.gen = 1s.pos}}, "my", etc).
The possession of a noun is marked with the enclitic form of the genitive pronouns, bearing the same person and number ({{sc|1s.gen}}={{sc|1s.pos}}, ''"my"'', etc).


Whenever a genitive pronoun in its long form is used in a clause (e.g. when the possessor is explicitly mentioned), possession marking is dropped from the arguments and the roles are marked by their syntactic relation with the pronoun (order ''possessed-{{sc|gen}}-possessor'').
Whenever a genitive pronoun in its long form is used in a clause (e.g. when the possessor is explicitly mentioned), possession marking is dropped from the arguments and the roles are marked by their syntactic relation with the pronoun (order ''possessed-{{sc|gen}}-possessor'').
For instance, in the sentence '' "Manxên eyer Rûl" '' ('' "a man's she-dog" ''), the possessor is mentioned (''rûl'', 'a.man'), and therefore the long version of the third person singular genitive pronoun (''eyer'') is used. The form ''**eyManxên eyer Rûl'' ({{sc|1s.pos}}-she.dog {{sc|1s.gen}} man), using the short form of the third person singular genitive pronoun (''ey-''), would be incorrect.
For instance, in the sentence ''"Manxên eyer Rûl"'' (''"a man's she-dog"''), the possessor is mentioned (''rûl'', 'a.man'), and therefore the long version of the third person singular genitive pronoun (''eyer'') is used. The form ''**eyManxên eyer Rûl'' ({{sc|1s.pos}}-she.dog {{sc|1s.gen}} man), using the short form of the third person singular genitive pronoun (''ey-''), would be incorrect.


===Negative possessive===
===Negative possessive===


The enclitic form of the negative pronouns is used in the same way as that of the genitive pronouns, likewise bearing the same person and number ({{sc|1s.neg = 1s.neg.pos}}, '' "not.my" '', etc.), to indicate a non-belonging relationship. E.g. ''''' 'rexlanneš' ''''', {re=x-lann-eš} {{sc|1s.neg.pos}}-house-[[sc|sg}}, '' 'not.my.house' ''.
The enclitic form of the negative pronouns is used in the same way as that of the genitive pronouns, likewise bearing the same person and number ({{sc|1s.neg}}={{sc|1s.neg.pos}}, ''"not.my"'', etc.), to indicate a non-belonging relationship. E.g. '''''<nowiki>'</nowiki>rexlanneš<nowiki>'</nowiki>''''', {re=x-lann-eš} {{sc|1s.neg.pos}}-house-{{sc|sg}}, ''<nowiki>'</nowiki>not.my.house<nowiki>'</nowiki>''.


==DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY==
==DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY==
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:{|
:{|
|-
|-
| ''hanaptilir hanaptupepšeš''
| {{cardo|hanaptilir hanaptupepšeš}}
|-
|-
| {hanap-(t)ilir hanaptupepšeš}
| {hanap-(t)ilir hanaptupepšeš}
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:{|
:{|
|-
|-
| ''happ(at)ilir hanaptweš''
| {{cardo|happ(at)ilir hanaptweš}}
|-
|-
| <nowiki>{happ=a-(t)ilir ha<na>p=tu-eš}</nowiki>
| <nowiki>{happ=a-(t)ilir ha<na>p=tu-eš}</nowiki>
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|-
|-
|}
|}


===Denominal verbs===
===Denominal verbs===
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! <> || // || colspan=2| POS || Nr. || Meaning || Notes
! <> || // || colspan=2| POS || Nr. || Meaning || Notes
|-
|-
| hanapp- || || n || an || ii || fire || -na- (infix); stative (nominal form)
| hanapp- || ˈhä.nä.pː͜  || n || an || ii || fire || -na- (infix); stative (nominal form)
|-
|-
| happ=š- || || v || int || || to.burn.(down) || ''happ-'' (< *haff-), "fire"; ''=š-'' {{sc|vlz3}}
| happ=š- || ˈhä.pːʃ͜  || v || int || || to.burn.(down) || ''happ-'' (< *haff-), "fire"; ''=š-'' {{sc|vlz3}}
|-
|-
| happ=a- || || v || tr || || to.burn || ''happ-'' (< *haff-), "fire"; ''=Ca-'' {{sc|vlz1}}
| happ=a- || ˈhä.pːä. || v || tr || || to.burn || ''happ-'' (< *haff-), "fire"; ''=Ca-'' {{sc|vlz1}}
|-
|-
| haptu- || || v || tr || || "to.transform.using.fire": to.cook (a meal, clay, etc), to.evaporate (water, etc), some (al-)chemical reactions || ''happ-'' (< *haff-), "fire"; ''=ttu-'' {{sc|vlz2}}
| haptu- || ˈhäp.tu. || v || tr || || "to.transform.using.fire": to.cook (a meal, clay, etc), to.evaporate (water, etc), some (al-)chemical reactions || ''happ-'' (< *haff-), "fire"; ''=ttu-'' {{sc|vlz2}}
→ ''happ-ttu-'', "to.transform.using.fire"
→ ''happ-ttu-'', "to.transform.using.fire"
|-
|-
| hanaptu- || || n || dev || || (a) cooking ||  
| hanaptu- || ˈhä.näp.tu. || n || dev || || (a) cooking ||  
|-
|-
| hašnapturûl- || || n || an || ii || a cook || "a man of cooking", ''<nowiki>ha<šnV>ptu-rûl-</nowiki>''
| hašnapturûl- || ˈhäʃ.näp.tu.ɾuːl. || n || an || ii || a cook || "a man of cooking", ''<nowiki>ha<šnV>ptu-rûl-</nowiki>''
|-
|-
| hašnaptukkûrûl- || || n || an || ii || a baker ||  
| hašnaptukkûrûl- || ˈhäʃ.näp.tu.kːu.ɾuːl. || n || an || ii || a baker ||  
|-
|-
| akkwaku- || || n || in || ii || a meal || reduplication of "bread", ''akku-akku-''
| akkwaku- || ˈä.kːwä.ku. || n || in || ii || a meal || reduplication of "bread", ''akku-akku-''
|-
|-
| akku-, -kkû- || || n || in || ii || bread ||  
| akku-, -kkû- || ˈä.kːu {{pipe}} .kːuː. || n || in || ii || bread ||  
|-
|-
| haptukkû- || || v || inc || || to.bread-cook, to.bake.bread ||  
| haptukkû- || ˈhäp.tu.kːuː. || v || inc || || to.bread-cook, to.bake.bread ||  
|-
|-
| manne- || || n || an || ii || animal similar to a dog ||  
| manne- || ˈmä.nːe. || n || an || ii || animal similar to a dog ||  
|-
|-
| rûl- || || n || an || ii || man ||  
| rûl- || ˈɾuːl. || n || an || ii || man ||  
|-
|-
| kên || || n || an || ii || female (of an animal) ||  
| kên- || ˈkeːn. || n || an || ii || female (of an animal) ||  
|-
|-
| êrš- || || v || int || || to.belong || (< ''*wēr=š-'', to.belong={{sc|vlz3}})
| êrš- || ˈeːɾʃ͜  || v || int || || to.belong || (< ''*wēr=š-'', to.belong={{sc|vlz3}})
|-
|-
| ertu- || || v || tr || || to.adhere, to.make.be.with || (< ''*wêr=ttu-'', to.belong={{sc|vlz2}})
| ertu- || ˈeɾ.tu. || v || tr || || to.adhere, to.make.be.with || (< ''*wêr=ttu-'', to.belong={{sc|vlz2}})
|-
|-
| etna-, -(e)tn(a)- || || || || || without || ''*tə'' > ''tə-na-'' > ''ət-na-'' > ''etna-/atna-''
| etna-, -(e)tn(a)- || ˈet.nä. || || || || without || ''*tə'' > ''tə-na-'' > ''ət-na-'' > ''etna-/atna-''
|-
|-
| -reš-, -raš- || || p || nom || || || noun modifier in respect of a verbal root; an action is applied to a noun; being subject to that action characterizes the noun: {happ=a-[] a-rûl-reš-[]} to.burn- "the.burning.man" - adjectivization through gerundives?
| -reš-, -raš- || .ɾeʃ. {{pipe}} .ɾäʃ. || p || nom || || || noun modifier in respect of a verbal root; an action is applied to a noun; being subject to that action characterizes the noun: {happ=a-[] a-rûl-reš-[]} to.burn- "the.burning.man" - adjectivization through gerundives?
|-
|-
| pešš-, -pepš- || || n || an || ii || tea plant, tea leaf: tea infusion ||  
| pešš-, -pepš- || ˈpe.ʃː͜  {{pipe}} .pe.pʃ͜  || n || an || ii || tea plant, tea leaf: tea infusion ||  
|-
|-
| haptupepš- || || v || tr || || to.brew.tea ||  
| haptupepš- || ˈhäp.tu.pepš͜  || v || tr || || to.brew.tea ||  
|-
|-
| hanaptupepš- || || n || dev || || (a) tea-brew(ing) ||  
| hanaptupepš- || || n || dev || || (a) tea-brew(ing) ||  
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| luh- || || || || || ||  
| luh- || || || || || ||  
|-
|-
| bâltuzaš- || || v || inc || || "to.onion-up.chop" || The lenited ''-tt-'' (> ''-d-'') of the {{sc|vlz2}} resurfaces as ''-t-'' before the [sibilant-vowel-sibilant} sequence
| bâltuzaš- || || v || inc || || "to.onion-up.chop" || The lenited ''-tt-'' (> ''-d-'') of the {{sc|vlz2}} resurfaces as ''-t-'' before the [sibilant-vowel-sibilant] sequence
|}
|}


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:{|
:{|
|-
|-
| ‹''Manxên eye'Rûl''›
| {{cardo|Manxên eye'Rûl}}
|-
|-
| /män.ˈχeːn e.je.ˈɾuːl/
| /män.ˈχeːn e.je.ˈɾuːl/
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:{|
:{|
|-
|-
| ‹''wânelššappš-''›
| {{cardo|wânelššappš-}}
|-
|-
| /wäː.nel.ʃːä.pːʃ-/
| /wäː.nel.ʃːä.pːʃ-/
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:{|
:{|
|-
|-
| ‹''aššašakti''›
| {{cardo|aššašakti}}
|-
|-
| /ä.ʃːä.ˈʃäk.ti/
| /ä.ʃːä.ˈʃäk.ti/
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| e=n- || -happ=a- || -ra=z- || -Ø- || -Ø- || -ô- || -r- || -Ø
| e=n- || -happ=a- || -ra=z- || -Ø- || -Ø- || -ô- || -r- || -Ø
|-
|-
| 2S.GEN || to.burn=TR || PRES.FUT.IPF || DIR || UNSPEC || || NEG || IND
| {{sc|2s.gen}} || to.burn={{sc|tr}} || {{sc|pres.fut.ipf}} || {{sc|dir}} || {{sc|unspec}} || {{sc|ipf}} || {{sc|neg}} || {{sc|ind}}
|-
|-
| colspan=8| ‹›, ""
| colspan=8| ‹›, ""
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| || || || > elkûr || ← '' ''
| || || || > elkûr || ← '' ''
|}
|}
[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:A priori]] [[Category:Artlangs]] [[Category:User:Nicolasstraccia]] [[Category:Yrḳuti]]
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