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Hakdor (view source)

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Unlike standard human languages, the language of the Hakdor is not based exclusively on phonology. Instead it is based on a series of “modes,” of which phonology is just one expression. It is possible for a group of Hakdor who primarily use a vocal language to communicate instantly with a group whose language is primarily manual, written, or melodic, since all the modes are just reflexes of the same processes.
Unlike standard human languages, the language of the Hakdor is not based exclusively on phonology. Instead it is based on a series of “modes,” of which phonology is just one expression. It is possible for a group of Hakdor who primarily use a vocal language to communicate instantly with a group whose language is primarily manual, written, or melodic, since all the modes are just reflexes of the same processes.


However, since spoken language is the theme of this exercise, the average approximate phonology of verbalized Hakdor follows. ̩
However, since spoken language is the theme of this exercise, the average approximate phonology of verbalized Hakdor follows.


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
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===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
* The standard syllable is CVC with a maximum CC at syllable boundaries.  
* The standard syllable is CVC with a maximum CC at syllable boundaries.  
* 〈N〉 is a homorganic nasal which is realized as [m] in onsets, [n] when intervocalic, and [ŋ] word-finally.
* ⟨N⟩ is a homorganic nasal which is realized as [m] in onsets, [n] when intervocalic, and [ŋ] word-finally.
** E.g. '''''[[Contionary: nanan#Hakdor|nanan]]''''' ‘name’ = [manaŋ]
** E.g. '''''[[Contionary: nanan#Hakdor|nanan]]''''' ‘name’ = [manaŋ]
* 〈I〉 and 〈U〉 may be recognized as consonants or vowels depending on adjacent phonemes. The Hakdor language is structured in such a way that nearly every word follows a pattern of CVC(VC), so if they appear adjacent to a consonant, they’re vowels; otherwise, they’re consonants. (The sole exception to the CVCVC rule occurs in verbs when the particle ra is written as a suffix to the verb, resulting in a CVCCV structure.)
* ⟨I⟩ and ⟨U⟩ may be recognized as consonants or vowels depending on adjacent phonemes. The Hakdor language is structured in such a way that nearly every word follows a pattern of CVC(VC), so if they appear adjacent to a consonant, they’re vowels; otherwise, they’re consonants. (The sole exception to the CVCVC rule occurs in verbs when the particle ra is written as a suffix to the verb, resulting in a CVCCV structure.)


===Orthography & Romanization===
===Orthography & Romanization===
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!width=75| IPA
!width=75| IPA
! Comp
! Comp
!width=100| E.g.
!width=100| Rom.
! Meaning
|-
|-
! i
! i
| i
| i
| i~ɪ
| i~ɪ
| Like 〈i〉 in ''mach'''i'''ne''.  
| Like ⟨i⟩ in ''mach'''i'''ne''.  
| ''[[Contionary: iir#Hakdor|i'''i'''r]]''
| ''[[Contionary: iir#Hakdor|y'''i'''r]]''
| ‘nine’
|-
|-
! e
! e
| e
| e
| e~ɛ
| e~ɛ
| Like 〈ay〉 in ''d'''ay'''''.  
| Like ⟨ay⟩ in ''d'''ay'''''.  
| ''[[Contionary: lehil#Hakdor|l'''e'''hil]]''
| ''[[Contionary: lehil#Hakdor|l'''e'''khil]]''
| ‘birl’
|-
|-
! a
! a
| a
| a
| a~ɑ
| a~ɑ
| Like 〈a〉 in ''f'''a'''ther''.  
| Like ⟨a⟩ in ''f'''a'''ther''.  
| ''[[Contionary: sasan#Hakdor|s'''a'''s'''a'''n]]''
| ''[[Contionary: sasan#Hakdor|s'''a'''z'''a'''ng]]''
| ‘you all’
|-
|-
! o
! o
| o
| o
| o~ɔ
| o~ɔ
| Like 〈o〉 in ''r'''o'''pe''.  
| Like ⟨o⟩ in ''r'''o'''pe''.  
| ''[[Contionary: toroq#Hakdor|t'''o'''r'''o'''q]]''
| ''[[Contionary: toroq#Hakdor|t'''o'''r'''o'''ch]]''
| ‘where’
|-
|-
! u
! u
| u
| u
| u~ʊ
| u~ʊ
| Like 〈oo〉 in ''f'''oo'''d''.  
| Like ⟨oo⟩ in ''f'''oo'''d''.  
| ''[[Contionary: nucut#Hakdor|n'''u'''c'''u'''t]]''
| ''[[Contionary: nucut#Hakdor|m'''u'''zh'''u'''t]]''
| ‘sibling’
|-
|-
! p
! p
| p
| p
| p
| p
| Like 〈p〉 in '''''p'''ool''.  
| Like ⟨p⟩ in '''''p'''ool''.  
| ''[[Contionary: pai#Hakdor|'''p'''ai]]''
| ''[[Contionary: pai#Hakdor|'''p'''ay]]''
| ‘seven’
|-
|-
! p
! p
| b
| b
| b
| b
| When between two vowels, 〈p〉 is like 〈b〉 in ''a'''b'''le''.  
| When between two vowels, ⟨p⟩ is like ⟨b⟩ in ''a'''b'''le''.  
| ''[[Contionary: pepan#Hakdor|pe'''p'''an]]''
| ''[[Contionary: pepan#Hakdor|pe'''b'''ang]]''
| ‘child’
|-
|-
! t
! t
| t
| t
| t
| t
| Like 〈t〉 in '''''t'''ake''.  
| Like ⟨t⟩ in '''''t'''ake''.  
| ''[[Contionary: takot#Hakdor|'''t'''ako'''t''']]''
| ''[[Contionary: takot#Hakdor|'''t'''ago'''t''']]''
| ‘place’
|-
|-
! t
! t
| d
| d
| d
| d
| When between two vowels, 〈t〉 is like 〈d〉 in ''ra'''d'''ar''.  
| When between two vowels, ⟨t⟩ is like ⟨d⟩ in ''ra'''d'''ar''.  
| ''[[Contionary: iatup#Hakdor|ia'''t'''up]]''
| ''[[Contionary: iatup#Hakdor|ya'''d'''up]]''
| ‘xxxxxx’
|-
|-
! q
! q
| ch
| ch
| ʧ~ʨ
| ʧ~ʨ
| Like 〈ch〉 in '''''ch'''eese''.  
| Like ⟨ch⟩ in '''''ch'''eese''.  
| ''[[Contionary: qik#Hakdor|'''q'''ik]]''
| ''[[Contionary: qik#Hakdor|'''ch'''ik]]''
| ‘young’
|-
|-
! q
! q
| dj
| dj
| ʤ~ʥ
| ʤ~ʥ
| When between two vowels, 〈q〉 is like 〈g〉 in ''ra'''g'''es''.  
| When between two vowels, ⟨q⟩ is like ⟨g⟩ in ''ra'''g'''es''.  
| ''[[Contionary: naqah#Hakdor|na'''q'''ah]]''
| ''[[Contionary: naqah#Hakdor|ma'''dj'''akh]]''
| ‘neck’
|-
|-
! k
! k
| k
| k
| k
| k
| Like 〈k〉 in '''''k'''eep''.  
| Like ⟨k⟩ in '''''k'''eep''.  
| ''[[Contionary: koruk#Hakdor|'''k'''oru'''k''']]''
| ''[[Contionary: koruk#Hakdor|'''k'''oru'''k''']]''
| ‘animal’
|-
|-
! k
! k
| g
| g
| ɡ
| ɡ
| When between two vowels, 〈k〉 is like 〈g〉 in ''ea'''g'''le''.  
| When between two vowels, ⟨k⟩ is like ⟨g⟩ in ''ea'''g'''le''.  
| ''[[Contionary: pikic#Hakdor|pi'''k'''ic]]''
| ''[[Contionary: pikic#Hakdor|pi'''g'''ish]]''
| ‘tooth’
|-
|-
! f
! f
| f
| f
| f~ф
| f~ф
| Like 〈f〉 in '''''f'''ine''.  
| Like ⟨f⟩ in '''''f'''ine''.  
| ''[[Contionary: foc#Hakdor|'''f'''oc]]''
| ''[[Contionary: foc#Hakdor|'''f'''osh]]''
| ‘red’
|-
|-
! f
! f
| v
| v
| β
| β
| When between two vowels, 〈f〉 is like 〈v〉 in ''e'''v'''ery''.  
| When between two vowels, ⟨f⟩ is like ⟨v⟩ in ''e'''v'''ery''.  
| ''[[Contionary: cafin#Hakdor|ca'''f'''in]]''
| ''[[Contionary: cafin#Hakdor|sha'''v'''ing]]''
| ‘front’
|-
|-
! s
! s
| s
| s
| s
| s
| Like 〈s〉 in '''''s'''eek''.  
| Like ⟨s⟩ in '''''s'''eek''.  
| ''[[Contionary: siiek#Hakdor|'''s'''iiek]]''
| ''[[Contionary: siiek#Hakdor|'''s'''iyek]]''
| ‘ear’
|-
|-
! s
! s
| z
| z
| z
| z
| When between two vowels, 〈s〉 is like 〈z〉 in ''ha'''z'''ard''.  
| When between two vowels, ⟨s⟩ is like ⟨z⟩ in ''ha'''z'''ard''.  
| ''[[Contionary: cosah#Hakdor|co'''s'''ah]]''
| ''[[Contionary: cosah#Hakdor|sho'''z'''akh]]''
| ‘for no reason’
|-
|-
! c
! c
| sh
| sh
| ʃ~ɕ
| ʃ~ɕ
| Like 〈sh〉 in '''''sh'''ake''.  
| Like ⟨sh⟩ in '''''sh'''ake''.  
| ''[[Contionary: cosuc#Hakdor|'''c'''osu'''c''']]''
| ''[[Contionary: cosuc#Hakdor|'''sh'''ozu'''sh''']]''
| ‘because’
|-
|-
! c
! c
| zh
| zh
| ʒ~ʑ
| ʒ~ʑ
| When between two vowels, 〈c〉 is like 〈s〉 in ''u'''s'''ual''.  
| When between two vowels, ⟨c⟩ is like ⟨s⟩ in ''u'''s'''ual''.  
| ''[[Contionary: kacip#Hakdor|ka'''c'''ip]]''
| ''[[Contionary: kacip#Hakdor|ka'''zh'''ip]]''
| ‘stick’
|-
|-
! h
! h
| h
| h
| h
| h
| At the beginning of a word, like 〈h〉 in '''''h'''and''.  
| At the beginning of a word, like ⟨h⟩ in '''''h'''and''.  
| ''[[Contionary: heu#Hakdor|'''h'''eu]]''
| ''[[Contionary: heu#Hakdor|'''h'''ew]]''
| ‘ten’
|-
|-
! h
! h
| kh
| kh
| x
| x
| When between two vowels or word-finally, 〈h〉 is like 〈j〉 in Spanish ''ro'''j'''o''.  
| When between two vowels or word-finally, ⟨h⟩ is like ⟨j⟩ in Spanish ''ro'''j'''o''.  
| ''[[Contionary: cah#Hakdor|ca'''h''']]''
| ''[[Contionary: cah#Hakdor|sha'''kh''']]''
| ‘not’
|-
|-
! n
! n
| m
| m
| m
| m
| At the beginning of a word, like 〈m〉 in '''''m'''oon''.  
| At the beginning of a word, like ⟨m⟩ in '''''m'''oon''.  
| ''[[Contionary: nalur#Hakdor|'''n'''alur]]''
| ''[[Contionary: nalur#Hakdor|'''m'''alur]]''
| ‘mother’
|-
|-
! n
! n
| n
| n
| n
| n
| In the middle of a word, like 〈n〉 in ''a'''n'''y''.  
| In the middle of a word, like ⟨n⟩ in ''a'''n'''y''.  
| ''[[Contionary: kanah#Hakdor|ka'''n'''ah]]''
| ''[[Contionary: kanah#Hakdor|ka'''n'''akh]]''
| ‘never’
|-
|-
! n
! n
| ng
| ng
| ŋ
| ŋ
| At the end of a word, 〈n〉 is like 〈ng〉 in English ''si'''ng'''i'''ng'''''.  
| At the end of a word, ⟨n⟩ is like ⟨ng⟩ in English ''si'''ng'''i'''ng'''''.  
| ''[[Contionary: rinen#Hakdor|rine'''n''']]''
| ''[[Contionary: rinen#Hakdor|rine'''ng''']]''
| ‘knee’
|-
|-
! u
! u
| w
| w
| w
| w
| Like 〈w〉 in ''a'''w'''ake''.  
| Like ⟨w⟩ in ''a'''w'''ake''.  
| ''[[Contionary: ueq#Hakdor|'''u'''eq]]''
| ''[[Contionary: ueq#Hakdor|'''w'''ech]]''
| ‘and not’
|-
|-
! r
! r
| r
| r
| r~ɾ
| r~ɾ
| Like 〈rr〉 in Spanish ''pe'''rr'''o''.  
| Like ⟨rr⟩ in Spanish ''pe'''rr'''o''.  
| ''[[Contionary: rekra#Hakdor|'''r'''ek'''r'''a]]''
| ''[[Contionary: rekra#Hakdor|'''r'''eg'''r'''a]]''
| ‘to make’
|-
|-
! i
! i
| y
| y
| j
| j
| Like 〈y〉 in '''''y'''ell''.  
| Like ⟨y⟩ in '''''y'''ell''.  
| ''[[Contionary: iitra#Hakdor|'''i'''itra]]''
| ''[[Contionary: iitra#Hakdor|'''y'''idra]]''
| ‘to throw’
|-
|-
! l
! l
| l
| l
| l
| l
| Like 〈l〉 in '''''l'''ike''.
| Like ⟨l⟩ in '''''l'''ike''.
| ''[[Contionary: lehilol#Hakdor|'''l'''ehi'''l'''o'''l''']]''
| ''[[Contionary: lehilol#Hakdor|'''l'''ekhi'''l'''o'''l''']]''
| ‘flock’
|}
|}


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===Numerals===
===Numerals===
The Hakdor numerals are hexadecimal; that is, base-16. For hexadecimal transcription, 〈A〉 is used to represent ‘ten’, 〈B〉 for ‘eleven’, 〈C〉 for ‘twelve’ , 〈D〉 for ‘thirteen’ , 〈E〉 for ‘fourteen’ , and 〈F〉 for ‘fifteen’. Decimal equivalents are given in parentheses after the hexadecimal.
The Hakdor numerals are hexadecimal; that is, base-16. For hexadecimal transcription, ⟨A⟩ is used to represent ‘ten’, ⟨B⟩ for ‘eleven’, ⟨C⟩ for ‘twelve’ , ⟨D⟩ for ‘thirteen’ , ⟨E⟩ for ‘fourteen’ , and ⟨F⟩ for ‘fifteen’. Decimal equivalents are given in parentheses after the hexadecimal.


While there are words for exponents – like hundred, thousand, million, and so on – most numbers are simply read as strings of digits from left to right. So 4EB6 (20,150 in decimal) is spoken: '''''[[Contionary: ual#Hakdor|ual]]-[[Contionary: ruk#Hakdor|ruk]]-[[Contionary: tin#Hakdor|tin]]-[[Contionary: kut#Hakdor|kut]]'''''. As a result, two additional number terms are common in Hakdor: '''''[[Contionary: lalah#Hakdor|lalah]]''''', which we might translate as “double-zero,” and '''''[[Contionary: lalalah#Hakdor|lalalah]]''''', which I’ll leave to you to figure out. So “100” is as likely to be pronounced '''''[[Contionary: kir#Hakdor|kir]]-[[Contionary: lalah#Hakdor|lalah]]''''' as '''''[[Contionary: ren#Hakdor|ren]]'''''.
While there are words for exponents – like hundred, thousand, million, and so on – most numbers are simply read as strings of digits from left to right. So 4EB6 (20,150 in decimal) is spoken: '''''[[Contionary: ual#Hakdor|ual]]-[[Contionary: ruk#Hakdor|ruk]]-[[Contionary: tin#Hakdor|tin]]-[[Contionary: kut#Hakdor|kut]]'''''. As a result, two additional number terms are common in Hakdor: '''''[[Contionary: lalah#Hakdor|lalah]]''''', which we might translate as “double-zero,” and '''''[[Contionary: lalalah#Hakdor|lalalah]]''''', which I’ll leave to you to figure out. So “100” is as likely to be pronounced '''''[[Contionary: kir#Hakdor|kir]]-[[Contionary: lalah#Hakdor|lalah]]''''' as '''''[[Contionary: ren#Hakdor|ren]]'''''.
Line 561: Line 648:
! (Some) Extended Meanings
! (Some) Extended Meanings
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: ketra#Hakdor|ketra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: keta#Hakdor|keta]]''
| ‘to give’
| ‘to give’
| to transfer, to remove (from oneself), to shed, to excrete
| to transfer, to remove (from oneself), to shed, to excrete
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: tokra#Hakdor|tokra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: toka#Hakdor|toka]]''
| ‘to take’
| ‘to take’
| to eat, to consume, to steal
| to eat, to consume, to steal
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: iitra#Hakdor|iitra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: iita#Hakdor|iita]]''
| ‘to throw’
| ‘to throw’
| to observe with the senses ('''''[[Contionary: iitra luuat#Hakdor|iitra luuat]]''''' = ‘look at’)
| to observe with the senses ('''''[[Contionary: iita luuat#Hakdor|iita luuat]]''''' = ‘look at’)
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: kepra#Hakdor|kepra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: kepa#Hakdor|kepa]]''
| ‘to catch’
| ‘to catch’
| to capture, to seize
| to capture, to seize
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: pasra#Hakdor|pasra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: pasa#Hakdor|pasa]]''
| ‘to fall’
| ‘to fall’
| to do something accidentally, to sleep
| to do something accidentally, to sleep
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: sopra#Hakdor|sopra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: sopa#Hakdor|sopa]]''
| ‘to rise’
| ‘to rise’
| to ascend, to awaken, to succeed
| to ascend, to awaken, to succeed
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: uekra#Hakdor|uekra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: ueka#Hakdor|ueka]]''
| ‘to sit’
| ‘to sit’
| to be located,  
| to be located,  
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: kupra#Hakdor|kupra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: kupa#Hakdor|kupa]]''
| ‘to stand’
| ‘to stand’
| to be upright, to be in a state of
| to be upright, to be in a state of
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: hapra#Hakdor|hapra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: hapa#Hakdor|hapa]]''
| ‘to have’
| ‘to have’
| to control, to hold, to be imbued with (e.g. ability)
| to control, to hold, to be imbued with (e.g. ability)
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: rekra#Hakdor|rekra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: reka#Hakdor|reka]]''
| ‘to do’
| ‘to do’
| to make, to compel, to cause, to force
| to make, to compel, to cause, to force
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: pikra#Hakdor|pikra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: pika#Hakdor|pika]]''
| ‘to pick up’
| ‘to pick up’
| to grasp, ~take
| to grasp, ~take
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: topra#Hakdor|topra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: topa#Hakdor|topa]]''
| ‘to put down’
| ‘to put down’
| to put in place, to situate, ~give, to sense ('''''[[Contionary: topra luuat#Hakdor|topra luuat]]''''' = ‘to see’)
| to put in place, to situate, ~give, to sense ('''''[[Contionary: topa luuat#Hakdor|topa luuat]]''''' = ‘to see’)
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: katra#Hakdor|katra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: kata#Hakdor|kata]]''
| ‘to keep’
| ‘to keep’
| to protect, to hide
| to protect, to hide
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: sitra#Hakdor|sitra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: sita#Hakdor|sita]]''
| ‘to be’
| ‘to be’
| to exist, copula
| to exist, copula
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: qetra#Hakdor|qetra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: qeta#Hakdor|qeta]]''
| ‘to go’
| ‘to go’
| to move, to travel, to start
| to move, to travel, to start
|-
|-
! ''[[Contionary: tikra#Hakdor|tikra]]''
! ''[[Contionary: tika#Hakdor|tika]]''
| ‘to hit’
| ‘to hit’
| to make contact with, to touch
| to make contact with, to touch
|}
|}


Yet as few verbs as there are, every clause requires one. Usually, what we generally think of as the verb of a clause is a noun which changes meaning when used as the direct object of a verb. For example, “to look at” translates as iit luuat ‘to throw eyes’, but you might think of it as the more melodious “to cast a glance.” In fact, all sensing words use iit as their verb, though “cast an ear” (iit siiek, ‘listen’) or ‘cast an eye’ (iit luuat, ‘look’) sound a little nicer to our ears than ‘throw a nose’ (iit safiu, ‘smell’) or ‘hurl a tongue’ (iit ruhac, ‘taste’).  
Yet as few verbs as there are, every clause requires one. Usually, what we generally think of as the verb of a clause is a noun which changes meaning when used as the direct object of a verb. For example, “to look at” translates as ''[[Contionary: iita luuat#Hakdor|iita luuat]]'' ‘to throw eyes’, but you might think of it as the more melodious “to cast a glance.” In fact, all sensing words use ''[[Contionary: iita#Hakdor|iita]]'' as their verb, though “cast an ear” (''[[Contionary: iita siiek#Hakdor|iita siiek]]'', ‘listen’) or ‘cast an eye’ (''[[Contionary: iita luuat#Hakdor|iita luuat]]'', ‘look’) sound a little nicer to our ears than ‘throw a nose’ (''[[Contionary: iita safiu#Hakdor|iita safiu]]'', ‘smell’) or ‘hurl a tongue’ (''[[Contionary: iita ruhac#Hakdor|iita ruhac]]'', ‘taste’).  


====Particles====
====Particles====
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