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:''Not to be confused with [[w:Hadza language|Hadza language]].''
: {{distinguish|text=[[w:Hadza language|Hadza language]]}}


{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name          = Hantza
|name          = Hantza
|nativename    = Hantza
|pronunciation  = ˈhant͡sa
|pronunciation  = /ˈhant͡sa/
|states         = [[w:Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]], [[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]], [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]
|states (state) = TBA
|setting        = [[w:Central Asia|Central Asia]]
|region        = TBA
|ethnicity      = [[/Ethnology|Hantza]]
|ethnicity      = TBA
|creator        = User:Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán
|speakers      = L1
|speakers      = 161,000
|date          = TBA
|date          = 2010
|speakers2      = L2
|familycolor    = Language isolate
|familycolor    = Khoisan
|dia1          = Karakum
|fam1           = [[w:Language isolate|Language isolate]]
|dia2           = Balkan
|dia1           = [[/Dialects|Common dialect]]
|dia3           = Qarshi
|stand1        = [[/Standard|Standard Hantza]]
|dia4          = Afghan
|script        = [[/Alphabet|Hantza alphabet]] ([[w:Latin script|Latin script]])
|scripts        = * [[/Alphabet|Hantza alphabet]] ([[w:Latin script|Latin script]])
|nation        = TBA
|minority      = TBA
|agency        = [[/Language Council|Hantza Language Council]]
|notice        = IPA
|notice        = IPA
}}
}}


'''Hantza''' is pronounced natively as /ˈhant͡sa/ (phonetically [ˈħ̝änt͡sɐ]) and may be Anglicised to /ˈhænt͡sə/.
'''Hantza''' is (pronounced natively as /ˈhant͡sa/, phonetically [ˈx̟änt͡sɐ] and is Anglicised to /ˈhænt͡sə/) is spoken in [[w:Central Asia|Central Asia]] by more than 160,00 people. The language is used vigorously and enthusiastically by its speakers and is passed on to child who are often monolingual. Adults may also speak [[w:Turkmen language|Turkmen]], [[w:Uzbek language|Uzbek]], [[w:Pashto language|Pashto]] or [[w:Dari language (Persian dialect)|Dari]]. The language is not known to be related to any other extant language and is therefore categorised as an isolate. It is spoken predominantly in [[w:Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]] (91,000 speakers), but also in [[w:Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]] (43,000) and [[w:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] (27,000).


I have yet to even begin to imagine the world that this language belongs to. However, as it is 99% of the time with me, it will most likely be a modified version of the real world, not an ''a priori'' fantasy world.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable collapsible autocollapse" style="width: 600px; "
! colspan="1" style=" text-align: center;"|''Map of the distribution of Hantza''
|-
|[[File:Hantza distribution.png|600px]]
|}
 
The areas marked in red on the map above represent the approximate regions in which Hantza is spoken.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
:''Main article: [[/Phonology|Hantza phonology]]''
:''See also: [[IPA for Hantza]] and [[/Phonology|Hantza phonology]]''
:''See also: [[IPA for Hantza]]''


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Line 82: Line 84:
|  
|  
|}
|}
In Hantza, /s/ is typically realised as the retracted [s̠] and, for many speakers, it is realised as [ɕ] before /i/. Similarly, /ts/ may become [tɕ] before /i/.
The glottal fricative /h/ is realised differently depending on the vowel that follows it. These allophones are given in the table below:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 264px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 66px; " |
! style="width: 66px; " |Before /a/
! style="width: 66px; " |Before /e, i
! style="width: 66px; " |Before /o, u/
|-
! Intervocalic
| [ɦ̝]
| [ç]
| [ɦ̝ʷ]
|-
! Word-final
| colspan="3"| [x ~ χ]
|-
! Elsewhere
| [ħ̝]
| [ç]
| [ħ̝ʷ]
|-
|}
The single rhotic in Hantza /r/ also has a great many realisations but these differ according to dialect: [ɾ ~ ɹ ~ r ~ ʀ ~ ʁ ~ χ ~ x]. It is also often labialised before /o, u/.
The lateral /l/ is realised as a dark [ɫ] when followed by /k, h/ and as a clear [l] elsewhere.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Line 131: Line 104:
| colspan="2"| a
| colspan="2"| a
|}
|}
With the exception of /a/, vowels do not undergo reduction when unstressed; /a/ is phonetically [ä] when stressed and [ɐ] when unstressed. The remaining four vowels /i, u, e, o/ are usually realised as [ɪ, ʉ, ɛ, ɔ].


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
Line 148: Line 119:
*The basic phonotactic template is (C)(C)V(C)
*The basic phonotactic template is (C)(C)V(C)
*Word-initial consonants: only /dz/ is disallowed
*Word-initial consonants: only /dz/ is disallowed
*Permitted word-initial clusters: any plosive + /j, w, r, l/ or /s/ + /p, t, k/
*Permitted word-initial clusters: /p, b, t, d, k/ + /j, w/, /p, t, k/ + /r/ or /s/ + /p, t, k/
*Permitted word-final consonants: /m, n, ŋ, t, d, k, ʔ, s, h, ts, r, l/
*Permitted word-final consonants: /m, n, ŋ, p, b, t, d, k, ʔ, s, ts, r, l/
*Word-final clusters: none allowed
*Word-final clusters: none allowed
*Word-final and word-initial vowels: all are allowed
*Word-final and word-initial vowels: all are allowed
*Medial clusters: any combination involving /dz/ is not permitted
*Medial clusters: any combination involving /dz/ is not permitted
*/ʔ/ can only occur syllable-finally
*/ʔ/ can only occur syllable-finally, but not inter-vocalically, and is most common word-finally


==Morphological and phonological processes==
==Morphophonological processes==
*Reduplication
*Reduplication
*Assimilation
*Elision
*Epenthesis
*Lenition
*Metathesis
*Metathesis
*Sandhi
*Assimilation/dissimilation
*Elision/epenthesis
*Lenition/fortition
 
Common processes:
*''-tit-'' > ''-tz-''
*''biy-'' + ''i-'' > ''bi-''
*''-`'' > ''-k-'' when a suffix is added that begins with a vowel
*''o-'', ''u-'' > ''w-'' when added to a word that begins with a vowel
*''e-'', ''i-'' > ''y-'' when added to a word that begins with a vowel
*''a-'' > ''h-'' when added to a word that begins with a vowel
*Metathesis of ''P''+ ''NV'' > ''NPV'', e.g. reporatative + negative: ''-kap-'' + ''-mò'' = ''-kampò''
*Across vocalic word boundaries the semi-vowels /j/ and /w/ may be introduced


==Prosody==
==Prosody==
:''Main article: [[/Prosody|Hantza prosody]]''
===Stress===
===Stress===
As with Czech and Hungarian, the primary stress of a word falls on its first syllable. Secondary normally falls on the first closed syllable thereafter or, failing that, the third syllable of a word. Evidently in disyllabic word the secondary stress is placed on the second syllable.
The primary stress of a word falls on the penultimate syllable of the root. Secondary normally falls on the preceding syllable. In disyllabic words the secondary stress is necessarily on the second syllable.


Stress is not distinctive and is also relatively weak, unlike that of, for example, Russian. It is not indicated in the orthography.
Stress is not distinctive and is also relatively weak, unlike that of, for example, Russian. It is not indicated in the orthography.
Line 198: Line 179:
:''Main article: [[/Nouns|Hantza nouns]]''
:''Main article: [[/Nouns|Hantza nouns]]''


The category of "noun" (more properly "nominal") in Hadza encompasses what are thought of in English as nouns, attributive adjectives, pronouns and numerals. Nouns are not marked for case and it is usually only animate nouns that are inflected for plurality.
The category of "noun" (more properly "nominal") in Hantza encompasses what are thought of in English as nouns, attributive adjectives, pronouns and numerals. What correspond to adjectives in English are essentially nouns used in apposition.


Nouns are inflected for possession by prefixing. Indeed, in some cases this is mandatory (see [[/Nouns#Possession|possession]]).
Nouns are not marked for case and it is usually only animate nouns that are inflected for plurality. However, nouns are inflected for possession by prefixing. Indeed, in some cases this is mandatory (see [[/Nouns#Possession|possession]]).


Some nouns are in fact verb phrases that have been nominalised by way of an enclitic.
Some nouns are in fact verb phrases that have been nominalised by way of an enclitic.
What corresponds to adjectives in English - modifiers - are essentially nouns used in apposition and there is no fixed order


Infixes are sometimes used to derive adjective-like nouns from noun-like nouns, e.g. "sandy" from "sand".
Infixes are sometimes used to derive adjective-like nouns from noun-like nouns, e.g. "sandy" from "sand".
Hantza is a head-marking language.


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Line 215: Line 192:
The term "verb" in Hantza also includes predicative adjectives. Predicative adjectives are essentially verbalised nouns.
The term "verb" in Hantza also includes predicative adjectives. Predicative adjectives are essentially verbalised nouns.


The verb paradigm is Hantza is almost exclusively prefixing (the exceptions being the mediopassive and evidentiality). These prefixes come in a strict order.
The verb paradigm is Hantza is heavily prefixing; these prefixes come in a strict order. Hantza verbs exhibit [[w:Polypersonal agreement|polypersonal agreement]], as such they are conjugated for subject, direct object and indirect object. As a result Hantza is [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop language]]. Only the grammatical persons that are used with animate nouns distinguish plural from singular.


Hantza verbs exhibit [[w:Polypersonal agreement|polypersonal agreement]], as such they are conjugated for subject, direct object and indirect object. As a result Hantza is [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop language]]. The grammatical persons available are given below:
Grammatical tense is not a significant category in Hantza verbs (though there is an overt morphological future/non-future distinction). Verbs are instead aspect and mood heavy. This conflation is termed called "mode" in Hantza; there are thirteen modes.
*First person singular
*First person plural
*Second person singular
*Second person plural
*Third person animate singular
*Third person animate plural
*Third person inanimate
*Fourth person (AKA obviative)
*Indefinite
*Reflexive
*Reciprocal
Note that only the persons that used with animate nouns distinguish plural from singular.


Grammatical tense is not a significant category in Hantza verbs (though there is an overt morphological future/non-future distinction). Verbs are instead aspect and mood heavy. This conflation of tense, aspect and mood is termed "mode" in Hantza; there are thirteen such modes.
Hantza is extremely fastidious regarding the transitivity and valency of a verb and its required prefixes.
*Imperfective (unmarked)
*Iterative
*Delimitative
*Perfective
*Retrospective
*Future
*Inchoative
*Cessative
*Irrealis
*Optative
*Cohortative
*Imperative
*Jussive


Hantza is extremely strict in regard to a given verb's transitivity and valency and its required prefixes.
The mediopassive voice is formed by an infix inserted in the verb stem.


There is a mediopassive voice which is formed by an infix inserted in the verb stem.
Negativity and evidentiality are marked on the verb by suffixes.
 
Evidentiality is marked on the verb by a suffix.


===Particles===
===Particles===
Line 257: Line 207:
Adverbs, postpositions, interrogatives, demonstratives, conjunctions and interjections come under "particles".
Adverbs, postpositions, interrogatives, demonstratives, conjunctions and interjections come under "particles".


==Syntax==
There is a three-way distance distinction in Hantza demonstratives: proximal, distal and obviative.
 
No indefinite article; invariable definite article: ''do''.
 
==Syntax and discourse==
:''Main article: [[/Syntax|Hantza syntax]]''
:''Main article: [[/Syntax|Hantza syntax]]''
*Animacy and agency
*Definiteness
*Focus and topic (thème/rhème)
*Relative clauses
*Subordination and coordination
*Discourse particles


===Word order===
===Word order===
*Default word order: VSO
*Default word order: VSO
*Non-configurational (new news before the verb (often definite), old news after the verb (often indefinite))
*Non-configurational (new news before the verb (often definite)?, old news after the verb (often indefinite)?)
 
===Animacy and agency===
Things go here.
 
===Relative clauses===
Relative clauses
 
===Subordination and coordination===
Subordination and coordination
 
===Anaphora, cataphora and deixis===
Anaphora, cataphora and deixis


===Definiteness===
===Deixis===
Definite v. indefinite
Anaphora, cataphora and deixis.


===Focus and topic===
The obviative is used to discuss something that is either not present or not at the centre of the discourse.
Focus and topic (thème/rhème)


==Derivational morphology==
==Derivational morphology==
===Nouns===
:''Main article: [[/Derivational morphology|Hantza derivational morphology]]''
===Verbs===


==Lexicon==
*[[Hantza/Swadesh|Swadesh list]]
<!--
<!--
==Lexicon==
*Kinship
*Swadesh list
*Kinship terminology
*Weather
*Weather
*Date, time and age
*Date, time and age
Line 296: Line 243:
*Flora and fauna
*Flora and fauna
*Idioms and proverbs
*Idioms and proverbs
**English: How do you take your tea? Literally: How do you mix it?
*Onomasticon
*Onomasticon
 
-->
==Dictionary==
#Introduction to the dictionary
#English-Hantza index
#Hantza-English
 
==Example texts==
==Example texts==
*Test Case Sentences
Short examples and sentences:
*[[Hantza/Test Case Sentences|Test Case Sentences]]
<!--
*John McWhorter
*John McWhorter
Longer texts in translation:
*Aesop's Fables: http://www.aesopfables.com/aesopsel.html
*Aesop's Fables: http://www.aesopfables.com/aesopsel.html
*The Lord's Prayer
*The Lord's Prayer
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*The Donkey Beater
*The Donkey Beater
*Marx on religion
*Marx on religion
Original texts:
*Literature
*Politics
-->
-->
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]]
{{Template:Hantza}}
{{Hantza}}

Latest revision as of 14:39, 20 July 2021

Hantza
Pronunciation[ˈhant͡sa]
Created byPá mamūnám ontā́ bán
SettingCentral Asia
Native toTurkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan
EthnicityHantza
Native speakers161,000 (2010)
Dialects
  • Karakum
  • Balkan
  • Qarshi
  • Afghan
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Hantza is (pronounced natively as /ˈhant͡sa/, phonetically [ˈx̟änt͡sɐ] and is Anglicised to /ˈhænt͡sə/) is spoken in Central Asia by more than 160,00 people. The language is used vigorously and enthusiastically by its speakers and is passed on to child who are often monolingual. Adults may also speak Turkmen, Uzbek, Pashto or Dari. The language is not known to be related to any other extant language and is therefore categorised as an isolate. It is spoken predominantly in Turkmenistan (91,000 speakers), but also in Uzbekistan (43,000) and Afghanistan (27,000).

Map of the distribution of Hantza
Hantza distribution.png

The areas marked in red on the map above represent the approximate regions in which Hantza is spoken.

Phonology

See also: IPA for Hantza and Hantza phonology

Consonants

There are eighteen consonant phonemes in Hantza.

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive p b t d k ʔ
Fricative f s h
Affricate t͡s d͡z
Approx. j w
Liquid r l

Vowels

Hantza's vowel inventory is a simple five-vowel system, similar to that of many modern languages, such as Greek and Swahili. Vowel length is not phonemic in Hantza and there are no diphthongs.

Front Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a

Orthography

Main article: Hantza alphabet

With the exception of those listed below, all consonant and vowel phonemes are represented orthographically as in IPA.

  • /ŋ/ is written <ng>
  • /ts/ is written <tz>
  • /dz/ is written <zz>
  • /j/ is written <y>
  • /ʔ/ is represented by a grave accent on the preceding vowel

Phonotactics

  • The basic phonotactic template is (C)(C)V(C)
  • Word-initial consonants: only /dz/ is disallowed
  • Permitted word-initial clusters: /p, b, t, d, k/ + /j, w/, /p, t, k/ + /r/ or /s/ + /p, t, k/
  • Permitted word-final consonants: /m, n, ŋ, p, b, t, d, k, ʔ, s, ts, r, l/
  • Word-final clusters: none allowed
  • Word-final and word-initial vowels: all are allowed
  • Medial clusters: any combination involving /dz/ is not permitted
  • /ʔ/ can only occur syllable-finally, but not inter-vocalically, and is most common word-finally

Morphophonological processes

  • Reduplication
  • Metathesis
  • Assimilation/dissimilation
  • Elision/epenthesis
  • Lenition/fortition

Common processes:

  • -tit- > -tz-
  • biy- + i- > bi-
  • -` > -k- when a suffix is added that begins with a vowel
  • o-, u- > w- when added to a word that begins with a vowel
  • e-, i- > y- when added to a word that begins with a vowel
  • a- > h- when added to a word that begins with a vowel
  • Metathesis of P+ NV > NPV, e.g. reporatative + negative: -kap- + -mò = -kampò
  • Across vocalic word boundaries the semi-vowels /j/ and /w/ may be introduced

Prosody

Main article: Hantza prosody

Stress

The primary stress of a word falls on the penultimate syllable of the root. Secondary normally falls on the preceding syllable. In disyllabic words the secondary stress is necessarily on the second syllable.

Stress is not distinctive and is also relatively weak, unlike that of, for example, Russian. It is not indicated in the orthography.

Rhythm

Hantza is a syllable-timed language, that is to say that the duration of every syllable is equal.

Intonation

Intonation is the variation pitch indicating the attitudes and emotions of the speaker, signalling the difference between statements and questions, between different types of question, focusing attention on important elements speech and helping to regulate conversational interaction.

Typology

  • Morphology: heavy on the verbal morphology, minimal on the nominal
  • Morphosyntactic alignment: nom-acc?
  • Agency, animacy
  • No gender
  • Verbs: polypersonal agreement
  • No case marking
  • Relational nouns?
  • Inalienable possession, possessive prefixes
  • Plurals only for animates
  • Default word order: VSO
  • Non-configurational (new news before the verb (often definite), old news after the verb (often indefinite))
  • Topic-comment/thème-rhème & focus
  • Head-marking
  • Infixes?

Morphology

Broadly speaking, there are three parts of speech in Hantza: nouns, verbs and particles.

Nouns

Main article: Hantza nouns

The category of "noun" (more properly "nominal") in Hantza encompasses what are thought of in English as nouns, attributive adjectives, pronouns and numerals. What correspond to adjectives in English are essentially nouns used in apposition.

Nouns are not marked for case and it is usually only animate nouns that are inflected for plurality. However, nouns are inflected for possession by prefixing. Indeed, in some cases this is mandatory (see possession).

Some nouns are in fact verb phrases that have been nominalised by way of an enclitic.

Infixes are sometimes used to derive adjective-like nouns from noun-like nouns, e.g. "sandy" from "sand".

Verbs

Main article: Hantza verbs

The term "verb" in Hantza also includes predicative adjectives. Predicative adjectives are essentially verbalised nouns.

The verb paradigm is Hantza is heavily prefixing; these prefixes come in a strict order. Hantza verbs exhibit polypersonal agreement, as such they are conjugated for subject, direct object and indirect object. As a result Hantza is pro-drop language. Only the grammatical persons that are used with animate nouns distinguish plural from singular.

Grammatical tense is not a significant category in Hantza verbs (though there is an overt morphological future/non-future distinction). Verbs are instead aspect and mood heavy. This conflation is termed called "mode" in Hantza; there are thirteen modes.

Hantza is extremely fastidious regarding the transitivity and valency of a verb and its required prefixes.

The mediopassive voice is formed by an infix inserted in the verb stem.

Negativity and evidentiality are marked on the verb by suffixes.

Particles

Main article: Hantza particles

Adverbs, postpositions, interrogatives, demonstratives, conjunctions and interjections come under "particles".

There is a three-way distance distinction in Hantza demonstratives: proximal, distal and obviative.

No indefinite article; invariable definite article: do.

Syntax and discourse

Main article: Hantza syntax
  • Animacy and agency
  • Definiteness
  • Focus and topic (thème/rhème)
  • Relative clauses
  • Subordination and coordination
  • Discourse particles

Word order

  • Default word order: VSO
  • Non-configurational (new news before the verb (often definite)?, old news after the verb (often indefinite)?)

Deixis

Anaphora, cataphora and deixis.

The obviative is used to discuss something that is either not present or not at the centre of the discourse.

Derivational morphology

Main article: Hantza derivational morphology

Lexicon

Example texts

Short examples and sentences:

The Hantza Language (VTE)
Orthography Hantza alphabet (Latin script)
Phonology IPA for HantzaPhonologyProsody
Grammar NounsNumeralsVerbsParticlesSyntaxDerivational morphology
Vocabulary Basic phrasesKinshipSwadesh list
Texts Test Case SentencesThe North Wind and the SunThe Lord's PrayerThe Tower of Babel
Other DialectsEthnologyDemography