Hlou-Shum languages: Difference between revisions

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===Verbs===
===Verbs===
The word order is tense-subject-verbnoun-object or, when the object is a pronoun, tense-subject-object-verbnoun. A nominal object is lenited.
The word order is usually tense-subject-verbnoun-object or, when the object is a pronoun, tense-subject-object-verbnoun. A nominal direct object is lenited; in fact, any indefinite dependent noun is lenited when used after a sequence tense/head + adjunct.


*''Lon teo sim'' = 'I'm running' (''sim'' is a lenited form of ''tsim''.)
*''Lon teo sim'' = 'I'm running' (''sim'' is a lenited form of ''tsim''.)

Revision as of 07:28, 13 June 2017

Xaetjeon/Lexicon

Hlou-Shum languages /ˈdɮetʃɑn/ (Hlou-Shum languages: baeychnae Xaetjeon /ˈpejxne ˈɮetʃʰɑn/) is a Talman language spoken by the Dxaetjfa people. It is a Naquic language (descendant of Naquian) inspired by Praimhín's Gussnish.

Main sources of loanwords:

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Lateral Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ng /ŋ/
Stop tenuis b /p/ d /t/ dz /ts/ dx /tɬ/ dj /tʃ/ g /k/
aspirated p /pʰ/ t /tʰ/ ts /tsʰ/ tq /tɬʰ/ tj /tʃʰ/ c /kʰ/
Fricative voiceless f /f/ th /θ/ s /s/ q /ɬ/ sj /ʃ/ ch /x/ h /h/
voiced v /v/ dh /ð/ z /z/ x /ɮ/ zj /ʒ/ gh /ɣ/
Approximant l /l/ y /j/ w /w/
Notes
  • In casual speech, the unaspirated stops and affricates /p t ts tɬ tʃ k/ are voiced intervocalically to [b d dz dɮ dʒ ɡ].
  • Depending on speaker, /l/ may be slightly retracted [l̠] or slightly velarized [lˠ].

Vowels

Hlou-Shum languages vowels
Front Central Back
Close i /i/ u /u/
Mid ae /e/ eu /ə/ o /o/
Open a /æ/ eo /ɑ/
Notes
  • /ɨ/ is near-close central [ɨ̞].
  • /ə/ may be pronounced [ɤ] by some speakers.

Mutations

Normal p f t th ts s tq q tj sj c b v d dh dz z dx x dj zj g
Lenited f f th th s h q q sj sj ch v v dh dh z 0 x x zj zj gh


Normal m n ng w l y
Lenited v n ng w w y

Prosody

Stress

In native words stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes. In loans, stress falls on the same syllable as in the source language.

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

-meo/-eom, -nae, -neu < ixmi, hinē, hinuoz

pa - person
Indefinite Definite
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative pa pameo panae paneu
Vocative fa - - faneu

Possessive pronouns

The possessive pronouns are: (derived from Naquian possessive prefixes)

Possessive pronouns
Singular Plural
1 neu vif
neu ow
meu vif
meu ow
1 + 2 - peu vif
peu ow
2 sjeu vif
sjeu ow
tseu vif
tseu ow
3 i vif
i ow
i mif
i now
Interr/Indef tae vif
tae ow

Possession is indicated with third-person possessive pronouns: Ex. i vif fanae = 'the man's house' (The panae lenites since it follows a feminine noun mif.)

Adjectives

Adjectives do not take affixes. However, adjectives modifying indefinite feminine nouns (i.e. nouns that ended in a vowel in Naquian) undergo lenition.

pa seowan
a small person
mif heowan
a small house

However, the suffixes -nae and -meo (-eom is used for nouns ending in labials) always lenite the following noun:

panae heowan
the small person
mifeom heowan
the small houses

Predicative adjectives precede the subject, while attributive adjectives follow it.

Pronouns

Prepositions and conjunctions

  • tjeo-L = and
  • teo-L = at
  • yae-L = to

Verbs

The word order is usually tense-subject-verbnoun-object or, when the object is a pronoun, tense-subject-object-verbnoun. A nominal direct object is lenited; in fact, any indefinite dependent noun is lenited when used after a sequence tense/head + adjunct.

  • Lon teo sim = 'I'm running' (sim is a lenited form of tsim.)
  • Lon teo i chaevasj = 'I'm protecting it'
  • Lon teo i chaevasj vifnae = 'I'm protecting the house'
  • Lon teo chaevasj vifnae = 'I'm protecting the house' (colloquial)

Copula

Present tense
Singular Plural
1 lon lovae
1 + 2 - lont
2 losj lopeo
3 lo loq

Numbers

Numbers 1-12: paev, tiho, natj-L, tsov, tsaweo, bael-L, oth, loseoth, bas-L, gaeyo, dav, dadheo-L (multiples of 3 lenite the following noun!)

Derivational morphology

  • -asj (f): nominalizer
  • -iy (f): abstract noun

Phrasebook

  • Lon Dxaetjfa. = I am a Dxaetjeon person.