I Kronurum: Difference between revisions

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=GRAMMAR=
=GRAMMAR=
In a nutshell:
OSV
N/A
Pro-drop
[...]


==PHONOLOGY==
==PHONOLOGY==
Line 97: Line 107:
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}
|}
====Vowel allophony====
'''·''' /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.
'''·''' /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.


====Umlaut and dypthongues by umlaut====
====Umlaut and dypthongues by umlaut====
Line 196: Line 212:


====Onset mutations====
====Onset mutations====
Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. Since the previous stages of the language are not yet well documented, most of the information on this regard is a matter of scientific speculation.
Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are analysed as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation will be triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and triggers the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and triggers the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹d› /d/, ‹ð› /ð/ and ‹þ› /θ/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.
Eg. ''duma'' {fox:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó ðumen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} fox-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró þuma'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} fox-{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan=3 | Mutation grade
|-
!0||1||2
|-
|b- /b/~/β/ ||p- /p/ ||f- /f/
|-
|d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/ ||þ- /θ/
|-
|f- /f/ ||p- /p/ ||b- /b/~/β/
|-
|h- /h/~/χ/ ||k- /k/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/
|-
|j- /j/ ||jw- /jʷ/ ||ñ- /ɲ/
|-
|k- /k/ ||g- /g/~/ɣ/ ||h- /h/~/χ/
|-
|l- /l/ ||l- /l / ||lh- /ɬ/
|-
|m- /m/ ||mw- /mʷ/ ||w- /w/
|-
|n- /n/ ||nw- /nʷ/ ||ñ- /ɲ/
|-
|s- /s/ ||þ- /θ/ ||ś- /ʃ/
|-
|t- /t/ ||d- /d/ ||ð- /ð/
|-
|w- /w/ ||gw- /gʷ/ ||ƕ- /hw/~/hv/
|}
Some of the occurring phenomena are nasalization, labialization, palatalization, velarization, fricativization, voicing and devoicing.
===Other contextual phonological phenomena===
There are some morpho-phonological phenomena that need yet to be properly described. This is a sample of those:
'''·''' -ren-rin- → -relin-
'''·''' jw+u /jʷu/ → jub- /juβ/ [+labialization][+methatesis] sky ''juska'' /ˈjus.kɐ/, ''ó jubsken'' /ʔu̹.ˈjuβs.ke̞n/
'''·''' /u̜.j/ → /ui̯/ fish ''strójr'' /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) ''strójran'' /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
'''·''' -/m/ /b/- → -/mb̥/- ''som breja'' /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
===Syllable structure===
===Syllable structure===
The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C){{sc|nu}}(C)(N/R), where the nucleus {{sc|nu}} must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end either with a nasal, ''N'', or a rhotic, ''R''.


==MORPHOLOGY==
==MORPHOLOGY==
Line 210: Line 283:
===Verbal morphology===
===Verbal morphology===
====Verb conjugation paradigms====
====Verb conjugation paradigms====
=====_=====
====={{sc|i}}. ''-nur''=====
=====_=====
====={{sc|ii}}. ''-tur''=====
=====_=====
====={{sc|iii}}. ''-rur''=====
=====_=====
====={{sc|iv}}. ''-jur''=====
====Verbal aspect markers====
====Verbal aspect markers====
====Particles and affixes====
====Particles and affixes====

Revision as of 05:00, 28 September 2015


I Kronurum
"that which is spoken"
IKronurum.png
Pronunciation[/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/]
Created byNicolás Straccia
Date2013
Native toMarks of Ifarka (i-Étrir, ...) and exclaves under their influence
Northern Languages
  • I Kronurum
Early forms
Proto-Northern
  • Ancient I.K.
    • Old I.K.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The language known as I Kronurum is a conlang being created and developed by Nicolás Straccia since 2013 [It is part of a larger conworlding project].


Background


The language known as I Kronurum (IK) is a part of the Northern Languages linguistic family, which populates the northern region of the central continent.

Notwithstanding the several subgroups that have split from this branch at different stages, this central branch of the family has been studied as a continuity in which four main stages can be identified: Ancient IK (AIK), Old IK (OIK), Middle IK (MIK; together with Early-MIK, EMIK) and Modern IK (MoIK; together with Early-MoIK, EMoIK).

The developmental stage presented in this article is Middle-IK (MIK). At this stage, a group of OIK speakers has moved westwards from the AIK speaker's cultural Urheimat in the plains in the northern region of the central continent, constituting the main variety spoken in the region along the shores of the northern sea. The endonym of this region is Ifarka (/ʔi.ˈfɑɾ.kɐ/), which translates as "The land". It is divided in several administrative provinces, called Marks, which hold regular congress regarding whichever matters would affect the generality of their hold.


GRAMMAR

In a nutshell:

OSV

N/A

Pro-drop

[...]

PHONOLOGY

Vowels

Vowel inventory

Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close
Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
i
u
(ʊ)
(ɘ)
(ɛ)
(ɐ)
(a)
ɑ
Near‑close
Close‑mid
Mid
Open‑mid
Near‑open
Open

Vowel allophony

· /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

· /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

Umlaut and dypthongues by umlaut

Other dypthongues

Consonants

Consonant inventory

Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p b t d k g ʔ
Nasal m n (ɲ) (ŋ)
Trill r
Tap or flap ɾ
Fricative (β) f θ ð s ʃ x (ɣ) h
Lateral fric. (ɬ)
Approximant w j
Lateral app. l

Onset mutations

Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. Since the previous stages of the language are not yet well documented, most of the information on this regard is a matter of scientific speculation.

Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are analysed as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset consonant as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation will be triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and triggers the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and triggers the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹d› /d/, ‹ð› /ð/ and ‹þ› /θ/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.

Eg. duma {fox:nom}, ó ðumen {gen fox-gen}, tró þuma {acc fox-acc}


Some of the occurring phenomena are nasalization, labialization, palatalization, velarization, fricativization, voicing and devoicing.


Other contextual phonological phenomena

There are some morpho-phonological phenomena that need yet to be properly described. This is a sample of those:

· -ren-rin- → -relin-

· jw+u /jʷu/ → jub- /juβ/ [+labialization][+methatesis] sky juska /ˈjus.kɐ/, ó jubsken /ʔu̹.ˈjuβs.ke̞n/

· /u̜.j/ → /ui̯/ fish strójr /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) strójran /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/

· -/m/ /b/- → -/mb̥/- som breja /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/


Syllable structure

The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C)nu(C)(N/R), where the nucleus nu must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end either with a nasal, N, or a rhotic, R.


MORPHOLOGY

Nominal morphology

Declension particles and affixes

Plurals

Diminutives

Augmentatives

Superlatives

Personal pronouns

Adjectives

Comparative

Verbal morphology

Verb conjugation paradigms

i. -nur
ii. -tur
iii. -rur
iv. -jur

Verbal aspect markers

Particles and affixes

Marking hierarchy

Nouns

Verbs

Derivational morphology

Derivational particles and affixes

Discourse particles

Deictics

Spatial deixis

Temporal deixis

SYNTAX

LEXIKON

SAMPLES

Sentences

ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen
/ˈʔu̜ ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn | ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn | ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
ó(r) {b>p}aga-rum-ór-(e)n unda-rum-ór-(e)n fara-rum-(e)n
gen tree-det-and-gen bird-det-and-gen horse-det-gen
"of/about the tree, the bird and the horse" (a tale)