I Kronurum: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 221: Line 221:


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
(C)(C)(C)N(C)(N)
(C)(C)(C)Nu(C)(N/R)
The nucleus N must be either a vowel or syllabic R or N.
 
The nucleus Nu must be either a vowel or syllabic [R] or [N].
 
In coda position a cluster can end with a nasal [N] or an r' [R]


===Orthography===
===Orthography===
Line 252: Line 255:
In the genitive and accusative cases, the root is preceded by a preposition.
In the genitive and accusative cases, the root is preceded by a preposition.


=====Declension particles and other affixes=====
Case marking
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=2 | Case !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nom}} || Nominative || ∅ || ∅ || - || The nominative case is not marked
|-
| {{sc|gen}} || Genitive || ó(r) _-(e)n || /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ || preposition, suffix || Triggers mutation 1.  Epenthetic r before a vowel: ''ór okren'' /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
|-
| {{sc|akk}} || Accusative || tró || /ˈtɾu̹/ || preposition || Triggers mutation 2
|-
| {{sc|dat}} || Dative || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix ||
|-
| {{sc|instr}} || Instrumental/Commitative || -(n)ion || -/nio̯n/ || suffix || Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: commitative
|-
| {{sc|loc}} || Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") || -(a)ftó || -/f.ˈtu̹/ || suffix || ''þaneftó'' /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
|-
| {{sc|all}} || Allative || -(o)rion || -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ || suffix || ''þanerion'' /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"
|}
Other particles and affixes
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|nlz}} || Nominalizer || i || /ˈʔi/ || preposition || Mostly paired with the determiner suffix <-rum>
''kronur'' = “I speak” {{sc|1s.pres.ind}}
''i kronurum'', <nowiki>{</nowiki>i kro-nur-rum<nowiki>}</nowiki> [NMLZ to.speak-{{sc|1s.pres.ind-det}}]
= was ich spreche, “that what I’m speaking”; speech, language.
|-
| {{sc|det}} || Determiner || -rum || -/ɾum/ || suffix || "the x" (instead of "a x")
|-
| {{sc|and}} || Coordinator || -ór || -/u̹ɾ/ || preposition || "and"
|-
| {{sc|advm}} || Adverbializer || -(r)is || -/ɾis/ || suffix || "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner
turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner
|-
| {{sc|pers}} || Associated person || -rir || -/ɾiɾ/ || suffix || (Sp. [corre(r)]-dor, [camina(r)]-nte;
(≠-ero in zapatero; there: -hlajrir, Ge.-macher)
<hlajur> v. to.make, <hlajrir> n. maker.
<assa> n. forge, <assarir> n. smith.


=====Declension particles and other affixes=====
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Causative. [noun.root]-a-[verb.decension]
nimr=water; nimrajur=to.make.moist,to.water(a.plant,etc)
|-
|  {{sc|?}} || ? || -(u)rur || -/u.ɾuɾ/ || suffix || ?
|}


=====Onset mutations=====
=====Onset mutations=====

Revision as of 14:39, 14 July 2014


I Kronurum
«that what is spoken»
IKronurum.png
Pronunciation[/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/]
Created by
Native to?
Native speakers? (2014)
?
  • I Kronurum
Early forms
Ancient I.K.
  • Old I.K.
    • Middle I.K.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.


Background

The language known as I Kronurum

Phonology

Consonants

The consonants of I Kronurum

Consonant inventory

Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p b t d k g ʔ
Nasal m n (ŋ)
Trill r
Tap or flap ɾ
Fricative (β) f θ ð s ʃ x (ɣ) h
Lateral fric. (ɬ)
Approximant w j
Lateral app. l

Consonant allophony

· /p/ and /t/, except when result of a mutation, become aspirated when in initial position before a vowel (/pʰV/, /tʰV/)

· /ŋ/ is an allophone of /n/ before /g/ (eg. ‹angr› /ˈɑŋ.gɾ̩/, 1.s=”I”).

· ‹g› = /x/ only in coda after a front vowel (eg. ‹sig›, /ˈsix/, “until”).

Vowels

The vowels of I Kronurum

Vowel inventory

Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close
Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
i
u
(ʊ)
(ɘ)
(ɛ)
(ɐ)
(a)
ɑ
Near‑close
Close‑mid
Mid
Open‑mid
Near‑open
Open

Vowel allophony

· /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

· /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

Umlaut and dipthongs by umlaut

Other dipthongs

Other contextual phonological phenomena

YET TO BE PROPERLY DESCRIBED

· -ren-rin- → -relin-

· jw+u /jʷu/ → jub- /juβ/ [+labialization][+methatesis] sky= juska /ˈjus.kɐ/, ó jubsken /ʔu̹.ˈjuβs.ke̞n/

· /u̜.j/ → /ui̯/ fish= strójr /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.)= strójran /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/

· -/m/ /b/- → -/mb̥/- som breja /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/

Phonotactics

(C)(C)(C)Nu(C)(N/R)

The nucleus Nu must be either a vowel or syllabic [R] or [N].

In coda position a cluster can end with a nasal [N] or an r' [R]

Orthography

Latin script

The use of ‹å› is merely orthographic and serves the purpose of bringing the causative ‹-a-› to be correctly pronounced /ɑ/, given that ‹a› in this position should be otherwise realised as /a/ or /ɐ/.

Gothic script

Native script

Grammar

Morphology

Pro-drop A/N

Nominal morphology

Nouns are marked for number and gender.

Marking hierarchy

The marking of the nouns happens according to the following this hierarchy:

0 1 2 3 4
noun det pl and nom, gen, akk, dat, inst, loc, all

In the genitive and accusative cases, the root is preceded by a preposition.

Declension particles and other affixes

Case marking

Case Marker Notes
nom Nominative - The nominative case is not marked
gen Genitive ó(r) _-(e)n /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ preposition, suffix Triggers mutation 1. Epenthetic r before a vowel: ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
akk Accusative tró /ˈtɾu̹/ preposition Triggers mutation 2
dat Dative -(r)is -/ɾis/ suffix
instr Instrumental/Commitative -(n)ion -/nio̯n/ suffix Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: commitative
loc Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") -(a)ftó -/f.ˈtu̹/ suffix þaneftó /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
all Allative -(o)rion -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ suffix þanerion /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"


Other particles and affixes

Function Marker Notes
nlz Nominalizer i /ˈʔi/ preposition Mostly paired with the determiner suffix <-rum>

kronur = “I speak” 1s.pres.ind i kronurum, {i kro-nur-rum} [NMLZ to.speak-1s.pres.ind-det] = was ich spreche, “that what I’m speaking”; speech, language.

det Determiner -rum -/ɾum/ suffix "the x" (instead of "a x")
and Coordinator -ór -/u̹ɾ/ preposition "and"
advm Adverbializer -(r)is -/ɾis/ suffix "x-ly", "in the maner of x"

turns nouns into adverbs of manner turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner

pers Associated person -rir -/ɾiɾ/ suffix (Sp. [corre(r)]-dor, [camina(r)]-nte;

(≠-ero in zapatero; there: -hlajrir, Ge.-macher)

<hlajur> v. to.make, <hlajrir> n. maker.

<assa> n. forge, <assarir> n. smith.

adj Adjetivizer -rin -/ɾin/ suffix Forms adjectives of quality. sigr "ash", agor-ó-śigrelin "ash-coloured"
caus Causative -a- -/ɑ/- affix Causative. [noun.root]-a-[verb.decension]

nimr=water; nimrajur=to.make.moist,to.water(a.plant,etc)

? ? -(u)rur -/u.ɾuɾ/ suffix ?
Onset mutations

Mutation context and mutation continuities

Onset mutation is triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases.

The unmodified consonant would have a mutation of grade cero.

The preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and triggers mutation one.

The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (AKK) and triggers mutation two.

THIS SECTION WILL BE REVISITED TO MAKE A BETTER GROUPING OF THE MUTATIONS BY TYPE INSTEAD OF BY TRIGGER

mutation
0 1
w- /w/ gw- /gʷ/
k- /k/ g- /g/~/ɣ/
h- /h/~/χ/ k- /k/
t- /t/ d- /d/
s- /s/ þ- /θ/
f- /f/ p- /p/
b- /b/~/β/ p- /p/
n- /n/ nw- /nʷ/
m- /m/ mw- /mʷ/
j- /j/ jw- /jʷ/
l- /l/ l- /l /
mutation
0 2
w- /w/ ƕ- /hw/~/hv/
k- /k/ h- /h/~/χ/
h- /h/~/χ/ g- /g/~/ɣ/
t- /t/ ð- /ð/
s- /s/ ś- /ʃ/
f- /f/ b- /b/
b- /b/~/β/ f- /f/
n- /n/ ñ- /ɲ/
m- /m/ w- /w/
j- /j/ ñ- /ɲ/
l- /l/ lh- /ɬ/


Plurals
Diminutives
Augmentatives
Superlatives

Personal pronouns

Adjectives

Verbal morphology

Verbs are marked for tense, mood, aspect, number and, in the third person, also gender.

Marking hierarchy

The marking of the nouns happens according to the following this hierarchy:

-1 -2 0 1 2
Passive voice marker Aspect marker prefix verb Conjugation affix for person, number and mood Aspect marker suffix
Regular conjugation paradigms

There are four different regular conjugation classes, labeled i, ii, iii and iv

Aspect markers

Verbal aspect is marked as follows:


Adverbs

Derivational morphology

Derivation of nouns
Derivation of adjectives

Syntax

Sentence structure

1
a
b
2
3