I Kronurum: Difference between revisions

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==Background==
==Background==


The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by Nicolás Straccia since 2014.
The language known as '''I Kronurum''' is a conlang being created and developed by Nicolás Straccia since 2013.


It is part of a larger conworlding project. An in-world background description will follow soon.
It is part of a larger conworlding project. An in-world background description will follow.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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=====Onset mutations=====
=====Onset mutations=====


Onset mutations posit a great challenge to the diachronical analysis of I Kronurum. Since the previous stages of the language are not yet well documented, most of the information on this regard is a matter of scientific speculation.
Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. Since the previous stages of the language are not yet well documented, most of the information on this regard is a matter of scientific speculation.


Given the data available and the currently valid sinchronic analysis, they are analysed as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset vowel as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and secont degree of mutation will be triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and triggers the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and triggers the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹d› /d/, ‹ð› /ð/ and ‹þ› /θ/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.
Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are analysed as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset vowel as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation will be triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and triggers the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and triggers the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹d› /d/, ‹ð› /ð/ and ‹þ› /θ/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.


Eg. ''duma'' {fox:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó ðumen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} fox-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró þuma'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} fox-{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}
Eg. ''duma'' {fox:{{sc|nom}}}, ''ó ðumen'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|gen}} fox-{{sc|gen}}{{rcbr}}, ''tró þuma'' {{lcbr}}{{sc|acc}} fox-{{sc|acc}}{{rcbr}}
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===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
(C)(C)(C)Nu(C)(N/R)
The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C)Nu(C)(N/R), where the nucleus 'Nu' must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end either with a nasal [N] or an r' [R].


The nucleus Nu must be either a vowel or syllabic [R] or [N].
<!--
===Orthography===


In coda position a cluster can end with a nasal [N] or an r' [R]
There is a Latin and a Gothic alphabet besides an in-world, "native" orthography.
 
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
!colspan=6 | Consonants
|-
!Latin letter||Gothic letter||Native orthography||IPA value||Notes
|-
|b||-||-||-||-
|-
|k||-||-||-||
|-
|d||-||-||-||
|-
|f||-||-||-||
|-
|g||-||-||-||
|-
|h||-||-||-||
|-
!colspan=6 | Vowels
|-
|å ||-||-||ɑ||The use of ‹å› is merely orthographic and serves the purpose of bringing the causative ‹-a-› to be correctly pronounced /ɑ/, given that ‹a› in this position should be otherwise realised as /a/ or /ɐ/.
|-
|}


<!--
===Orthography===
====Latin script====
The use of ‹å› is merely orthographic and serves the purpose of bringing the causative ‹-a-› to be correctly pronounced /ɑ/, given that ‹a› in this position should be otherwise realised as /a/ or /ɐ/.
====Gothic script====
====Native script====
-->
-->


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|-
|-
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
| {{sc|adj}} || Adjetivizer || -rin || -/ɾin/ || suffix || Forms adjectives of quality. ''sigr'' "ash", ''agor-ó-śigrelin'' "ash-coloured"
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|-
|-
|  {{sc|?}} || ? || -(u)rur || -/u.ɾuɾ/ || suffix || ?
|  {{sc|?}} || ? || -(u)rur || -/u.ɾuɾ/ || suffix || ?
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Verbs are marked for tense, mood, aspect, number and, in the third person, also gender.
Verbs are marked for tense, mood, aspect, number and, in the third person, also gender.
Particles and affixes
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! colspan=2 | Function !! colspan=3 | Marker !! Notes
|-
| {{sc|caus}} || Causative || -a- || -/ɑ/- || affix || Derives a causative verb from a noun after the template [noun.root]-{{sc|caus}}-[verb.declension]
''nimr'' water; ''nimrajur'' to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc)
|}


=====Marking hierarchy=====
=====Marking hierarchy=====


The marking of the nouns happens according to the following this hierarchy:
The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"

Revision as of 02:24, 6 April 2015



I Kronurum
"that which is spoken"
IKronurum.png
Pronunciation[/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/]
Created by
Native to?
Native speakers? (2013)
?
  • I Kronurum
Early forms
Ancient I.K.
  • Old I.K.
    • Middle I.K.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.


Background

The language known as I Kronurum is a conlang being created and developed by Nicolás Straccia since 2013.

It is part of a larger conworlding project. An in-world background description will follow.

Phonology

Consonants

The consonants of I Kronurum

Consonant inventory

Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p b t d k g ʔ
Nasal m n (ŋ)
Trill r
Tap or flap ɾ
Fricative (β) f θ ð s ʃ x (ɣ) h
Lateral fric. (ɬ)
Approximant w j
Lateral app. l

Consonant allophony

· /p/ and /t/, except when result of a mutation, become aspirated when in initial position before a vowel (/pʰV/, /tʰV/)

· /ŋ/ is an allophone of /n/ before /g/ (eg. angr /ˈɑŋ.gɾ̩/, 1.s=”I”).

· ‹g› = /x/ only in coda after a front vowel (eg. ‹sig›, /ˈsix/, “until”).

Vowels

The vowels of I Kronurum

Vowel inventory

Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close
Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
i
u
(ʊ)
(ɘ)
(ɛ)
(ɐ)
(a)
ɑ
Near‑close
Close‑mid
Mid
Open‑mid
Near‑open
Open

Vowel allophony

· /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.

· /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.


Other contextual phonological phenomena

There are some morpho-phonological phenomena that need yet to be properly described. This is a sample of those:

· -ren-rin- → -relin-

· jw+u /jʷu/ → jub- /juβ/ [+labialization][+methatesis] sky juska /ˈjus.kɐ/, ó jubsken /ʔu̹.ˈjuβs.ke̞n/

· /u̜.j/ → /ui̯/ fish strójr /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) strójran /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/

· -/m/ /b/- → -/mb̥/- som breja /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/

Onset mutations

Onset mutations posit a great challenge for the diachronic analysis of I Kronurum. Since the previous stages of the language are not yet well documented, most of the information on this regard is a matter of scientific speculation.

Given the data available and the currently valid synchronic analysis, they are analysed as conforming a continuum of mutation grades from 0 to 2. The 0 degree of mutation is that of the onset vowel as it appears in the citation form of the root (nominative, unmarked). A first and second degree of mutation will be triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases: the preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and triggers the first degree of mutation. The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (ACC) and triggers the second degree of mutation. Thus the mutations of ‹d› /d/, ‹ð› /ð/ and ‹þ› /θ/, are considered part of a continuum as in the example below.

Eg. duma {fox:nom}, ó ðumen {gen fox-gen}, tró þuma {acc fox-acc}

Some of the occurring phenomena are nasalization, labialization, palatalization, velarization, fricativization, voicing and devoicing.

Phonotactics

The structure of the longest possible syllable is (C)(C)(C)Nu(C)(N/R), where the nucleus 'Nu' must be either a vowel or a syllabic [R] or [N]. In coda position, a cluster can end either with a nasal [N] or an r' [R].


Grammar

Morphology

Pro-drop

A/N

Nominal morphology

Nouns are marked for number and gender.

Marking hierarchy

The marking of the nouns happens according to the following hierarchy:

0 1 2 3 4
noun det pl and nom, gen, akk, dat, inst, loc, all

In the genitive and accusative cases, the root is preceded by a preposition.

Declension particles and other affixes

Case marking

Case Marker Notes
nom Nominative - The nominative case is not marked
gen Genitive ó(r) _-(e)n /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ preposition, suffix Triggers mutation 1. Epenthetic r before a vowel: ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/
akk Accusative tró /ˈtɾu̹/ preposition Triggers mutation 2
dat Dative -(r)is -/ɾis/ suffix
instr Instrumental/Commitative -(n)ion -/nio̯n/ suffix Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: commitative
loc Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") -(a)ftó -/f.ˈtu̹/ suffix þaneftó /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home”
all Allative -(o)rion -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ suffix þanerion /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound"


Other particles and affixes


Verbal morphology

Verbs are marked for tense, mood, aspect, number and, in the third person, also gender.


Particles and affixes

Marking hierarchy

The marking of the verbs happens according to the following hierarchy:

-1 -2 0 1 2
Passive voice marker Aspect marker prefix verb Conjugation affix for person, number and mood Aspect marker suffix
Regular conjugation paradigms

There are four different regular conjugation classes, labeled i, ii, iii and iv


Samples

ó pagrumórn, undrumórn, faŕumen
/ˈʔu̜ ˈpɑ.gɾu.mu̜ɾn | ˈʔun.dɾu.mu̜ɾn | ˈfɑ.ru.mɘn/
ó(r) {b>p}aga-rum-ór-(e)n unda-rum-ór-(e)n fara-rum-(e)n
gen tree-det-and-gen bird-det-and-gen horse-det-gen
"of/about the tree, the bird and the horse" (a tale)