Iaskyon: Difference between revisions

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Iaskyon (view source)

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Text replacement - "Category:Conlangs" to "Category:Languages"
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Approximant
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Approximant
| colspan="2"|'''''w''' /w/''
| colspan="2"|'''''w''' [β̞]''
|
|
| colspan="2"|'''l''' /l/
| colspan="2"|'''l''' /l/
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====Syllabic consonants====
====Syllabic consonants====
/m/ and /l/ have syllabic counterparts '''ḿ''' /m̩/ and '''ĺ''' /l̩/.
/m/ and /l/ have syllabic counterparts '''ḿ''' /m̩/ and '''ĺ''' /l̩/.
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
====Short vowels====
====Short vowels====
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!|ai
!|ai
!|au
!|au
!|äi
!|ài
!|äu
!|àu
!|ei
!|ei
!|eu
!|eu
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The initial consonant has no restrictions.
The initial consonant has no restrictions.


The following glide can be '''y'''/j/ or '''w'''/β/>[w].
The following glide can be '''y'''/j/ or '''w'''/β̞/>[w].




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!|ky
!|ky
|-
|-
|/bj/||/pj/||/dw/||/dj/||/tw/||/tj/||/gw/||/gj/||/kw/||/kj/
|/bj/||/pj/||/dβ̞/||/dj/||/tβ̞/||/tj/||/gβ̞/||/gj/||/kβ̞/||/kj/
|-
|-
!|jy
!|jy
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!|þy
!|þy
|-
|-
|/dzj/||/tsw/||/tsj/||/tθw/||/tθj/
|/dzj/||/tsβ̞/||/tsj/||/tθβ̞/||/tθj/
|-
|-
!|fy
!|fy
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!|xy
!|xy
|-
|-
|/ɸj/||/βj/||/sj/||/zj/||/ɬw/||/ɬj/||/xw/||/xj/ [ç]/||/ɣw/||/ɣj/ [ʝ]
|/ɸj/||/βj/||/sj/||/zj/||/ɬβ̞/||/ɬj/||/xβ̞/||/xj/ [ç]/||/ɣβ̞/||/ɣj/ [ʝ]
|-
|-
!|mw
!|mw
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!|ŋy
!|ŋy
|-
|-
|/mw/||/mj/||/nj/||/ŋj/
|/mβ̞/||/mj/||/nj/||/ŋj/
|-
|-
!|lw
!|lw
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|/lw/||/lj/
|/lw/||/lj/
|}
|}
====Nucleus====
====Nucleus====
The nucleus can be any vowel, except for '''iu üa üe üi üö ui''' /iu ya yɛ yi yœ ui/ when the onset consists of an initial consonant and a glide.
The nucleus can be any vowel, except for '''iu üa üe üi üö ui''' /iu ya yɛ yi yœ ui/ when the onset consists of an initial consonant and a glide.
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===Allophony===
===Allophony===
*Plosives are usually unreleased at coda.
*Voiceless plosives are usually unreleased at coda.
*Plosives and affricates are aspirated at onset.
*Plosives and affricates are slightly aspirated at onset.
*'''h''' /x/ is realised as '''[ç]''' before and after /i(:)/, /y(:)/, and before /j/.
*'''h''' /x/ is realised as '''[ç]''' before and after /i(:)/, /y(:)/, and before /j/.
*'''x''' /ɣ/ is realised as '''[ʝ]''' before and after /i(:)/, /y(:)/, before /j/, and '''[ʔ]''' at the end of a syllable.
*'''x''' /ɣ/ is realised as '''[ʝ]''' before and after /i(:)/, /y(:)/, before /j/, and '''[ʔ]''' at the end of a syllable.
*'''w''' /β/ is realised as '''[w]''' as a glide (second consonant) in a syllable.
*'''w''' /β/ is realised as '''[β̞]''' as a glide (second consonant) in a syllable.
*'''t''' /t/ are realised as '''[ʔ]''' at the end of a syllable.
*'''t''' /t/ are realised as '''[ʔ]''' at the end of a syllable.


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|}
|}


====Demonstratives====
====Demonstratives, indefinite pronouns====
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 1000px; text-align: center"
|-
! scope="col" width="200px"|
! scope="col" width="150px"|Interrogative<br/>(tw-, kw-)
! scope="col" width="150px"|Proximal<br/>(yas-, is-)
! scope="col" width="150px"|Distal<br/>(wes-)
! scope="col" width="150px"|Universal<br/>(fá-)
! scope="col" width="150px"|Existential
! scope="col" width="150px"|Negative
! scope="col" width="150px"|Paucal/Trivial
|-
! scope="row"|Adjective (-s)
|twes<br/>"what"
|yas, is-<br/>"this"
|wes<br/>"that"
|fá<br/>"all"
|şes<br/>"some"
|ça <br/>"none"
|àl, nim<br/>"little, few"
|-
! scope="row"|Adverb (-f)
|twef<br/>"how, in what manner"
|yaf<br/>"in this manner"
|wef<br/>"in that manner"
|
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|Person (hwe, -we)
|mweun<br/>"who"
|iswe<br/>"this person"
|wewe<br/>"that person"
|matnu/fá hwe<br/>"everyone in a group/universally"
|şes hwe<br/>"some people"
|hwidu <br/>"no one"
|àlwe<br/>"few people"
|-
! scope="row"|Thing (gin, -e)
|kwí<br/>"what thing"
|yase<br/>"this thing"
|wese<br/>"that thing"
|fáŋàn<br/>"everything"
|gĺa<br/>"something"
|gindu<br/>"nothing"
|nimi<br/>"little things"
|-
! scope="row"|Event, activity (yen, -ou)
|kwou<br/>"what event"
|yasou<br/>"this event"
|wesou<br/>"that event"
|
|yĺa<br/>"some event"
|yendu <br/>"no event"
|
|-
! scope="row"|Place (ken)
|ekeu<br/>"where" (also locative)
|yaken<br/>"here"
|weken<br/>"there"
|feken<br/>"everywhere"
|kella<br/>"somewhere"
|kendu<br/>"nowhere"
|
|-
! scope="row"|Time (upu)
|upci<br/>"when"
|etök<br/>"now"
|wes upu<br/>"that time"
|
|upla<br/>"some point of time"
|
|
|}
 
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Verbs are the most productive lexical category in Iaskyon, which describes an action, an event, a state, or a change in state. It is heavily conjugated to tense, aspect and mood. There exists two grammatical classes of verbs, namely t-class and null-class.
Verbs are the most productive lexical category in Iaskyon, which describes an action, an event, a state, or a change in state. It is heavily conjugated to tense, aspect and mood. There exists two grammatical classes of verbs, namely t-class and null-class.
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T-class and null-class verbs are two classes of verbs that take different forms when conjugated.
T-class and null-class verbs are two classes of verbs that take different forms when conjugated.
*'''T-class verbs:'''
*'''T-class verbs:'''
**By definition end with a ''''t''''
**By definition end with a ''''t''''<br/>e.g. yet "eat", byaut "waste", fiut "run".
**May be formed by
**May be formed by
***An obsolete affix added to a root ending with a vowel; verbs formed this way may or may not end with ''''et''''.
***An obsolete affix added to a root ending with a vowel; verbs formed this way may or may not end with ''''et''''.
***Derivation from other parts of speech; verbs formed this way tend to end with ''''et''''.
***Derivation from other parts of speech; verbs formed this way tend to end with ''''et''''.
**When conjugated, the ''''t''''-ending of which undergoes irregular consonant mutation.
**When conjugated, the ''''t''''-ending of which undergoes irregular consonant mutation. <br/> e.g. '''yet''' "eat" > ye'''llet''' (progressive with t > lː), ye'''ŋam''' (desiderative with t > ŋ), ye'''so''' (near future with t > s)


*'''Null-class verbs:'''
*'''Null-class verbs:'''
**Does not end with a ''''t''''
**Does not end with a ''''t''''<br/>e.g. tag "hit", dém "drink", esyà "utilise".
**May be formed by
**May be formed by
***Unaltered root forms
***Unaltered root forms
***Other derivations into verbs
***Other derivations into verbs
**When conjugated, the endings of which may or may not undergo regular sound mutation.
**When conjugated, the endings of which may or may not undergo regular sound mutation.<br/> e.g. '''tag''' "hit" > tag'''et''' (progressive), tag'''am''' (desiderative), ta'''xo''' (near future with fricativisation ɡ > ɣ)
 
====Tense====
====Tense====
Iaskyon verbs have 4 tenses, each representing different time of action relative to the time of utterance.
Iaskyon verbs have 4 tenses, each representing different time of action relative to the time of utterance.
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====Mood====
====Mood====
*'''Potential'''<br>The potential mood marks:
*'''Potential'''<br>The potential mood marks:
**A possibility of the event happening.
**A possibility of the event happening.<br>e.g. Toi isdoup ''obnakyop''. "They ''may'' buy this house."
*'''Permissive'''<br>The permissive mood marks:
*'''Permissive'''<br>The permissive mood marks:
*#Presence of authorisation, permission for the event to happen.
*#Presence of authorisation, permission for the event to happen.<br>e.g. Yu ''iluyá'' dőn. "You are not ''allowed to enter''."<br>e.g. Yu dö''iluyá''. "You are ''allowed'' not ''to enter''."
*#That it is appropriate for the event to happen.
*#That it is appropriate for the event to happen.<br>e.g. Yuba wüof ''emőyá'' etöh. "You ''may'' slowly ''leave'' now."
*'''Abilitative'''<br>The abilitative mood marks:
*'''Abilitative'''<br>The abilitative mood marks:
*#An capability of the event to happen, or the agent to cause the event.
*#An capability of the event to happen, or the agent to cause the event.
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***an auxiliary verb '''gat''' "to want", '''ŋut''' or '''þűt''' "to hope", which carries the tense, and
***an auxiliary verb '''gat''' "to want", '''ŋut''' or '''þűt''' "to hope", which carries the tense, and
***changing the predicate to the direct object (in absolutive case).
***changing the predicate to the direct object (in absolutive case).
*'''Imperative'''
*'''Imperative'''<br>The imperative mood marks:
*'''Cohortative'''
**Commands, call for caution.
*'''Cohortative'''<br>The cohortative mood marks:
**mutual encouragement to do the specified action.
*'''Optative'''
*'''Optative'''
**


====Other verb forms====
====Other verb forms====
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===Particles===
===Particles===
===Numbers===
===Numbers===
The number system in Iaskyon is vigesimal (base-20). The writing system Iaswü has a set of 20 numerals to represent it.
The number ('''tögon''' /tœɡɔn/) system in Iaskyon is vigesimal (base-20). The writing system Iaswü has a set of 20 numerals to represent it.


Larger numbers are grouped by '''yil''' /jil/ ('''1000<sub>20</sub>''', i.e. 8000<sub>10</sub>), alike the Indo-European system of grouping by thousands.
Larger numbers are grouped by '''yil''' /jil/ ('''1000<sub>20</sub>''', i.e. 8000<sub>10</sub>), alike the Indo-European system of grouping by thousands.
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====Fractions and vigesimals====
====Fractions and vigesimals====
Fractions ('''aegĺtögnon''' /aigl̩ˈtœɡnɔn/) in Iaskyon use the word '''kil''' /kil/ from '''kilet''' /ˈkilɛʔ/ "cut, divide".<br/>
*'''Unit fractions'''<br/>Fractions with numerator 1 are constructed with denominator + ''kil'', "to cut D times".
**'''don'''kil (1/'''2'''), '''làd'''kil (1/'''3'''), '''wöx'''kil (1/'''4'''), ..., '''yé-donhwax'''kil (1/'''21'''<sub>20</sub> = 1/'''41''')...
*'''Simple fractions'''<br/>Simple fractions are constructed with numerator (locative) + denominator + ''kil'', "to cut D times at N".
**'''don'''eu làdkil ('''2'''/3), '''làd'''eu kíkil ('''3'''/5), ..., '''ŋeh'''eu sün-yéhwaxkil ('''G'''/17<sub>20</sub> = '''16'''/27), ..., '''buxşoc-küz-ŋehhwax'''eu yil-oxşoc-çà-wöxhwaxkil ('''9GH'''/1J4F<sub>20</sub> = '''3937'''/15295)...


===Word derivation===
===Word derivation===
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They are endowed with reason and conscience and should treat each other in a spirit of brotherhood.
They are endowed with reason and conscience and should treat each other in a spirit of brotherhood.
====The Tower of Babel (unfinished translation)====
'''Wes upyeu, u paileyeu löüm fá hwei kyonya sesḿ gün.'''
[βɛsˈupjɛŭ | ʔu ˌpailejɛŭ lœy̆m ˈɸaː xβ̞eĭ kjɔn.ja sezm̩ ɡyn]
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
'''Tĺbo wakowem þàkfeullespye, i Sináeu uhöl kaisḿ; eno u wekeneu emgeunüm.'''
[tl̩bɔ ˈβakoβɛm ˌtθɜk̚ɸɛulːɛspjɛ | ʔi ˌsinaː.ɛu ˈʔuxœl kaism̩ ‖ ɛnou βɛk̚nɛu ˈ(β̞)ɛmɡɛunym]
And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there.
'''Yasou tĺbi çamkwel sesḿ: hàgó, sebi xemcó céheno leba ünoibàmetó. Keu tĺbi xemcóhĺ xog, libonĺ guxme lahönüm.'''
[jasou tl̩bi ˈtɬamkβ̞ɛl sezm̩ ‖ xɜˈɡoː | sɛbi ɣɛmˈtsoː ˈtseːxnɔ lɛba ynɔibɜmɛˈtoː ‖ kɛu tl̩bi ɣɛmˈtsoːxl̩ ɣɔɡ | ˈlibɔnl̩ ɡuʔmɛ ˈlax(œ)nym]
And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for morter.
==See also==
==See also==
{{Iaskyon articles}}
{{Iaskyon articles}}


[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
<noinclude>
<noinclude>


</noinclude>
</noinclude>
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