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Chrysophylax (talk | contribs) m (Text replacement - "Category:Conlangs" to "Category:Languages") |
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|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Approximant | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Approximant | ||
| colspan="2"|'''''w''' | | colspan="2"|'''''w''' [β̞]'' | ||
| | | | ||
| colspan="2"|'''l''' /l/ | | colspan="2"|'''l''' /l/ | ||
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====Syllabic consonants==== | ====Syllabic consonants==== | ||
/m/ and /l/ have syllabic counterparts '''ḿ''' /m̩/ and '''ĺ''' /l̩/. | /m/ and /l/ have syllabic counterparts '''ḿ''' /m̩/ and '''ĺ''' /l̩/. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
====Short vowels==== | ====Short vowels==== | ||
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!|ai | !|ai | ||
!|au | !|au | ||
!| | !|ài | ||
!| | !|àu | ||
!|ei | !|ei | ||
!|eu | !|eu | ||
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The initial consonant has no restrictions. | The initial consonant has no restrictions. | ||
The following glide can be '''y'''/j/ or '''w'''/ | The following glide can be '''y'''/j/ or '''w'''/β̞/>[w]. | ||
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!|ky | !|ky | ||
|- | |- | ||
|/bj/||/pj/||/ | |/bj/||/pj/||/dβ̞/||/dj/||/tβ̞/||/tj/||/gβ̞/||/gj/||/kβ̞/||/kj/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|jy | !|jy | ||
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!|þy | !|þy | ||
|- | |- | ||
|/dzj/||/ | |/dzj/||/tsβ̞/||/tsj/||/tθβ̞/||/tθj/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|fy | !|fy | ||
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!|xy | !|xy | ||
|- | |- | ||
|/ɸj/||/βj/||/sj/||/zj/||/ | |/ɸj/||/βj/||/sj/||/zj/||/ɬβ̞/||/ɬj/||/xβ̞/||/xj/ [ç]/||/ɣβ̞/||/ɣj/ [ʝ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|mw | !|mw | ||
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!|ŋy | !|ŋy | ||
|- | |- | ||
|/ | |/mβ̞/||/mj/||/nj/||/ŋj/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|lw | !|lw | ||
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|/lw/||/lj/ | |/lw/||/lj/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Nucleus==== | ====Nucleus==== | ||
The nucleus can be any vowel, except for '''iu üa üe üi üö ui''' /iu ya yɛ yi yœ ui/ when the onset consists of an initial consonant and a glide. | The nucleus can be any vowel, except for '''iu üa üe üi üö ui''' /iu ya yɛ yi yœ ui/ when the onset consists of an initial consonant and a glide. | ||
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===Allophony=== | ===Allophony=== | ||
* | *Voiceless plosives are usually unreleased at coda. | ||
*Plosives and affricates are aspirated at onset. | *Plosives and affricates are slightly aspirated at onset. | ||
*'''h''' /x/ is realised as '''[ç]''' before and after /i(:)/, /y(:)/, and before /j/. | *'''h''' /x/ is realised as '''[ç]''' before and after /i(:)/, /y(:)/, and before /j/. | ||
*'''x''' /ɣ/ is realised as '''[ʝ]''' before and after /i(:)/, /y(:)/, before /j/, and '''[ʔ]''' at the end of a syllable. | *'''x''' /ɣ/ is realised as '''[ʝ]''' before and after /i(:)/, /y(:)/, before /j/, and '''[ʔ]''' at the end of a syllable. | ||
*'''w''' /β/ is realised as '''[ | *'''w''' /β/ is realised as '''[β̞]''' as a glide (second consonant) in a syllable. | ||
*'''t''' /t/ are realised as '''[ʔ]''' at the end of a syllable. | *'''t''' /t/ are realised as '''[ʔ]''' at the end of a syllable. | ||
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|} | |} | ||
====Demonstratives==== | ====Demonstratives, indefinite pronouns==== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 1000px; text-align: center" | |||
|- | |||
! scope="col" width="200px"| | |||
! scope="col" width="150px"|Interrogative<br/>(tw-, kw-) | |||
! scope="col" width="150px"|Proximal<br/>(yas-, is-) | |||
! scope="col" width="150px"|Distal<br/>(wes-) | |||
! scope="col" width="150px"|Universal<br/>(fá-) | |||
! scope="col" width="150px"|Existential | |||
! scope="col" width="150px"|Negative | |||
! scope="col" width="150px"|Paucal/Trivial | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row"|Adjective (-s) | |||
|twes<br/>"what" | |||
|yas, is-<br/>"this" | |||
|wes<br/>"that" | |||
|fá<br/>"all" | |||
|şes<br/>"some" | |||
|ça <br/>"none" | |||
|àl, nim<br/>"little, few" | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row"|Adverb (-f) | |||
|twef<br/>"how, in what manner" | |||
|yaf<br/>"in this manner" | |||
|wef<br/>"in that manner" | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row"|Person (hwe, -we) | |||
|mweun<br/>"who" | |||
|iswe<br/>"this person" | |||
|wewe<br/>"that person" | |||
|matnu/fá hwe<br/>"everyone in a group/universally" | |||
|şes hwe<br/>"some people" | |||
|hwidu <br/>"no one" | |||
|àlwe<br/>"few people" | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row"|Thing (gin, -e) | |||
|kwí<br/>"what thing" | |||
|yase<br/>"this thing" | |||
|wese<br/>"that thing" | |||
|fáŋàn<br/>"everything" | |||
|gĺa<br/>"something" | |||
|gindu<br/>"nothing" | |||
|nimi<br/>"little things" | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row"|Event, activity (yen, -ou) | |||
|kwou<br/>"what event" | |||
|yasou<br/>"this event" | |||
|wesou<br/>"that event" | |||
| | |||
|yĺa<br/>"some event" | |||
|yendu <br/>"no event" | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row"|Place (ken) | |||
|ekeu<br/>"where" (also locative) | |||
|yaken<br/>"here" | |||
|weken<br/>"there" | |||
|feken<br/>"everywhere" | |||
|kella<br/>"somewhere" | |||
|kendu<br/>"nowhere" | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! scope="row"|Time (upu) | |||
|upci<br/>"when" | |||
|etök<br/>"now" | |||
|wes upu<br/>"that time" | |||
| | |||
|upla<br/>"some point of time" | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Verbs are the most productive lexical category in Iaskyon, which describes an action, an event, a state, or a change in state. It is heavily conjugated to tense, aspect and mood. There exists two grammatical classes of verbs, namely t-class and null-class. | Verbs are the most productive lexical category in Iaskyon, which describes an action, an event, a state, or a change in state. It is heavily conjugated to tense, aspect and mood. There exists two grammatical classes of verbs, namely t-class and null-class. | ||
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T-class and null-class verbs are two classes of verbs that take different forms when conjugated. | T-class and null-class verbs are two classes of verbs that take different forms when conjugated. | ||
*'''T-class verbs:''' | *'''T-class verbs:''' | ||
**By definition end with a ''''t'''' | **By definition end with a ''''t''''<br/>e.g. yet "eat", byaut "waste", fiut "run". | ||
**May be formed by | **May be formed by | ||
***An obsolete affix added to a root ending with a vowel; verbs formed this way may or may not end with ''''et''''. | ***An obsolete affix added to a root ending with a vowel; verbs formed this way may or may not end with ''''et''''. | ||
***Derivation from other parts of speech; verbs formed this way tend to end with ''''et''''. | ***Derivation from other parts of speech; verbs formed this way tend to end with ''''et''''. | ||
**When conjugated, the ''''t''''-ending of which undergoes irregular consonant mutation. | **When conjugated, the ''''t''''-ending of which undergoes irregular consonant mutation. <br/> e.g. '''yet''' "eat" > ye'''llet''' (progressive with t > lː), ye'''ŋam''' (desiderative with t > ŋ), ye'''so''' (near future with t > s) | ||
*'''Null-class verbs:''' | *'''Null-class verbs:''' | ||
**Does not end with a ''''t'''' | **Does not end with a ''''t''''<br/>e.g. tag "hit", dém "drink", esyà "utilise". | ||
**May be formed by | **May be formed by | ||
***Unaltered root forms | ***Unaltered root forms | ||
***Other derivations into verbs | ***Other derivations into verbs | ||
**When conjugated, the endings of which may or may not undergo regular sound mutation. | **When conjugated, the endings of which may or may not undergo regular sound mutation.<br/> e.g. '''tag''' "hit" > tag'''et''' (progressive), tag'''am''' (desiderative), ta'''xo''' (near future with fricativisation ɡ > ɣ) | ||
====Tense==== | ====Tense==== | ||
Iaskyon verbs have 4 tenses, each representing different time of action relative to the time of utterance. | Iaskyon verbs have 4 tenses, each representing different time of action relative to the time of utterance. | ||
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====Mood==== | ====Mood==== | ||
*'''Potential'''<br>The potential mood marks: | *'''Potential'''<br>The potential mood marks: | ||
**A possibility of the event happening. | **A possibility of the event happening.<br>e.g. Toi isdoup ''obnakyop''. "They ''may'' buy this house." | ||
*'''Permissive'''<br>The permissive mood marks: | *'''Permissive'''<br>The permissive mood marks: | ||
*#Presence of authorisation, permission for the event to happen. | *#Presence of authorisation, permission for the event to happen.<br>e.g. Yu ''iluyá'' dőn. "You are not ''allowed to enter''."<br>e.g. Yu dö''iluyá''. "You are ''allowed'' not ''to enter''." | ||
*#That it is appropriate for the event to happen. | *#That it is appropriate for the event to happen.<br>e.g. Yuba wüof ''emőyá'' etöh. "You ''may'' slowly ''leave'' now." | ||
*'''Abilitative'''<br>The abilitative mood marks: | *'''Abilitative'''<br>The abilitative mood marks: | ||
*#An capability of the event to happen, or the agent to cause the event. | *#An capability of the event to happen, or the agent to cause the event. | ||
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***an auxiliary verb '''gat''' "to want", '''ŋut''' or '''þűt''' "to hope", which carries the tense, and | ***an auxiliary verb '''gat''' "to want", '''ŋut''' or '''þűt''' "to hope", which carries the tense, and | ||
***changing the predicate to the direct object (in absolutive case). | ***changing the predicate to the direct object (in absolutive case). | ||
*'''Imperative''' | *'''Imperative'''<br>The imperative mood marks: | ||
*'''Cohortative''' | **Commands, call for caution. | ||
*'''Cohortative'''<br>The cohortative mood marks: | |||
**mutual encouragement to do the specified action. | |||
*'''Optative''' | *'''Optative''' | ||
** | |||
====Other verb forms==== | ====Other verb forms==== | ||
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They are endowed with reason and conscience and should treat each other in a spirit of brotherhood. | They are endowed with reason and conscience and should treat each other in a spirit of brotherhood. | ||
====The Tower of Babel (unfinished translation)==== | |||
'''Wes upyeu, u paileyeu löüm fá hwei kyonya sesḿ gün.''' | |||
[βɛsˈupjɛŭ | ʔu ˌpailejɛŭ lœy̆m ˈɸaː xβ̞eĭ kjɔn.ja sezm̩ ɡyn] | |||
And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. | |||
'''Tĺbo wakowem þàkfeullespye, i Sináeu uhöl kaisḿ; eno u wekeneu emgeunüm.''' | |||
[tl̩bɔ ˈβakoβɛm ˌtθɜk̚ɸɛulːɛspjɛ | ʔi ˌsinaː.ɛu ˈʔuxœl kaism̩ ‖ ɛnou βɛk̚nɛu ˈ(β̞)ɛmɡɛunym] | |||
And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. | |||
'''Yasou tĺbi çamkwel sesḿ: hàgó, sebi xemcó céheno leba ünoibàmetó. Keu tĺbi xemcóhĺ xog, libonĺ guxme lahönüm.''' | |||
[jasou tl̩bi ˈtɬamkβ̞ɛl sezm̩ ‖ xɜˈɡoː | sɛbi ɣɛmˈtsoː ˈtseːxnɔ lɛba ynɔibɜmɛˈtoː ‖ kɛu tl̩bi ɣɛmˈtsoːxl̩ ɣɔɡ | ˈlibɔnl̩ ɡuʔmɛ ˈlax(œ)nym] | |||
And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for morter. | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
{{Iaskyon articles}} | {{Iaskyon articles}} | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
<noinclude> | <noinclude> | ||
</noinclude> | </noinclude> |