Ithkuil: Difference between revisions

The newly revised Ithkuil has 45 consonants and 13 vowels. At the left of each cell in the table below is the [[phoneme]], and at the right its transliterated representation if it is not written the same in IPA as in romanized Ithkuil. The consonants are as follows:<ref name="phonology">[http://www.ithkuil.net/01_phonology.html Ithkuil.net – Chapter 1: Phonology]</ref>

! rowspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]

! rowspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]

! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]

! rowspan="2" | [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]

! rowspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]

! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]

! rowspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]

! rowspan="2" | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]

! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]

! <small>[[Central consonant|central]]</small>

! <small>[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small>

! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]

| {{IPAlink|m}} || {{IPAlink|n̪}} ''n'' || || || || || || {{IPAlink|ŋ}} ''ň'' || ||

! rowspan="4" | [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]

! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>

| {{IPAlink|b}} || {{IPAlink|d̪}} ''d'' || || || || || || {{IPAlink|ɡ}} || ||

! <small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>

| {{IPAlink|p}} || {{IPAlink|t̪}} ''t'' || || || || || || {{IPAlink|k}} || {{IPAlink|q}} || {{IPAlink|ʔ}} ''’''

! <small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>

! <small>[[Ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>

| {{IPAlink|pʼ}} || {{IPAlink|t̪ʼ}} ''tʼ'' || || || || || || {{IPAlink|kʼ}} || {{IPAlink|qʼ}} ||  

! rowspan="4" | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]

| || || {{IPAlink|d͡z}} ''ż'' || || || {{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}} ''j'' || || || ||

| || || {{IPAlink|t͡s}} ''c'' || || || {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}} ''č'' || || || ||

| || || {{IPAlink|t͡sʼ}} ''c’'' || || || {{IPAlink|t͡ʃʼ}} ''č’'' || || || ||

! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]

| {{IPAlink|v}} || {{IPAlink|ð}} ''dh'' || {{IPAlink|z}} || || || {{IPAlink|ʒ}} ž || || || ||

| {{IPAlink|f}} || {{IPAlink|θ}} ''ţ'' || {{IPAlink|s}} || {{IPAlink|ɬ}} ''ļ'' || || {{IPAlink|ʃ}} ''š'' || {{IPAlink|ç}} || {{IPAlink|x}} || {{IPAlink|χ}} ''xh'' || {{IPAlink|h}}

! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]

| || || || {{IPAlink|l}} || || || {{IPAlink|j}} ''y'' || {{IPAlink|w}} || {{IPAlink|ʁ̞}} ''ř'' ||

! colspan="2" | [[Flap consonant|Flap]]

| || || || || {{IPAlink|ɽ}} ''r'' || || || || ||

/{{IPAlink|m}} {{IPAlink|n̪}} {{IPAlink|ŋ}} {{IPAlink|l}} {{IPAlink|ɽ}}/ can be syllabic. All consonants except /{{IPAlink|j}} {{IPAlink|w}} {{IPAlink|ʔ}}/ can be geminated; when geminated, {{IPAlink|h}} is a [[voiceless bidental fricative|bidental fricative]] or a [[voiceless pharyngeal fricative]] ({{IPAlink|ħ}}), and {{IPAlink|ɽ}} is an [[alveolar trill]].  

In a future revision of the language, Quijada has noted that ''cʰ'', ''c’'' ''čʰ'', ''č’'', ''kʰ'', ''k’'', ''ļ'', ''pʰ'', ''p’'', ''q'', ''qʰ'', ''q’'', ''ř'', ''tʰ'', ''t’'', and ''xh'' will be eliminated, ''x'' will be pronounced /x/~/χ/, /ɬ/ will only be an allophone of word-initial /l̥/ ([[voiceless alveolar lateral approximant]]) and be written as ''hl'', ''ň'' will be written as ''n'' before ''k'', ''g'', or ''x'', and ''dh'' will instead be written as ''ḑ'', as in the 2004 version of Ithkuil (this phoneme can optionally be written as ''đ'' or ''ḍ'', but ''ḑ '' is preferred).

! !! [[front vowel|Front]] !! [[central vowel|Central]] !! [[back vowel|Back]]

! [[Close vowel|Close]]

| {{IPAlink|iː}} ''î'' || {{IPAlink|ʉ}}~{{IPAlink|y}} ''ü'' || {{IPAlink|uː}} ''û''

! [[Near-close vowel|Near-close]]

| {{IPAlink|ɪ}} ''i'' || || {{IPAlink|ʊ}} ''u''

! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]

| {{IPAlink|eː}} ''ê'' || || {{IPAlink|oː}} ''ô''

! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]

| {{IPAlink|œ}}~{{IPAlink|ø}} ''ö'' || {{IPAlink|ə}} ''ë'' ||

! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]

| {{IPAlink|ɛ}} ''e'' || || {{IPAlink|ɔ}} ''o''

! [[Open vowel|Open]]

| || {{IPAlink|ä}} ''a'' || {{IPAlink|ɑ}} ''â''

/{{IPAlink|ɪ}} {{IPAlink|ʊ}}/ are pronounced [{{IPAlink|i}} {{IPAlink|u}}] when they precede another vowel, and when at the end of a word. /{{IPAlink|ɛ}} {{IPAlink|ɔ}}/ are pronounced [{{IPAlink|e}} {{IPAlink|o}}] when they precede another vowel, excepting /{{IPAlink|ɪ}} {{IPAlink|ʊ}}/.