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Jalaia: Difference between revisions
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:"taa", meaning "river" | :"taa", meaning "river", pronounced [tä:] | ||
:"tää", meaning "knee". | :"tää", meaning "knee", pronounced [tæ:]. | ||
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:"taatta", meaning "from the river" | :"taatta", meaning "from the river", pronounced [ˈtä:t:ä] in Official (O) or [ˈtä↘.tä] in Colloquial (C) | ||
:"täättä", meaning "from the knee". | :"täättä", meaning "from the knee", pronounced [ˈtæ:t:æ] (O) or [ˈtæ↘.tæ] in (C). | ||
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:"taattammasan", meaning "to your location from the river" | :"taattammasan", meaning "to your location from the river", pronounced [ˈtä:t:äm:äsän] (O) or [ˈtä↘.ʔm:ä̚sän] (C) | ||
:"täättämmäsän", meaning "to your location from the knee" | :"täättämmäsän", meaning "to your location from the knee", pronounced [ˈtæ:t:æm:æsæn] (O) or [ˈtæ↘.ʔm:æ̚sæn] (C) | ||
:"taaittaiuuias olanis", meaning "[it] was where one moves inside between the rivers" | :"taaittaiuuias olanis", meaning "[it] was where one moves inside between the rivers", pronounced [ˈtä:ʲit:ä.i.u:.i.äs ˈolänis] (O) or [ˈtä:↘.täju:jä̚s ˈonis] (C) | ||
:"tääittäiyyiäs olanis", meaning "[it] was where one moves inside between the knees". | :"tääittäiyyiäs olanis", meaning "[it] was where one moves inside between the knees", pronounced [ˈtæ:ʲit:æ.i.y:.i.æs ˈonin] (O) or [ˈtæ:↘.tæ̚jy:s ˈonis] (C). | ||
=====Consonant clusters===== | =====Consonant clusters===== | ||
Though theoretically in Colloquial Jalaia all consonant combinations are possible, it retains the Official Jalaia's allowable consonant clusters by omitting the consonants that would make an otherwise possible consonant cluster impossible. Five-consonant clusters in Colloquial Jalaia can only exist of two consonant clusters allowed by Official Jalaia, of which one must consist of two consonants and the other of three consonants. | |||
Consonant clusters that can be used at the beginning of a syllable are as follows: /kl/, /kr/, /mn/, /mr/, /nm/, /pl/, /pn/, /pr/, /pt/, /sk/, /sl/, /sm/, /sn/, /sp/, /st/, /sv/ and /tr/. Consonant clusters that can be used at the end of a syllable are as follows: '''/hk/''', '''/hp/''', '''/ht/''', /ks/, '''/kst/''', /lk/, '''/lks/''', /ls/, '''/lst/''', /lt/, /ms/, '''/mst/''', /mt/, /ns/, '''/nst/''', /nt/, /ps/, '''/pst/''', /pt/, /rn/, '''/rnt/''', /sk/, '''/skt''', /sp/, '''/spt/''', /st/ and /ts/. Letters in '''bold''' cannot be used in the final two syllables of a verb (see Verbs). | |||
=====Vowel clusters===== | =====Vowel clusters===== | ||
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==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
===Nouns=== | |||
Nouns are a highly used aspect of Jalaia, and are used as both nouns and adjectives. There are two grammatical numbers, singular and plural. | |||
There are five different classes of nouns: rounded open, unrounded open, rounded closed, unrounded closed, neutral open and neutral closed. Open syllables are syllables that end on vowels, whilst closed syllables end on consonants; rounded and unrounded focuses on the vowels in the word, whereby neutral words only have the neutral letters /e/ and /i/. | |||
====Number==== | |||
Nouns have two different numbers, dual and plural. Use of the dual is optional, although it has persisted in several archaic expressions, e.g. "lijusti" (the suns) and "eskiai" (breasts, on a single person). | |||
The dual number is formed by adding the suffix -i to a noun. If the noun is governed by cases, the suffix comes after the suffixes for the cases in question. When the suffix comes after a consonant, it morphs into -ti. | |||
The plural number is formed by adding the suffix -t to a noun. If the noun is governed by cases, the suffix comes after the suffixes for the cases in question. If the suffix comes after a /t/, it morphs into -te. | |||
====Cases==== | |||
Grammatical cases are added to the end of a noun and reflect the situation that one is in. It is possible to use multiple cases on a single noun, but those cases cannot be of the same class (i.e. grammatical, essive, marginal). In cases where the suffix used for a case contains a vowel that is subject to vowel harmonization, this vowel will reflect the roundedness or unroundedness of the words it is attached to. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="5" style="background:#cfcfcf;" | Jalaian cases | |||
|- | |||
! Case !! Suffix !! English prep. !! Example !! Translation | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Grammatical | |||
|- | |||
| nominative || - || - || teola || house | |||
|- | |||
| genitive | |||
| -(e)m || of / 's, when used in reference to another noun adjectival indicator|| teolam || of (a) house / house's | |||
|- | |||
| accusative || -(e)n || - || teolan || house | |||
|- | |||
| partitive | |||
| -(e)jje || - || teolajje || house (as an object) | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Locative (internal) | |||
|- | |||
| inessive || -iaa/-iää || in || teolaiaa || in (a) house | |||
|- | |||
| elative || -ie/-iee || from (inside) || teolaie || from (a) house | |||
|- | |||
| illative || -iuu/-iyy || into || teolaiuu || into (a) house | |||
|- | |||
| prolative || -(i)kka/-(i)kkä || through || teolakka || through the house | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Locative (external) | |||
|- | |||
| adessive || -(i)ka/-(i)kä || at, on, around || teolaka || at (a) house | |||
|- | |||
| ablative || -(e)tta/-(e)ttä || from || teolatta || from (a) house | |||
|- | |||
| allative || -(i)mma/-(i)mmä || to || teolamma || to (a) house | |||
|- | |||
| apudessive || -(i)ko/-(i)kö || next to || teolako || next to (a) house | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Essive | |||
|- | |||
| essive || -(e)ssa/-(e)ssä || as || teolassa || as a house | |||
|- | |||
| exessive || -ioo/-iöö || from being || teolaioo || from being a house | |||
|- | |||
| antessive || -(e)sso/-(e)ssö || prior to (being) ||teolasso || prior to being a house | |||
|- | |||
| final || -esse || end (of), meant for || teolaesse || meant for the house | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Superlative | |||
|- | |||
| lative || -(e)lla/-(e)llä || more [adjective]/-er || teolalla || more homely | |||
|- | |||
| superlative || -(e)llu/-(e)lly || most [adjective]/-est || teolallu || most homely | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Marginal | |||
|- | |||
| instrumental || -(i)jja/-(e)jjä|| with (the aid of) || teolajja || with the house | |||
|- | |||
| comitative || -sta/-stä || together (with) || teolasta || with the house | |||
|- | |||
| temporal || -(i)kko/-(i)kkö || during || teolakko || during (the existence of a) house | |||
|- | |||
| intrative || -itta/-ittä || (in) between || teolaitta || in between the houses* | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Vocative | |||
|- | |||
| vocative || -iu/-iy || exclamation, emphasis || teolaiu! || house! | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | * This is an automatic plural. | |||
|} | |||
An example word would be: | |||
: "neöttessälejjeiyyssäkköiy!" | |||
: "neöttessäl-ejje-iyy-ssä-kkö-iy" | |||
: "relationship-PARTITIVE-ILLATIVE-ESSIVE-TEMPORAL-VOCATIVE" | |||
: "like going into a certain aspect of an ongoing relationship!" | |||
===Morphology=== | ===Morphology=== | ||
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | ||
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<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --> | <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --> | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Languages]] | ||