Kṽarna: Difference between revisions

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== Phonology ==
= Phonology =
All vowels can be long. The vowels in paratheses are borrowed from other languages and are not native
All vowels can be long. The vowels in paratheses are borrowed from other languages and are not native
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|n
|n
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|ɲ
|ŋ
|ŋ
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|t d
|t d
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|
|ɟ
|k g
|k g
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|
|
|ʔ
|-
|-
|Affricative
|Affricative
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|t͡s
|t͡s
|
|tʃ dʒ
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|f v
|f v
|
|θ ð
|s z
|s z
|ʃ
|ʃ ʒ
|
|ʝ ç
|
|
|
|ʁ χ
|h
|h
|-
|-
|Approximant
|Approximant
|
|
|
|(ʋ)
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|
|j
|j
|w
|w ʍ
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|r r̥
|r r̥
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|'''
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|-
|Lateral fric.
|Lateral fric.
|'''
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|ɬ
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== Ortography ==
Kõraakii uses the English alphabet, but with a few extra letters added and a few removed. <br/>
a ã ä b c d e f g h i j k l m n o õ ő p r s t u ũ ű ů v w (y) z<br/>
The double letters in words (e.g tuuka) are used to indicate a long vowel, and a double consonant usually represents a short vowel (e.g hitta). Some of the special letters
have their own short or long version.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Long !! Short !! Pronunciation
|-
| Õ || Ő || [ø:]; [œ]
|-
| Ũ || Ű || [y:]; [ʏ]
|}


== Grammar ==
= Ortography =
Kwarna uses the Latin alphabet with a couple of extensions
= Grammar =


=== Pronouns ===
== Pronouns ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!English
!English
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|-
|-
|I
|I
|Ikka [ɪka]
|Ẽo
|-
|-
|You
|You
|Tuuka [tu:ka]
|Laña
|-
|-
|He
|He
|Hitta [hɪta]
|Prasna
|-
|-
|She
|She
|Siika [si:ka]
|Krasna
|-
|-
|It
|It
|Ässa [ɛsa]
|Rasna
|-
|One
|Mäka [mɛ:ka]
|-
|-
|We
|We
|Vűkka [vʏka]
|Ẽoler
|-
|-
|You (pl.)
|You (pl.)
|nůkka [nɔʏka]
|Lañaler
|-
|-
|They
|They
|täika [tɛika]
|Prasnaler, krasnaler, rasnaler
|}
|}


To indicate posession, the suffix -sse is added
 
== Articles ==
There are no articles in Kwarna. The accusative suffix "-juva" can be used to indicate that you are talking about a specific item
 
== Conjugation ==
=== Presens Conjugation ===
ŧağa → to be
-ğa is the stem of the verb. If the pronouns starts with a vowel (e.g. Ẽo), then the "ğ" stays. For any other case, the "ğa" is removed completly, and the pronoun is added to the remaining verb
 
ŧağa → ŧa(ğ) → ŧağẽo (I am) → ŧalaña (you are)
 
 
===Past Conjugation===
The past works almost the same as the presens, but instead of adding the pronouns to the stem of the verb, the pronouns are added to the stem of the verb + "gu"
 
ŧağa → ŧa- → ŧagu (past stem)<br />
ŧagṽẽo¹ (I was)<br />
ŧagulaña (you were)<br />
 
¹When the pronoun start with a vowel, the "u" is being replaced with a ṽ
 
 
===Future Conjugation===
The past works almost the same as the presens, but instead of adding the pronouns to the stem of the verb, the pronouns are added to the stem of the verb + "la"
 
ŧağa → ŧa- → ŧala (future stem)<br />
ŧalağẽo (I will be)<br />
ŧalalaña (you will be)<br />
 
 
=== Negation ===
Negation is indicated by a „đa“ directly after the stem of the verb.
 
'''I do not like being in school'''<br />
Ẽojẽo koli gamađağẽo đağa<br />
Ẽo-jẽo koli gama-đa-ğ-ẽo đa-ğa<br />
''1SG-ALL school like-NEG-ğ-PRS.1SG be.inside-INF''<br />
I-to school like-not-I be inside<br />
Me school not like to be inside<br />
 
== To be ==
he word „to be“ can either be „ŧağa“ or it can be added to the end of a word.
 
The endings are as follows:<br />
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!English
|I am
!Kõraakii
| -dim
|-
|-
|Mine
|You are
|Ikkasse
| -deš
|-
|-
|Your
|He/she/it/ is
|Tuukasse
| -duras
|-
|-
|His
|We
|Hittasse
| -dimae
|-
|-
|Her
|You(pl.)
|Siikasse
| -dešae
|-
|-
|Its
|They
|Ässasse
| -durasae
|}
 
interneŧudim – I am on the internet<br />
kolitudimae – We are at school<br />
žafalañamotuduras – He is in your house<br />
frizørlañamotudeš-mı; - Are you at your barber?<br />
ŧertadeš-mı; - Where are you?<br />
 
 
===Negation===
Negation works by adding „ço“ before the form
 
kolitudimae – we are at school <br />
kolituçodimae – we are not at school<br />
 
 
====I want to be====
„I want to be“ has its own form, it is formed by using the „to be“ forms + „agura“ (desire)
 
Kolitudimagura – I want to be at school<br />
Kolituçodimagura – I do not want to be at school <br />
 
 
== Prepositions ==
Prepositions in Kṽarna are either integrated into the verb or are added at the end of a noun.
 
ŧağa → to be<br />
đağa → to be in(side)<br />
'''Koli đağ-ẽo'''<br />
''School be.inside-PRS.1SG''<br />
I am in school<br />
 
Otherwise, the prepostions are added to the end of a noun<br />
{| class="wikitable"
|Case name
|Description in English
|Ending in Kwarna
|-
|Allative
|to (place/person)
| -ja
|-
|Allative
|to (thing)
| -jẽo
|-
|-
|Ones
|Genitiv
|Mäkasse
|of
| -mo
|-
|-
|Our
|Inessive
|Vűkkasse
|in
| -tu (ŧu²)
|-
|-
|Your (pl.)
|Accusative
|nůkkasse
|
| -juva
|-
|-
|Their
|Instrumental
|täikasse
|³
| ³
|}
|}


=== Articles ===
²If word ends in a "t" (internet), it is replaced with -ŧu (interneŧu)
There are, technically, no articles in Kõraakii. There is an ending for "the" and an ending for "a". If you want to, for example, say "a cool house", then you write "kuusinon kuulikki" (a house cool), or "the cool language" is "taalinũn kuulikki" (the language cool). And these endings are the same for every word. If you want to have a plural "the", then you simply use the plural form of a noun (by adding -neen) and add (n)ũn. An example, "the languages" would be "taalineenũn".


=== Conjugation ===
³Instrumental (with)
There is no conjungation, that means, if there is a verb, you do not change it for any person. Let's take the word wõri [wø:ri] (to be). If you want to say "You are", you write "Tuuka wõri" [Tu:ka wø:ri] and so on. To indicate past and future, prefixes are added. These are cã- for past and ců- for future. An example: "Ikka cãgjőrikka" [ɪka t͡sæ'gjoerika] = I did.


=== Negation ===
1. If last letter consonant: devoice consonant and add “a” <br />
To negate a sentence, the prefix nää- is added to the verb. An example: "Ikka nää-wõri" [ɪka nɛ:'wø:ri]= I am not.
(a) If consonant has no devoiced part, write consonant twice (lañaler -> lañalerra) <br />
2. If last letter is vowel: replace vowel with “ø”<br />
3. If last vowel is „ø“, „oes“ is used<br />
4. If it is „ẽo“, the form is irregular - kaeftø<br />
 
 
Here is an example of a more advanced sentence using „-ja“
 
Žafaja halđa milaña-mı; → When are you going to the house?<br />
Žafa-ja halđa mi-laña-mı;<br />
House-ALL when go-PRS.2SG Q?<br />
(Note: The question mark is a colon in Kṽarna)<br />


=== Questions ===
Here is an example of a sentence using the Instrumental case:  
To indicate a question, the word order is changed (like in English) and the suffix -zõ is added onto the verb. An example: Ikka wõri = I am<br/>
Wõrizõ ikka? [wø:ri'zø: ɪka] = Am I?


[[Category:Conlangs]]
lañø zuğẽo, venųğẽomo → I am speaking to you, my friend <br />
lañ-ø zuğ-ẽo venų-ğẽo-mo <br />
2SG-INS speak-PRS.1SG friend-1SG-GEN<br />
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:A posteriori]]
[[Category:A posteriori]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]

Latest revision as of 02:30, 20 January 2017

Kṽarna

Kwarna
Kṽarna
Pronunciation[[Help:IPA|kʍarnɐ]]
Created byMarvin Johanning
Date2015
SettingUsed for official documents of the Institute for Jeïos, personal use
Language isolate
  • Kwarna
Official status
Regulated byInstitute for Jeïos
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

History

Phonology

All vowels can be long. The vowels in paratheses are borrowed from other languages and are not native

Front Central Back
Close i (y) u
Mid e (ø) ɛ ə ɔ o
Open a ɐ


Bilibial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive p b t d ɟ k g ʔ
Affricative t͡s tʃ dʒ
Fricative f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʝ ç ʁ χ h
Approximant (ʋ) j w ʍ
Trill r r̥
Lateral fric. ɬ
Lateral app. l
Flap ɾ


Ortography

Kwarna uses the Latin alphabet with a couple of extensions

Grammar

Pronouns

English Kõraakii
I Ẽo
You Laña
He Prasna
She Krasna
It Rasna
We Ẽoler
You (pl.) Lañaler
They Prasnaler, krasnaler, rasnaler


Articles

There are no articles in Kwarna. The accusative suffix "-juva" can be used to indicate that you are talking about a specific item

Conjugation

Presens Conjugation

ŧağa → to be -ğa is the stem of the verb. If the pronouns starts with a vowel (e.g. Ẽo), then the "ğ" stays. For any other case, the "ğa" is removed completly, and the pronoun is added to the remaining verb

ŧağa → ŧa(ğ) → ŧağẽo (I am) → ŧalaña (you are)


Past Conjugation

The past works almost the same as the presens, but instead of adding the pronouns to the stem of the verb, the pronouns are added to the stem of the verb + "gu"

ŧağa → ŧa- → ŧagu (past stem)
ŧagṽẽo¹ (I was)
ŧagulaña (you were)

¹When the pronoun start with a vowel, the "u" is being replaced with a ṽ


Future Conjugation

The past works almost the same as the presens, but instead of adding the pronouns to the stem of the verb, the pronouns are added to the stem of the verb + "la"

ŧağa → ŧa- → ŧala (future stem)
ŧalağẽo (I will be)
ŧalalaña (you will be)


Negation

Negation is indicated by a „đa“ directly after the stem of the verb.

I do not like being in school
Ẽojẽo koli gamađağẽo đağa
Ẽo-jẽo koli gama-đa-ğ-ẽo đa-ğa
1SG-ALL school like-NEG-ğ-PRS.1SG be.inside-INF
I-to school like-not-I be inside
Me school not like to be inside

To be

he word „to be“ can either be „ŧağa“ or it can be added to the end of a word.

The endings are as follows:

I am -dim
You are -deš
He/she/it/ is -duras
We -dimae
You(pl.) -dešae
They -durasae

interneŧudim – I am on the internet
kolitudimae – We are at school
žafalañamotuduras – He is in your house
frizørlañamotudeš-mı; - Are you at your barber?
ŧertadeš-mı; - Where are you?


Negation

Negation works by adding „ço“ before the form

kolitudimae – we are at school
kolituçodimae – we are not at school


I want to be

„I want to be“ has its own form, it is formed by using the „to be“ forms + „agura“ (desire)

Kolitudimagura – I want to be at school
Kolituçodimagura – I do not want to be at school


Prepositions

Prepositions in Kṽarna are either integrated into the verb or are added at the end of a noun.

ŧağa → to be
đağa → to be in(side)
Koli đağ-ẽo
School be.inside-PRS.1SG
I am in school

Otherwise, the prepostions are added to the end of a noun

Case name Description in English Ending in Kwarna
Allative to (place/person) -ja
Allative to (thing) -jẽo
Genitiv of -mo
Inessive in -tu (ŧu²)
Accusative -juva
Instrumental ³ ³

²If word ends in a "t" (internet), it is replaced with -ŧu (interneŧu)

³Instrumental (with) 

1. If last letter consonant: devoice consonant and add “a”

(a) If consonant has no devoiced part, write consonant twice (lañaler -> lañalerra) 

2. If last letter is vowel: replace vowel with “ø”

3. If last vowel is „ø“, „oes“ is used

4. If it is „ẽo“, the form is irregular - kaeftø


Here is an example of a more advanced sentence using „-ja“

Žafaja halđa milaña-mı; → When are you going to the house?
Žafa-ja halđa mi-laña-mı;
House-ALL when go-PRS.2SG Q?
(Note: The question mark is a colon in Kṽarna)

Here is an example of a sentence using the Instrumental case:

lañø zuğẽo, venųğẽomo → I am speaking to you, my friend
lañ-ø zuğ-ẽo venų-ğẽo-mo
2SG-INS speak-PRS.1SG friend-1SG-GEN

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