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= Phonology = | |||
All vowels can be long. The vowels in paratheses are borrowed from other languages and are not native | All vowels can be long. The vowels in paratheses are borrowed from other languages and are not native | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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|r r̥ | |r r̥ | ||
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| | |''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|Lateral fric. | |Lateral fric. | ||
| | |''' | ||
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= Ortography = | |||
Kwarna uses the Latin alphabet with a couple of extensions | Kwarna uses the Latin alphabet with a couple of extensions | ||
= Grammar = | |||
== Pronouns == | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!English | !English | ||
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== Articles == | |||
There are no articles in Kwarna. The accusative suffix "-juva" can be used to indicate that you are talking about a specific item | There are no articles in Kwarna. The accusative suffix "-juva" can be used to indicate that you are talking about a specific item | ||
== Conjugation == | |||
=== Presens Conjugation === | |||
ŧağa → to be | ŧağa → to be | ||
-ğa is the stem of the verb. If the pronouns starts with a vowel (e.g. Ẽo), then the "ğ" stays. For any other case, the "ğa" is removed completly, and the pronoun is added to the remaining verb | -ğa is the stem of the verb. If the pronouns starts with a vowel (e.g. Ẽo), then the "ğ" stays. For any other case, the "ğa" is removed completly, and the pronoun is added to the remaining verb | ||
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ŧağa → ŧa(ğ) → ŧağẽo (I am) → ŧalaña (you are) | ŧağa → ŧa(ğ) → ŧağẽo (I am) → ŧalaña (you are) | ||
===Past Conjugation=== | |||
The past works almost the same as the presens, but instead of adding the pronouns to the stem of the verb, the pronouns are added to the stem of the verb + "gu" | The past works almost the same as the presens, but instead of adding the pronouns to the stem of the verb, the pronouns are added to the stem of the verb + "gu" | ||
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¹When the pronoun start with a vowel, the "u" is being replaced with a ṽ | ¹When the pronoun start with a vowel, the "u" is being replaced with a ṽ | ||
===Future Conjugation=== | |||
The past works almost the same as the presens, but instead of adding the pronouns to the stem of the verb, the pronouns are added to the stem of the verb + "la" | The past works almost the same as the presens, but instead of adding the pronouns to the stem of the verb, the pronouns are added to the stem of the verb + "la" | ||
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Me school not like to be inside<br /> | Me school not like to be inside<br /> | ||
=== | == To be == | ||
he word „to be“ can either be „ŧağa“ or it can be added to the end of a word. | |||
The endings are as follows:<br /> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|I am | |||
| -dim | |||
|- | |||
|You are | |||
| -deš | |||
|- | |||
|He/she/it/ is | |||
| -duras | |||
|- | |||
|We | |||
| -dimae | |||
|- | |||
|You(pl.) | |||
| -dešae | |||
|- | |||
|They | |||
| -durasae | |||
|} | |||
interneŧudim – I am on the internet<br /> | |||
kolitudimae – We are at school<br /> | |||
žafalañamotuduras – He is in your house<br /> | |||
frizørlañamotudeš-mı; - Are you at your barber?<br /> | |||
ŧertadeš-mı; - Where are you?<br /> | |||
===Negation=== | |||
Negation works by adding „ço“ before the form | |||
kolitudimae – we are at school <br /> | |||
kolituçodimae – we are not at school<br /> | |||
====I want to be==== | |||
„I want to be“ has its own form, it is formed by using the „to be“ forms + „agura“ (desire) | |||
Kolitudimagura – I want to be at school<br /> | |||
Kolituçodimagura – I do not want to be at school <br /> | |||
== Prepositions == | |||
Prepositions in Kṽarna are either integrated into the verb or are added at the end of a noun. | |||
ŧağa → to be<br /> | |||
đağa → to be in(side)<br /> | |||
'''Koli đağ-ẽo'''<br /> | |||
''School be.inside-PRS.1SG''<br /> | |||
I am in school<br /> | |||
Otherwise, the prepostions are added to the end of a noun<br /> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|Case name | |||
|Description in English | |||
|Ending in Kwarna | |||
|- | |||
|Allative | |||
|to (place/person) | |||
| -ja | |||
|- | |||
|Allative | |||
|to (thing) | |||
| -jẽo | |||
|- | |||
|Genitiv | |||
|of | |||
| -mo | |||
|- | |||
|Inessive | |||
|in | |||
| -tu (ŧu²) | |||
|- | |||
|Accusative | |||
| | |||
| -juva | |||
|- | |||
|Instrumental | |||
|³ | |||
| ³ | |||
|} | |||
²If word ends in a "t" (internet), it is replaced with -ŧu (interneŧu) | |||
³Instrumental (with) | |||
1. If last letter consonant: devoice consonant and add “a” <br /> | |||
(a) If consonant has no devoiced part, write consonant twice (lañaler -> lañalerra) <br /> | |||
2. If last letter is vowel: replace vowel with “ø”<br /> | |||
3. If last vowel is „ø“, „oes“ is used<br /> | |||
4. If it is „ẽo“, the form is irregular - kaeftø<br /> | |||
Here is an example of a more advanced sentence using „-ja“ | |||
Žafaja halđa milaña-mı; → When are you going to the house?<br /> | |||
Žafa-ja halđa mi-laña-mı;<br /> | |||
House-ALL when go-PRS.2SG Q?<br /> | |||
(Note: The question mark is a colon in Kṽarna)<br /> | |||
Here is an example of a sentence using the Instrumental case: | |||
[[Category: | lañø zuğẽo, venųğẽomo → I am speaking to you, my friend <br /> | ||
lañ-ø zuğ-ẽo venų-ğẽo-mo <br /> | |||
2SG-INS speak-PRS.1SG friend-1SG-GEN<br /> | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | |||
[[Category:A posteriori]] | [[Category:A posteriori]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||