Kandi: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
Line 227: Line 227:
|}
|}


===Diphthongs===
There are eleven [[w:diphthongs|diphthongs]] according to most analyses. These are /aj/, /ɛj/, /uj/, /ja/, /jɛ/, /ju/, /aw/, /ɛw/, /wa/, /wi/ and /wɛ/.
{| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
|style="padding-bottom:3px;"|  
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Diphthongs-Ts.png|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"|
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 9%; width: 1em; top: 2%; background: white;">i</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 1.2em; top: 2%; background: white;">u</div>
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
<!-- <div style="position: absolute; left: 18%; width: 1.3em; top: 30%; background: white;">ø</div> -->
<!-- <div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;">ɤ · o</div> -->
<!-- MID VOWELS -->
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 2.5em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɛ</div>
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 66%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;">a</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;'''Near-close'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open'''
|}
<div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0.33em">''Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.</div>
===Allophony===
====Affricatised consonants====
The affricatised consonants were first analysed by Crossing, and refers to a certain form of dissimilation in the Tsani language. Intervocally, fricative consonants and /r/ change their pronunciation. The name is misleading however - not all consonants form affricates.
{| class="" style="width: 550px; text-align:center"
|+'''Tsani emphatics and finals'''
|-
! colspan="8"|Phonological changes
|-
!
!th
!s
!lh
!sh
!kh
!h
!r
|-
! Plain
|/θ/
|/s/
|/ɬ/
|/ɕ/
|/χ/
|/h/
|/r ~ ʁ ~ ʀ/
|-
!Emphatic
|[t͡θ]
|[t͡s]
|[t͡ɬ]
|[ʃ]
|[q͡χ]
| <ref name="alpha"></ref>
|[ɣ]
|-
!Final
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
||[ç] ~ [ʔ]
|[r]
|}<ref name="alpha">/h/, « ''àtreyi'' » in Tsan, is highly allophonic, with a few uncommon varieties. See [[Tsan#The one that is like smoke|the àtreyi]] for more information.
</ref><references/>
{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Yáku{{blue|s}}ehitsu.
|IPA = /jaːcu{{blue|s}}ehit͡su↗/ → [jaːqu{{blue|t͡s}}eçʷʰit͡su↗]
|morphemes = yá-kuseh-i-tsu
|gloss = NFUT.DYN.PRFV.3SG.M-fish-REL-EVID.HEAR
|translation = I hear he is out fishing.
|index = 1.1
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = I{{blue|kh}}u{{blue|r}}iyáan thayàá{{blue|th}}ùmi.
|IPA = /i{{blue|χ}}u{{blue|ʀ}}ijaːan θajãaː{{blue|θ}}ũmi↗/ → [i{{blue|q͡χ}}u{{blue|ɣ}}ijaːan θajãaː{{blue|t͡θ}}ũmi↗]
|morphemes = i-kuri-yáan thayà-áthùm-i
|gloss =  OBL.3SG.N-here-OBL.3SG.N  FUT.DYN.PRFV.3SG.M-stand-REL
|translation = I will stand here.
|index = 1.2
}}
====Unreleased consonants====
When in coda position of a word, consonants are pronounced with [[w:no audible release|no audible release]]. This applies to all oral occlusives, or plosives. Ejective plosives are never found in final position and thus never unreleased. D'Ivoir observed a tendency for final occlusive consonants to be fricativised in certain dialects. He did not want to go as far as to call it phonemic, however.
{|  class="" style="width: 550px; text-align:center"
|+'''Tsani final occlusives'''
|-
! colspan="8"|
|-
!
!p
!t
!k
|-
! Plain
|/p/
|/t/
|/c ~ q/
|-
!Unreleased
|[p̚]
|[t̚]
|[c̚ ~ q̚]
|}
{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Tuéekíha{{blue|p}}.
|IPA = /tʼeːeciha{{blue|p}}↗/ → [tʼeːeciçʷʰa{{blue|p̚}}↗], (tʼeːeciçʷʰa{{blue|ɸ}})
|morphemes = tuée-kíhap-∅
|gloss = EVID.SUBJ-random-PRDV
|translation = That was random.
|index = 1.3
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Kànayi ra{{blue|k}}.
|IPA = /kãnaji ʀa{{blue|q}}↗/ → [kãnaji ʀa{{blue|q̚}}↗], (kãnaji ʀa{{blue|χ}})
|morphemes = kànay-i rak-∅
|gloss = long-REL scar-PRDV
|translation = Scars are long-lived.
|index = 1.4
}}
====The one that is like smoke====
The consonant « ''àtreyi'' », /ãtʀeji/, is generally pronounced like a so called glottal fricative; English [[w:haitch|haitch]]. Its Tsani name means ''"the one that is like smoke"'', and its pronunciation is realised quite differently depending on the phonological circumstances.
The àtreyi is always assimilated into the next syllable, if it occurs intervocally; Vh.V > V.hV
{| class="" style="width: 550px; text-align:center"
|+'''Allophones of ''àtreyi'''''
|-
!Initial
!/ha/
!/he/, /hi/
!/hu/, /ho/
!Preconsonantal
!Final
|-
|[h]
|[ħ]
|[çʷʰ]
|[ɸʰ]
|[x̞]
|[ç] ~ [ʔ]
|-
|}
====The one that is like drops of rain====
The consonant « ''àkaánitshih'' », /ãkaaːnit͡ɕih/, is the Tsani rhotic consonant. The name of the consonant means ''"the one that is like drops of rain"'', and its pronunciation varies due to context and speaker.
===Suprasegmentals===
====Stress====
Tsani does not phonemically distinguish words stress, similar to French. Some linguists have criticised d'Ivoire for this view, claiming it is francocentric. It does, according to d'Ivoir, have a sentence stress; a stress that almost unexclusively falls on the last syllable, just like in the [[w:French language|French language]]. It is not appropriate to call this stress, however; a more fitting description is a universal rise in tone.
{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Hùnutshih!
|IPA = /hũnut͡ɕiʔ{{blue|↗}}/
|morphemes = h-ùnutshih
|gloss = INTF-sand-PRDV
|translation = Sand!
|index = 1.5
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Akénin tsúriyuya.
|IPA = /aceːnin t͡suːrijuja{{blue|↗}}/
|morphemes = a-kéni-n tsúriyu-ya
|gloss = INTF-heat-REL cold-CAUS
|translation = Cold makes heat.
|index = 1.6
}}{{Gloss/indexable
|phrase = Ayéewintàn tú tsehayéetsanin tú, a wintàn yátshùyáan.
|IPA = /ajeːewintãn tuː t͡sehajeːet͡sanin tuː {{blue|↗}} <nowiki>|</nowiki> a wintãn jaːt͡ɕũjaːan{{blue|↗}}/
|morphemes = ayée-wintà-n tú tseh-ayée-tsani-n tú a wintà-n i-átshù-yáan
|gloss = INST.3SG.N-ear-REL two and-INST.3SG-hand-REL two alas ear-REL OBL.3SG.N-head-OBL.3SG.N
|translation = Two ears and two hands, but the ears are on the head.
|index = 1.7
}}
==Grammar==
Tsan has a fairly complex grammar; it lacks the common definition of a noun. Instead, all nouns are so called "nominals" verbs conjugated in a certain pattern.
===Syntax===
====Nominals and verbals====
The language differentiates '''nominal''' and '''verbal''' constructs of finite verbs. A verbal verb acts like a normal verb. A nominal verb on the other hand, has affixes that makes it more similar to a noun or adjective.
In the most basic form, there is no difference between the two. However, through simple personal endings and relativisers, the meaning is altered.
*The main pronominal prefixes, {{sc|mn.1/2/3}}, make verbs verbal, indicating a subject.
*The relativising affixes {{sc|1/2/3.rel}} mark a word as nominal. The third person neuter relativiser, '''-i''', is also used to form finite verbs from verbals.
=====Finite and non-finite verbs=====
In Tsan , all nouns are verbs, and all verbs are [[w:finite|finite]]. To create a construction similar to the English [[w:non finite verbs|non finite verbs]], a speaker uses the relativising suffix '''-i'''.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="4"|'''Árá gáari.'''
!
| colspan="5"| '''Árá ágáari.'''
!
| colspan="5"|'''Árá ságáari.'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="4"|  /áɣa cáːɣɪ/
!
| colspan="5"| /áɣa acáːɣɪ/
!
| colspan="5"|/áɣa sacáːɣɪ/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|á-
|rá
|gáar
| -i
!
|á-
|rá
|á-
|gáar
| -i
!
|á-
|rá
|sá-
|gáar
| -i
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|{{sc|mn.pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
|like
|read
|{{sc|.rel.3.n.sg}}
!
|{{sc|pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
|like
|{{sc|pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
|read
|{{sc|.rel}}
!
|{{sc|pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
|like
|{{sc|pres.perf.2.m.sg.}}
|read
|{{sc|.rel}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="4"| ''I like the book.''
!
| colspan="5"| ''I like when I read.'' (''I like to read'')
!
| colspan="5"|''I like when you read.''
|}
====The topic marker====
In Tsan, no syntactic argument carries as much weight as the [[w:Topic-comment|topic]]. The topic is the argument of the sentence being talked about; the argument that can be inferred.
The topic marker is not compulsory, but a native speaker would probably be confused without it. The marker is a suffixed '''-s'''. The suffix is one of few very fusional suffixes, which often blend into preceeding suffix if it does not end in a vowel.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="5"|'''Árás gáari.'''
!
| colspan="5"| '''Árá gáaris.'''
!
| colspan="6"|'''Árátsa gáaris'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="5"|  /áɣa cáːɣɪs/
!
| colspan="5"| /áɣas cáːɣɪ/
!
| colspan="6"|/áɣatsa cáːɣɪs/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|á-
|rá
| -s
|gáar
| -i
!
|á-
|rá
|gáar
| -i-
| -s
!
|á-
|rá
| -tsa
|gáar
| -i
| -s
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|{{sc|pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
|like
|{{sc|topic}}
|read
|{{sc|.stat.rel.3.n.sg}}
!
|{{sc|pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
|like
|read
|{{sc|.rel.3.n.sg}}
|{{sc|topic}}
!
|{{sc|pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
|like
|{{sc|neg.}}
|read
|{{sc|.rel.3.n.sg}}
|{{sc|topic}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="5"| ''As for me, I like the book.''
!
| colspan="5"| ''I like the BOOK.''<sup>1</sup>
!
| colspan="6"|''I DON'T like the book.''
|}
# In English, one would stress the subject in the second sentence, I, but the book would still be the topic: "'''I''' don't like the book, but you do".
====The topic marker and passivisation====
The Tsan language lacks any distinction in [[w:grammatical voice|grammatical voice]]. To express passive phrases, one would use the topic marker on the object of the transitive verb.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="9"|'''Éshis yéenínayih thagátsan.'''
!
| colspan="8"| '''Éshi yéenínayis thagátsan.'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="9"|/ɛ́ɕɪs jɛ́ːnɪ́najɪh θaqát͡san/
!
| colspan="8"|/ɛ́ɕɪ jɛ́ːnɪ́najɪs θaqát͡san/
!
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|esh
| -i-
| -s
|‹yée›
|nína
|‹yih›
|‹tha›
|gátsa
| ‹n›
!
|esh
| -i
|‹yée›
|nína
|‹yis›
|‹tha›
|gátsa
| ‹n›
!
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|bark
|{{sc|.rel.3.n.sg}}
|{{sc|topic}}
|‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s}}›
|be girly
|‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s}}›
|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
|bite
|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
!
|bark
|{{sc|.rel.3.n.sg}}
|‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s}}›
|be girly
|‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s + topic}}›
|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
|bite
|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
!
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="9"| ''The DOG bit the girl.''
!
| colspan="8"| ''The dog bit the GIRL.'' or ''The GIRL was bitten by the dog''
|}
====The topic marker, passivisation and incorporation====
The passivisation with the topic marker makes it possible to omit the subject nominal, as long as the finite verb is conjugated according to the omitted subject.
Another possibility is to [[w:noun incorporation|incorporate]] the subject nominal into the verbal. This is not the most common solution, but still occurs rather frequently.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="9"|'''Yéenínayis tha'éshigátsan.'''
!
| colspan="6"| '''Yéenínayis thagátsan .'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="9"|/jɛ́ːnɪ́najɪh θaʔɛ́ɕɪqát͡san/
!
| colspan="6"|/jɛ́ːnɪ́najɪs θaqát͡san/
!
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|‹tha›
| -'-
| -esh-
| -i-
|gátsa
| ‹n›
|‹yée›
|nína
|‹yis›
!
|‹tha›
|gátsa
| ‹n›
|‹yée›
|nína
|‹yis›
!
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
| {{sc|con}}
|bark
|{{sc|.rel.3.n.sg.con}}
|bite
|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
|‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s}}›
|be girly
|‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s}}›
!
|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
|bite
|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
|‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s}}›
|be girly
|‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s + topic}}›
!
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="9"| ''The GIRL was dog-bitten.''
!
| colspan="6"| ''The GIRL was bitten.''
|}
====The topic marker and definiteness====
[[w:Definiteness|Definiteness]] normally goes unmarked in Tsan, and no official distinction exist. However, using the topic marker, nouns are most often implied to be definite. This also infers that only one argument may be definite in a clause.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="6"|'''Nar éshi yàyáhin.'''
!
| colspan="6"| '''Naas éshi yàyáhin.'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="6"|/nar ɛ́ɕɪ jàjáʔɪn/
!
| colspan="6"|/naːs ɛ́ɕɪ jàjáʔɪn/
!
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|nar
| esh
| -i
| ‹yà›
| yáhi
| ‹n›
!
|naas
| esh
| -i
| ‹yà›
| yáhi
| ‹n›
!
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|be manly.{{sc|pred.}}
|bark
|{{sc|.rel.3.n.sg}}
|‹{{sc|pres.perf.3.m.s}}›
|see
|‹{{sc|pres.perf.3.m.s}}›
!
|be manly.{{sc|pred. + topic}}
|bark
|{{sc|.rel.3.n.sg}}
|‹{{sc|pres.perf.3.m.s}}›
|see
|‹{{sc|pres.perf.3.m.s}}›
!
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="6"| ''Man sees dog.''
!
| colspan="6"| ''The man sees the dog.''
|}
====The topic marker, the relativiser and definiteness====
Both the topic marker and the relativiser indicate what would be definiteness in English. There is a slight difference in usage, however. The relativiser indicates a less important focus than the topic marker.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="6"|'''Tsúnanir yàtsúnan.'''
!
| colspan="6"| '''Tsúnasir yàtsúnan.'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="6"|/t͡sʊ́nanɪr jat͡sʊ̀nan/
!
| colspan="6"|/t͡sʊ́nasɪr jat͡sʊ̀nan/
!
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|tsúna
| -n
| -ir
| ‹yà›
| tsúna
| ‹n›
!
|tsúna
| -s
| -ir
| ‹yà›
| tsúna
| ‹n›
!
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|to run.{{sc|pred.}}
|{{sc|.rel.3.n.sg}}
|{{sc|.agent.mn}}
|‹{{sc|pres.perf.3.mn.s}}›
|run
|‹{{sc|pres.perf.3.mn.s}}›
!
|to run.{{sc|pred.}}
|{{sc|.topic}}
|{{sc|.agent.mn}}
|‹{{sc|pres.perf.3.mn.s}}›
|run
|‹{{sc|pres.perf.3.mn.s}}›
!
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="6"| ''The runner runs.'' [The runner has previously been mentioned]
!
| colspan="6"| ''The RUNNER runs.''
|}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="6"|'''Nína naas yàhúurayih.'''
!
| colspan="7"| '''Yéenínayih naas yàhúurayih.'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="6"|/nína naːs jaʔʊ̀ːʀajɪh/
!
| colspan="7"|/jɛːnínajɪh naːs jaʔʊ̀ːʀajɪh/
!
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|nína
| naas
| ‹yà›
| húura
| ‹yih›
!
|‹jée›
|nína
| ‹yih›
| naas
| ‹yà›
| húura
| ‹yih›
!
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|be girly.{{sc|pred.}}
|be manly.{{sc|pred.+topic}}
|‹{{sc|pres.perf.3.f.s}}›
|love
|‹{{sc|pres.perf.3.f.s}}›
!
|{{sc|.rel.3.f.sg}}
|be girly.{{sc|pred.}}
|{{sc|.rel.3.f.sg}}
|be manly.{{sc|pred.+topic}}
|‹{{sc|pres.perf.3.f.s}}›
|love
|‹{{sc|pres.perf.3.f.s}}›
!
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="6"| ''A girl loves the MAN.''
!
| colspan="7"| ''The girl loves the MAN''
|}
====The topic and reference====
The topic marker is used in [[w:anaphora|anaphoric]] and [[w:cataphora|cataphoric]] expression, and clears out reference.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="13"|'''Érigi Yúniyas thayàmétin, ni thayàranash.'''
!
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="13"|/ɛ́ɣɪcɪ jʊ́nɪjas θajamɛ̀tɪn | nɪ θajàʁanaɕ/
!
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|Érigi
| Yún
| -i
| -ya-
| -s
| ‹thayà›
| méti
| ‹n›
| ni
| ‹thayà›
| ra
| ‹n›
| -ash
!
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|Eric.{{sc|pred.}}
|John
| -{{sc|.rel.3.m.sg}}
|and.{{sc|co.conj.}}
|{{sc|topic}}
|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.mn.s}}›
|eat
|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.mn.s}}›
|but.{{sc|co.conj}}
|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.mn.s}}›
|like
|‹{{sc|past.perf.3.mn.s}}›
| -{{sc|obj.3.n.s}}
!
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="13"| ''Eric and John ate food, but he [John] didn't like it.''
|}
In spoken Tsan, a more common word order would be "'''Érigi thayàmétin Yúniyas, ni thayàranash.'''", because there is an aversion to stacking proper nouns next to eachother.
==Verbs==
===Number===
Tsan verbs are conjugated according to three different numbers; singular, dual, and plural.
====Singular====
The singular ({{sc|sg}}) number is the most basic form of most nouns, and marks individual nouns, counting "one". It is completely corresponding to the English equivalent. The singular third person perfective dynamic is the citation form of all words in the Asaari language. The singular inflects according to three genders: Masculine, feminine and neuter.
The singular is formed with prefixes and suffixes.
====Dual====
The dual ({{sc|du}}) number marks when there are two subjects of a verb, or two of a noun. It is a living number unlike many European equivalents as well as [[w:Arabic language|Arabic]]. It is not inflected according to any gender.
The dual is formed through prefixes.
====Plural====
The plural ({{sc|pl}}) number refers to any objects numbering more than two, that is "several". It corresponds well to the English plurals.
The plural formation differs from that of the other numbers; it uses full reduplication of the word. The reduplication is applied to the predicative form of the word.
*'''tsá'''.{{sc|sg}} - ''language'' > '''tsátsá'''.{{sc|pl}} - ''languages''
*'''tíra'''.{{sc|sg}} - ''letter'' > '''tíratíra'''.{{sc|pl}} - ''letters''
*'''yàatha'''.{{sc|sg}} - ''emergence'' > '''yàathayàatha'''.{{sc|pl}} - ''emergences''
If it ends in a consonant, an epenthic ‹u› is inserted, unless the second segment starts in a vowel.
*'''nar'''.{{sc|sg}} - ''man'' > '''narunar'''.{{sc|pl}} - ''men''
*'''gáar'''.{{sc|sg}} - ''book'' > '''gáarugáar'''.{{sc|pl}} - ''books''
*'''asáar'''.{{sc|sg}} - ''ocean'' > '''asáarasáar'''.{{sc|pl}} - ''oceans''
===Gender===
Unlike other Native American languages, there are three genders, the masculine ({{sc|m}}), feminine ({{sc|f}}) and neuter ({{sc|n}}). Gender plays important roles in  and verbal inflections, since Tsan verbs conjugate according to gender. It is important to note that while verbs agree according to gender, it is the subject's gender that congruates.
There is no gender distinction in the plural dynamic conjugations. In the singular dynamic conjugation, the masculine and neuter collapse into a common, {{sc|mn}}, gender.
===Statives===
Statives are an Tsan conjugation of verbs that function primarily as nouns and adjectives. A stative is most often defined as a [[w:Predicative expression|predicative verb]], nominal or adjective, but may also include other [[w:predicates|predicates]]. There are three different applicative forms and two copulative. The applicative in Asaari is parted in three; instrumental, benefactive, malefactive and oblique.
=====Predicative=====
The predicative construction of a nominal has a usage most often analogous to an English [[w:copula|copula]], used in a predicative expression.
*''It is a dog.'' - '''mées'''
*''Sara is a girl.'' - '''Sára''' ''lhináan''
*''The house is crushed.''- '''tláta''' ''quirásináayan''
=====Relative=====
The relative construction of an Asaari nominal is equivalent to a modifying [[w:relative clause|relative clause]]. In the language, this is used to create objects, subjects, and modifiers.
*''That which is a dog'' - '''méesi'''
*''The man who is angry kicks the tree.'' - ''nar'' '''yéeitsán''' ''háranilhèqa
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsible" style="background: none repeat scroll ; text-align: center; width: 95%; height: 100%;"
! colspan="17"|Relative
|-
! rowspan="2"|<small>Mood </small>↓
! colspan="2"|<small>Number</small> →
! colspan="3"|Singular
! colspan="3"|Dual
! colspan="7" |Plural
|-
!<small>Gender</small> ↓
!<small>Person</small> →
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
|-
! rowspan="3" style="height: 3px;"|Indicative
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>masculine</small>
|''sí-''
|''shá-''
|''yée-i/n''
| rowspan="3" | ''tlí-''
| rowspan="3" | ''thá-''
| rowspan="3" | ''ti-''
| rowspan="3" | ''sísí-''
| rowspan="3" | ''sháshá-''
| rowspan ="3" | ''yéeyée-''
|-
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>feminine</small>
|''sí-yih''
|''shá-yih''
|''yée-yih''
|-
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>neuter</small>
|
|
| ''-i/n''
|}
=====Instrumental=====
The Instrumental form has the function to promote an [[w:oblique argument|oblique argument]] of a verb to the core object argument, and indicates the oblique role within the meaning of the verb. When the instrumental applicative is applied to a verb, its [[w:valency|valency]] may be increased by one.  The instrumental has mainly comitative and instrumental functions.
*''He writes a letter with a pen.'' - ''Tìyitlá'' '''apuéni''' ''ayítlisi''.
*''He fetches wood with his hands.'' - ''Tìhem'' '''arási''' ''tsáran''.
*''He fetches it with me.'' - ''Tìhemir'' '''asími'''.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsible" style="background: none repeat scroll ; text-align: center; width: 95%; height: 100%;"
! colspan="17"|Applicative
|-
! rowspan="2"|<small>Mood </small>↓
! colspan="2"|<small>Number</small> →
! colspan="3"|Singular
! colspan="3"|Dual
! colspan="7" |Plural
|-
!<small>Gender</small> ↓
!<small>Person</small> →
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
|-
! rowspan="3" style="height: 3px;"|Indicative
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>masculine</small>
|''así-''
|''ashá-''
|''ayée-''
|''atlí-''
|''athá-''
|''ati-''
|''así--''
|''ashá--''
|''ayée--''
|-
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>feminine</small>
|''así-yih''
|''ashá-yih''
|''ayée-yih''
|''atlí-yih''
|''athá-yih''
|''ati-yih''
|''así--yih''
|''ashá--yih''
|''ayée--yih''
|-
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>neuter</small>
|
|
| ''a-i/n''
|
|
|''ati-i/n''
|
|
|
|}
=====Benefactive=====
The benefactive form expresses that the referent of the noun it marks receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause. It is simply expressed to be done "for" someone, as a favor or with neutral or good intent.
*''He wrote a letter to me.'' - ''Tìyitlá'' '''símiyáa''' ''ayítlisi''.
*''He fetched wood for the fire.'' - ''Tìhem'' '''tináarayáan''' ''tsáran''.
{| class="bluetable lightblubg collapsible collapsible" style="background: none repeat scroll ; text-align: center; width: 95%; height: 100%;"
! colspan="17"|Benefactive
|-
! rowspan="2"|<small>Mood </small>↓
! colspan="2"|<small>Number</small> →
! colspan="3"|Singular
! colspan="3"|Dual
! colspan="7" |Plural
|-
!<small>Gender</small> ↓
!<small>Person</small> →
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
|-
! rowspan="3" style="height: 3px;"|Indicative
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>masculine</small>
|''sí-yáa''
|''shá-yáa''
|''yée-yáa''
|''tlí-yáa''
|''thá-yáa''
|''ti-yáa''
|''sí--yáa''
|''shá--yáa''
|''yée--yáa''
|-
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>feminine</small>
|''sí-yáayih''
|''shá-yáayih''
|''yée-yáayih''
|''tlí-yáayih''
|''thá-yáayih''
|''ti-yáayih''
|''sí--yáayih''
|''shá--yáayih''
|''yée--yáayih''
|-
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>neuter</small>
|
|
| ''-yáan''
|
|
|''ti-yáan''
|
|
|
|}
=====Oblique=====
The oblique applicative often expressed when doing something "against" someone, as a hinder or with neutral or ill intent. It is often used in comparative clauses and as an object of a preposition. It does also have a locative function.
*''Don't spit on me!'' - ''Ritshápuáta'' '''tsamiyáa'''.
*''Please wait for me?'' - ''Tshásána'' '''tsasèhayáa'''.
*''It is in here''. - '''Itaniyáan'''.
{| class="bluetable lightblubg collapsible collapsible" style="background: none repeat scroll ; text-align: center; width: 95%; height: 100%;"
! colspan="17"|Oblique
|-
! rowspan="2"|<small>Mood </small>↓
! colspan="2"|<small>Number</small> →
! colspan="3"|Singular
! colspan="3"|Dual
! colspan="7" |Plural
|-
!<small>Gender</small> ↓
!<small>Person</small> →
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
|-
! rowspan="3" style="height: 3px;"|Indicative
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>masculine</small>
|''tsa-yáa''
|''tsah-yáa''
|''sha-yáa''
|''tlua-yáa''
|''tsua-yáa''
|''tui-yáa''
|''tsa--yáa''
|''tshá--yáa''
|''sha--yáa''
|-
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>feminine</small>
|''tsa-yáayih''
|''tsha-yáayih''
|''sha-yáayih''
|''tlua-yáayih''
|''tsua-yáayih''
|''tui-yáayih''
|''tsa--yáayih''
|''tsha--yáayih''
|''sha--yáayih''
|-
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>neuter</small>
|
|
| ''i-yáan''
|
|
|''ti-yáan''
|
|
|
|}
==Dynamic==
===Perfective===
====Non-past and past====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="background: none repeat scroll ; text-align: center; width: 95%; height: 100%;"
|-
! colspan="17"|Perfective dynamic
|-
! colspan="17"|Non-Past
|-
! rowspan="2"|<small>Mood </small>↓
! colspan="2"|<small>Number</small> →
! colspan="3"|Singular
! colspan="3"|Dual
! colspan="7" |Plural
|-
!<small>Gender</small> ↓
!<small>Person</small> →
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
|-
! rowspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|Indicative
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>masculine/neuter</small>
|''á-''
|''sá-''
|''yà-i/n''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''láhá-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''lásá''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''láyà-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''áha-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''sásá-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''yàyà-''
|-
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>feminine</small>
|''á-yih''
|''sá-yih''
|''yà-yih''
|-
|-
! colspan="17"|Past
|-
! rowspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|Indicative
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>masculine</small>
|''thaá-''
|''thasá-''
|''thayà-i/n''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''tláhá-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''tlásá''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''tláyà-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''thaáha-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''tlásá-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''thayàyà-''
|-
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>feminine</small>
|''thaá-yih''
|''thasá-yih''
|''thayà-yih''
|-
|}
====Irrealis====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="background: none repeat scroll ; text-align: center; width: 95%; height: 100%;"
|-
! colspan="17"|Perfective dynamic
|-
! colspan="17"|Irrealis
|-
! rowspan="2"|<small>Mood </small>↓
! colspan="2"|<small>Number</small> →
! colspan="3"|Singular
! colspan="3"|Dual
! colspan="7" |Plural
|-
!<small>Gender</small> ↓
!<small>Person</small> →
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
|-
! rowspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|Indicative
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>masculine/neuter</small>
|''páa-''
|''gà-''
|''yì-i/n''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''lápáa-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''làgà-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''làyì-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''páapáa-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''gàgà-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''yìyì-''
|-
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>feminine</small>
|''páa-yih''
|''gà-yih''
|''yì-yih''
|}
===Habitual===
====Non-past and past====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="background: none repeat scroll ; text-align: center; width: 95%; height: 100%;"
|-
! colspan="17"|Habitual dynamic
|-
! colspan="17"|Non-Past
|-
! rowspan="2"|<small>Mood </small>↓
! colspan="2"|<small>Number</small> →
! colspan="3"|Singular
! colspan="3"|Dual
! colspan="7" |Plural
|-
!<small>Gender</small> ↓
!<small>Person</small> →
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
|-
! rowspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|Indicative
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>masculine/neuter</small>
|''tí-''
|''tsá-''
|''rí-i/n''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''látí-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''látsá-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''lárí-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''títí-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''tlátsá-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''rírí-''
|-
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>feminine</small>
|''tí-yih''
|''tsá-yih''
|''rí-yih''
|-
! colspan="17"|Past
|-
! rowspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|Indicative
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>masculine</small>
|''thatí-''
|''thatsá-''
|''tharí-i/n''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''tlátí-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''tlátsá''-
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''tlárí-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''thatítí-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''thatsátsá-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''tharírí-''
|-
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>feminine</small>
|''thatí-yih''
|''thatsá-yih''
|''tharí-yih''
|-
|}
====Irrealis====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="background: none repeat scroll ; text-align: center; width: 95%; height: 100%;"
|-
! colspan="17"|Habitual dynamic
|-
! colspan="17"|Irrealis
|-
! rowspan="2"|<small>Mood </small>↓
! colspan="2"|<small>Number</small> →
! colspan="3"|Singular
! colspan="3"|Dual
! colspan="7" |Plural
|-
!<small>Gender</small> ↓
!<small>Person</small> →
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
|-
! rowspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|Indicative
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>masculine/neuter</small>
|''táa-''
|''tà-''
|''tì-i/n''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''látáa-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''látà-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''látì-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''táatáa-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''tàtà-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''títí-''
|-
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>feminine</small>
|''táa-yih''
|''tà-yih''
|''tì-yih''
|}
===Retrospective===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="background: none repeat scroll ; text-align: center; width: 95%; height: 100%;"
|-
! colspan="17"|Restrospective dynamic
|-
! colspan="17"|Non-past
|-
! rowspan="2"|<small>Mood </small>↓
! colspan="2"|<small>Number</small> →
! colspan="3"|Singular
! colspan="3"|Dual
! colspan="7" |Plural
|-
!<small>Gender</small> ↓
!<small>Person</small> →
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
!1<sup>st</sup>
!2<sup>nd</sup>
!3<sup>rd</sup>
|-
! rowspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|Indicative
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>masculine/neuter</small>
|''ràa-''
|''sàa-''
|''yáshi-i/n''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''láràa-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''lásàa-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''láyáshi-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''ràaràa-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''sàasàa-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''yáyáshi-''
|-
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>feminine</small>
|''ràa-yih''
|''sàa-yih''
|''yáshi-yih''
|-
! colspan="17"|Past
|-
! rowspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|Indicative
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>masculine</small>
|''tharàa-''
|''tshàa-''
|''thayáshi-i/n''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''tláràa-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''tlásàa''-
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''tláyáshi-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''tharàaràa-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''tshàasàa-''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''thayáyáshi-''
|-
! colspan="2" style="height: 3px;"|<small>feminine</small>
|''tharàa-yih''
|''tshàa-yih''
|''thayáshi-yih''
|}
===Blah blah===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsible" style="background: none repeat scroll ; text-align: center; width: 80%; height: 100%;"
|-
! colspan="12" |Verb
|-
| colspan="3" |''-''
| colspan="3" |/-/
| colspan="6" |...
|-
! colspan="12" |Participles
|-
! colspan="3" |Non-Past
| colspan="9"|''-áyyah''
|-
! colspan="3" |Past
| colspan="9"|''-áayan''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Person
! colspan="7" |Singular
! colspan="7" |Plural
|-
! colspan="2" |1<sup>st</sup>
! colspan="2" |2<sup>nd</sup>
! colspan="3" |3<sup>rd</sup>
! rowspan="2" |1<sup>st</sup>
! rowspan="2" |2<sup>nd</sup>
! rowspan="2" |3<sup>rd</sup>
|-
! masculine
!feminine
!masculine
! feminine
!masculine
!feminine
!neuter
|-
! rowspan="10" |Indicative
! colspan="11" style="width: 12%;"|
|-
! style="width: 12%;"|<small>Object enclitics</small>
| style="width: 12%;"|''-yi''
| style="width: 12%;"|''-yiis''
| style="width: 12%;"|''-shi''
| style="width: 12%;"|''-shiis''
| style="width: 12%;"|''-ar''
| style="width: 12%;"|''-saár''
| style="width: 12%;"|''-íir''
| style="width: 12%;"|''-'in''
| style="width: 12%;"|''-'íih''
| style="width: 12%;"|''-'íir''
|-
! colspan="11" style="height: 3px;" |Past
|-
! style="height: 3px;"|Perfective
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="height: 3px;"|Imperfective
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! style="height: 3px;"|Retrospective
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="11" style="height: 3px;"|Non-Past
|-
! style="height: 3px;"|Perfective
|''á-''
|''á-yih''
|''là-''
|''là-yih''
|''àra-''
|''àra-yih''
|''-''
|''na-''
|''ha-''
|''ya-''
|-
! style="height: 3px;"|Imperfective
|''tí-''
|''tí-yih''
|''tlá-''
|''tlá-''
''yih''
|''rì-''
|''rì-''
''yih''
|''é-''
|''tí-ʾi-''
|''tlá-ʾi-''
|''-ʾi-''
|-
! style="height: 3px;"|Retrospective
|''ràa-''
|''ràa-yih''
|''qà-''
|''qà-yih''
|''yása-''
|''yása-yih''
|''àari-''
|''ràa--''
|''qà-''-
|''àari--''
|-
! colspan="2" |Irrealis
|''páa-''
|''páa-yih''
|''qáa-''
|''qáa-yih''
|''yée-''
|''yée-yih''
|''tháa-yih''
|''páa--''
|''qáa--''
|''tháa--''
|-
! colspan="2"|Imperative
|''tsí-''
|''tsí-yih''
|''tshá-''
|''tshá-yih''
|''shà-''
|''shà-yih''
|'''í-''
|''t'í-''
|''tl'í-''
|''-'í''
|}


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 11:23, 23 February 2014

Tsan
ᏊᏮ Ꮧ:Ꮂ
(Tsani tsúyi)
Asaari.png
Pronunciation[/t͡sʌ̃ʔɪ t͡suwʝɪ/]
Created by–
Native toSultanate of Tsandi
Native speakers4 million (2014)
Early form
Dialects
  • Western Tsan
  • Eastern Tsan
  • Kanni
Official status
Regulated byAytshin Sasháatsandi
Language codes
ISO 639-1ts
ISO 639-2ts
ISO 639-3qts
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Tsani, or ᏊᏮ Ꮧ:Ꮂ (Tsani tsúyi), pronounced /t͡sʌ̃ʔɪ t͡suwʝɪ/, is a Tanisi language spoken in the Sultanate of Tsandi. The Sultanate is located in the eastern region of Sapirica. The language belongs to the Tanisi language family and is thus distantly related to the Ris language.

Tsani is a heavily agglutinating with a complex verbal morphology. The language has repeatedly been analysed as lacking nouns and adjectives altogether, in favour of verbs. Phonologically it exhibits prenasalised consonants, realised as nasal clusters or voiced consonants in different dialects.

Phonology

The Tsani inventory has been documented and assessed repeatedly since the 19th century, the foremost people in the field being the Belgian linguist Émile d'Ivoire and the Scottish linguist John Glenn Crossing, an expert on Jivan languages.

Consonants

The following is a Tsani inventory of consonants, according to Émile d'Ivoire, a model nowadays serving as standard when analysing the language. Émile analyses the Tsani inventory as unusual in that it has prenasalised consonants, as well as an ill-defined dorsal consonant. The consonantal phonology is fairly symmetrical, with the exception of lacking /p/.

d'Ivoire model
Bilabial Dental Alveolar Dorsal Glottal
central central lateral palatal
Nasals m [m] n [n]
Stops prenasalised mb /ᵐb/ nd /ⁿd/ ng /ᶮɟ ~ ᵑg ~ ᶰɢ/ ʾ /ʔ/
voiceless t /t/ k /c ~ k ~ q/
Affricates ts /t͡s/ tl /t͡ɬ/ tsh /t͡ɕ/
Fricatives th /θ/ s /s/ sh /ɕ/ kh /ɕ ~ x ~ χ/ h /h/
Approximants y /j/ w /ɰʷ/
Trills r /r/

Vowels

D'Ivoire also re-analysed and standardised the phonemic inventory of vowels in the language. He divided the five primary vowels into two categories, nasal and oral, these were in divided by length, granting short, long and extra long vowels. D'Ivoire did make clear that the vowels were not phonetically realised as long and extra long in the modern language, but rather as diphthongised and diphthongised with a long non-glide element, respectively.

Traditional model
Orthography and vowels
Oral Nasal
short long extra long short long extra long
i i /i/ í /i:/ íi /i::/ in /ĩn/ ín /ĩ:n/ íin /ĩ::n/
e e /e̞/ é /e̞ː/ ée /e̞ːː/ en /ẽ̞n/ én /ẽ̞ːn/ éen /ẽ̞ːːn/
a a /a/ á /aː/ áa /aːː/ an /ãn/ án /ãːn/ áan /ãːːn/
u u /u/ ú /uː/ úu /uːː/ un /ũn/ ún /ũːn/ úun /ũːːn/
o o /o̞/ ó /o̞ː/ óo /o̞ːː/ on /õ̞/ ón /õ̞ːn/ óon /õ̞ːːn/


Émile's model did coincide with the traditional orthography, but he disputed the realisation of the vowels.

D'Ivoire model
Oral Nasal
short long extra long short long extra long
i [i] [iɨ̯] [i:ɨ̯] [ẽ] [ẽ:] [ẽ:]
e [e̞] [e̞ə̯] [e̞ːə̯] [ə̃] [ə̃ː] [ə̃ː]
a [a] [aː] [aː] [ã] [ãː] [ãː]
u [u] [uw] [uːw] [ʊ̃] [ʊ̃ː] [ʊ̃ː]
o [o̞] [o̞ɰʷ] [o̞ːɰʷ] [ɒ̃] [ɒ̃ː] [ɒ̃ː]


See also

Template:Asaari

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kandi&oldid=19706"