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|image =  
|image =  
|imagesize = 100px
|imagesize = 100px
|name = Tsan
|name = Kandi
|nativename = ''Kándini tsúyi''
|nativename = ''Kāndi tsūyi''
|pronunciation = [kaŋtʼẽʔi t͡suβ̞ʝɪ]
|pronunciation = [kaːndɪ t͡suβ̞ʝɪ]
|region = West Africa
|creator = [[User:Waahlis|Waahlis]]
|states = Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso
|setting = Unknown conworld
<!-- |region = West Africa
|states = Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso -->
|speakers = 4 million
|speakers = 4 million
|date = 2014
|date = 2015
|familycolor = Afro-Asiatic
|familycolor = Afro-Asiatic
|fam1 = Jasi-Jivan
|fam1 = Jasi-Jivan
|fam2 = Tanisi
|fam2 = Tanisi
|ancestor = Proto-Tanisi
|ancestor = Proto-Kandi
|dia1 = Western Tsan
|dia2 = Eastern Tsan
|dia3 = Kanni
|iso1 = ts
|iso1 = ts
|iso2 = ts
|iso2 = ts
|iso3 = qts
|iso3 = qts
|script        = [[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|script        = [[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|agency        = ''Aytshin Sasháatsandi''
|agency        = ''Aytšin Tatšūkkāndi''
|notice = IPA
|notice = IPA
}}
}}
'''Kāndi''', or '''Tsan''' (''kāndi tsūyi'' or ''tsani tsūyi'') is a language spoken by the Tsan people. It belongs to the Tanisi language family and is thus distantly related to the [[Ris]] language. Kandi is a heavily [[w:agglutinative language|agglutinating]] with a complex verbal morphology. The language has repeatedly been analysed as lacking [[w:nouns|nouns]] and [[w:adjectives|adjectives]] altogether, in favour of [[w:verb|verb]]s.
Slightly dated versions of the language were featured in the [[Third Linguifex Relay/Tsan|third]] and [[Fourth Linguifex Relay|fourth Linguifex relay]]s. These are probably not a good source for the constructed language, but they do give the reader an impression of Kandi's evolution.
==Background==
The language was supposedly first documented scholarly by the Belgian linguists Émile d'Ivoire and his Scottish colleague John Glenn Crossing, both of which were experienced in the field of the related Jivan languages, including for example the [[Ris]]. They first encountered the Kandi people in the early 19<sup>th</sup> century south of the Caspian Sea, in what is now Northern Iran. The Kandis dwelled in small villages intentionally isolated from the rest of the country. Crossing recognised the language's syntactic pecularities and conjectured it could be related to the Jivan languages, a then rather unfounded speculation.
The Kandi language, which the natives had not given a name, was eponymously named after the speakers themselves; '''''kāndi''''' meaning ''handy'' in the language. The word is most likely related to Jávva '''''gánne''''', Wok '''''khaṃ'''''  and Ris '''''san''''', and can be traced back to the hypothetical Proto-Jasi-Jivan form '''''*kʰãn'''''. The name soon stuck with the Kandi people, although quite a few still call the language '''''kitsūyiwīn''''', ''our language''. That name is hardly very catchy though.


'''Tsan''' (''kándini tsúyi'' or ''tsani tsúyi'') is a language spoken by the Tsan people in Western Africa. It belongs to the Tanisi language family and is thus distantly related to the [[Ris]] language. Tsani is a heavily [[w:agglutinative language|agglutinating]] with a complex verbal morphology. The language has repeatedly been analysed as lacking [[w:nouns|nouns]] and [[w:adjectives|adjectives]] altogether, in favour of [[w:verb|verb]]s. Phonologically it exhibits [[w:ejective consonants|ejective consonants]], which are also realised as  voiced stops in some dialects.
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
The Tsani inventory has been documented and assessed repeatedly since the 19<sup>th</sup> century, the foremost people in the field being the Belgian linguist Émile d'Ivoire and the Scottish linguist John Glenn Crossing, an expert on Jivan languages. This page uses a standard notation where C is a consonant, N a nasal consonant, and V is a vowel. Features are indicated by square brackets [ ] and plus or minus signs, ±.
The Kandi inventory has been documented and assessed repeatedly since the 19<sup>th</sup> century, the foremost scholar in the field being the Belgian linguist Émile d'Ivoire. This page uses a standard notation where C is a consonant, N a nasal consonant, and V is a vowel. Features are indicated by square brackets [ ] and plus or minus signs, ±. Phonemic sounds are marked with slash brackets / / and more deeply analysed sounds are marked with square brackets [ ].
===Phonemic inventory of vowels and consonants===
===Phonemic inventory of vowels and consonants===
The following is a Tsani inventory of consonants, according to Émile d'Ivoire, a model nowadays serving as standard when analysing the language. Émile analyses the Tsani inventory as unusual in that it has [[w:ejective consonants|ejective consonants]], as well as an ill-defined [[w:dorsal consonants|dorsal consonant]]. The consonantal phonology is fairly symmetrical.
The following is the Kandi inventory of consonants, as analysed by d'Ivoire, a model nowadays serving as standard when analysing the language.  


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
Line 65: Line 70:
|
|
|-
|-
!<small>ejective</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /pʼ/
| '''b''' /b/
| colspan="2"| '''d''' /tʼ/
| colspan="2"| '''d''' /d/
|
|
|
| '''g''' /g/
|
|
| '''g''' /kʼ/
|[ʔ]
|-
|-
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|Affricates
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|Affricates
Line 78: Line 83:
|'''ts''' /t͡s/
|'''ts''' /t͡s/
|'''tl '''/t͡ɬ/
|'''tl '''/t͡ɬ/
|'''tsh '''/t͡ɕ/
|'''tš '''/t͡ɕ/
|
|
|
|
Line 84: Line 89:
! colspan="2"|Fricatives
! colspan="2"|Fricatives
|
|
|'''th '''/θ/
|
|'''s''' /s/
|'''s''' /s/
|
|
|'''sh '''/ɕ/ · '''y''' /ʝ/
|'''š '''/ɕ/ · '''y''' /ʝ/
|'''kh''' /x/
|'''x''' /x/
| '''h''' /h/
| '''h''' /h/
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Approximants
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Approximants
| [β̞]
|'''w''' /β̞/
|
|
|
|
|
|'''l''' /l/
|  
|  
| '''w''' /ɰ/ [w]
|'''ǧ''' /ɰ/
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Trills
! colspan="2" style="background: ;"|Trills
|  
|  
|colspan="5"|'''r''' /ʀ ~ r/
|colspan="5"|'''r''' /ʀ~r/
|
|
|}
|}




D'Ivoire standardised the phonemic inventory of vowels in the language. He divided the four primary vowels into four categories by length; granting ''short'', ''long'', ''diphthong'' and ''long diphthong'' vowels. It is important to note that in the modern language, the so called diphthongs are not realised as diphthongs at all, but rather a closed VC syllable.  
D'Ivoire standardised the phonemic inventory of vowels in the language, as per his conclusion that there were three phonemic short vowels, /i/, /a/, /u/, and three phonemic "long" vowels. The quality of the long vowels is rarely realised as the same as their short counterparts however, but it is likely that they once only differed in quantity, making vowel length a truly distinctive feature.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''D'Ivoire model'''
|+ '''d'Ivoire model'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="4" style="width: 90px; " |Oral
|-
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short diphthong</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long diphthong</small>
|-
|-
! style="" |Close front unrounded
! style="" |Close front unrounded
| '''i''' /i/
| '''i''' /i/
| '''ii''' /i:/
| '''ī''' /iː/ [iː]
| '''í''' /iɰ/
| -
|-
|-
! style="" |Open back unrounded
! style="" |Open back unrounded
| '''a''' /a/  
| '''a''' /a/  
| '''aa''' /aː/  
| '''ā''' /aː/ [ɔ]
| '''á''' /aɰ/
| '''áa''' /aːɰ/
|-
|-
! style="" |Close back rounded
! style="" |Close back rounded
|'''u''' /u/
|'''u''' /u/
|'''uu''' /uː/
|'''ū''' /uː/ [u͜β̞]
|'''ú''' /uɰ/
|'''úu''' /uːɰ/
|-
! style="" |Mid back rounded
| '''o''' [o̞]
| '''oo''' [o̞ː]
| '''ó''' [o̞ɰ]
| '''óo''' [o̞ːɰ]
|-
|-
|}
|}


==Phonotactics==
The composition of Kandi words and syllables is restricted, and phonemes undergo a few morphophonemic changes when interacting across morpheme boundaries. Due to the the synthetic nature of the language, some enclitics and affixes may be obscured because of these changes. The morphophonology is highly dependent upon various assimilations, syncope and a few epenthetical vowels.


====Debuccalisation of nasal stops====
===Syllable structure and morphophonology===
::''In the old language, vowels preceding nasals were mandatorily nasalised, which influencing their modern articulation in manners close to what occurs in French.''
The minimal Kandi syllable is simply V, and the maximal structure is CrVCC, where V may be either long or short. In case the following syllable begins with a consonant, the resulting cluster is simplified.


::''An unprecedented change in the language is the apparent debuccalisation of the nasal stops, that is, «m» /m/ and «n» /n/. In the language, these phonemes have been completely lost in all but the word initial positions. The nasal stops are debuccalised into a ''coup de glotte'', [ʔ] intervocalically. The glottal stop is deleted in word final and pre-consonantal positions.''
The Kandi consonant cluster VCCV is subject to a few rules.
*All nasal plosives N (C[stop][+nas]) voice both preceding and following stops P (C[stop][-nas]).  
::NP[-voice] > NP[+voice]
::P[-voice]N > P[+voice]N
*


Émile does not represent the nasalisation and debuccalisation in his transcription of the language. Other linguists prefer to analyse the process as a nasalisation of the preceding vowels, after which the nasals are lost. They claim the glottal stop is a consequence of diaeresis. D'Ivoire defends his assertion by pointing out the widespread glottalisation of intervocalic stops.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" | Initial Consonant
! colspan="20" | Final Consonant
|- 
! m
! n
! p
! t
! k
! b
! d
! g
! s
! š
! tl
! ts
! tš
! h
! x
! w
! ǧ
! y
! l
! r
|- 
! m
| mm
| mb
| mb
| nd
| ng
| mb
| nd
| ng
| ss
| šš
| ndr
| ns
| nš
| mm
| nǧ
| mm
| nǧ
| nn
|
| ndr
|- 
! n
| nd
| nn
| mb
| nd
| ng
| mb
| nd
| ng
| ss
| šš
| ndr
| ns
| nš
| nn
| nǧ
| mm
| nǧ
| nn
|
| ndr
|- 
! p
|mb
|mb
|pp
|pt
|
|bb
|pt
|
|ps
|pš
|
|
|
|pp
|pš
|ppuh
|bb
|pp
|
|
|- 
! t
|
|
|pt
|tt
|tš
|ttuh
|tt
|dd
|ts
|tš
|ttl
|tts
|ttš
|tt
|tš
|ttuh
|dd
|dd
|tl
|tr
|- 
! k
|ǧm
|ǧn
|
|št
|kk
|guh
|št
|gg
|ks
|kš
|
|ts
|tš
|x
|x
|kkuh
|gg
|gg
|
|
|- 
! b
|mm
|mm
|pp
|ud
|uǧ
|w
|ud
|uǧ
|
|
|
|
|
|bb
|ux
|w
|uǧ
|bb
|
|
|- 
! d
|
|
|pt
|tt
|kk
|duh
|dd
|gg
|ss
|šš
|ttl
|tts
|ttš
|dd
|ǧǧ
|duh
|ǧ
|dd
|tl
|tr
|- 
! g
|ǧm
|ǧn
|pp
|tt
|kk
|guh
|dd
|gg
|ks
|kš
|
|
|
|ǧ
|ǧ
|guh
|g
|ǧ
|
|
|- 
! s
|šm
|
|sp
|st
|ks
|suh
|st
|ks
|ss
|šš
|
|
|
|ss
|šš
|suh
|x
|š
|
|
|- 
! š
|šm
|
|šp
|št
|kš
|šuh
|št
|kš
|ss
|šš
|
|
|
|šš
|šš
|šuh
|x
|š
|
|
|- 
! tl
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- 
! ts
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- 
! tš
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- 
! h
|
|
|pp
|tt
|kk
|pp
|tt
|kk
|ss
|šš
|ttl
|tts
|ttš
|x
|x
|w
|ǧǧ
|yy
|ll
|rr
|- 
! x
|ǧm
|ǧn
|šp
|št
|x
|šp
|št
|kš
|ss
|šš
|
|
|
|x
|x
|xuh
|ǧ
|x
|
|
|- 
! w
|mm
|mm
|bb
|ud
|uǧ
|bb
|ud
|uǧ
|us
|uš
|
|
|
|w
|uǧ
|w
|uǧ
|w
|
|
|- 
! y
|mm
|mm
|pp
|tt
|yy
|bb
|dd
|yy
|ss
|šš
|ttl
|tts
|ttš
|yy
|x
|w
|ǧǧ
|yy
|ll
|rr
|- 
! l
|
|
|
|tl
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|ll
|
|luh
|
|ll
|ll
|
|- 
! r
|ndr
|ndr
|
|tr
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|rr
|
|ruh
|
|rr
|rr
|
|}


There is also notable discussion concerning Émile's terminology, since ''debuccalisation'' is a term reserved for oral stops. Some consider the process a denasalisation, followed by a debuccalisation. This is however, no record of any intermediary stages.
==Syllable structure and phonological processes==
{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = kshin
|IPA = /kɕin/ → [kɕẽ]
| morphemes = kshin-∅
| gloss = long.N-3SG.PROX.HO
| translation = It is long.
| index = 1
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = transhi
|IPA = /tranɕi/ → [tʀɑ̃ɕi]
| morphemes = transhi-∅
| gloss = mouth.N-3SG.PROX.HO
| translation = It is a mouth.
| index = 2
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = ksuma
|IPA = /ksuma/ → [ksũʔa]
| morphemes = ksuma-∅
| gloss = belly.N-3SG.PROX.HO
| translation = It is a belly.
| index = 3
}}
 
====Allophony of the velar approximant====
The velar approximant '''w''' /ɰ/ is a particularly elusive phoneme, and is subject to a great deal of allophony. Émile d'Ivoire describes this phoneme as highly variable in the language.
 
:''The semi-consonant commonly analysed as a velar approximant, is a true ''caméléon'' and has an impressive four different allophones, depending on the following vowel. Whilst historically analysed as purely velar, my research finds that it is variously labialised into [w], bilabialised as [β̞], and palatalised into [j]. The pure velar approximant [ɰ] also occurs.''
 
He goes on to describe the environments triggering the allophony.
 
:''The labialised velar [w] occurs when adjacent to the mid back rounded vowel '''o''' /o̞/, the bilabial approximant [β̞] is produced near the close back rounded vowel '''u''' /u/, and the palatal approximant '''y''' [j] is produced when adjacent to the close front unrounded vowel '''i''' /j/. Finally [ɰ] is used with the open back unrounded vowel '''a''' /a/.''
 
The conditions are the following:
*ɰ > {w, β̞, j, ɰ} / _ {o̞, u, i a}C
*ɰ > {w, β̞, j, ɰ} /  {o̞, u, i a}_C
 
Additionally, [w, β̞, ɰ] occur in the so called diphthongs and long diphthongs, namely '''á''', '''áa''', '''ú''', '''úu''', '''ó''' and '''óo''', with their associated vowels. When a diphthong precedes a nasal, the nasal is lost.
{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = wínda
|IPA = /ɰiːntʼa/ → [jiːntʼa]
| morphemes = wínda-∅
| gloss = hearing.N-3SG.PROX.HO
| translation = It is an ear. (''arch.'')
| index = 4
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = wawukí
|IPA = /ɰaɰukiː/ → [ɰaβ̞ukiɨ̯]
| morphemes = w-a-wu-k-í
| gloss = 1.DYN-HE-seeing-2.STAT-HE
| translation = I see you.
| index = 5
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = thúri
|IPA = /θuːri/ → [θuβ̞ʀi]
| morphemes = thúri-∅
| gloss = woman.F-3SG.PROX.HO
| translation = It is woman. (''arch.'')
| index = 6
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = kúusi
|IPA = /kuːːsi/ → [kuːβ̞si]
| morphemes = kúusi-∅
| gloss = sadness.N-3SG.PROX.HO
| translation = It is sadness.
| index = 7
}}
 
====Allophony of vowels====
D'Ivoire did indeed standardise the phonemic inventory of vowels in the language, but he did also supply a more detailed transcription of how the velar approximant and the debuccalisation of nasal stops affected the articulation of vowels. He divided the four primary vowels into another two categories, ''nasal'' and ''oral''.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 850px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''D'Ivoire model'''
! colspan="9" | Orthography and vowels
|-
! colspan="4" style="width: 90px; " |Oral
! colspan="4" style="width: 90px; " |Nasal
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short diphthong</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long diphthong</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short diphthong</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long diphthong</small>
|-
| '''i''' [i]
| '''ii''' [i:]
| '''í''' [iɨ̯]
| -
| '''in''' · '''im''' [ẽ]
| '''iin''' · '''iim''' [ẽ:]
| '''ín''' · '''ím''' [iːn]
| -
|-
| '''a''' [a]
| '''aa''' [aː]
| '''á''' [aɰ]
| '''áa''' [aːɰ]
| '''an''' · '''am''' [ɑ̃]
| '''aan''' · '''aam'''[ɑ̃]
| '''án''' · '''ám''' [aŋ]
| '''áan''' · '''áam''' [aːŋ]
|-
|'''u''' [u]
|'''uu''' [uː]
|'''ú''' [uβ̞]
|'''úu''' [uːβ̞]
|'''un''' · '''um''' [ũ]
|'''uun''' · '''uum''' [ũː]
|'''ún''' · '''úm''' [um]
|'''úun''' · '''úum''' [uːm]
|-
| '''o''' [o̞]
| '''oo''' [o̞ː]
| '''ó''' [o̞ɰʷ]
| '''óo''' [o̞ːɰʷ]
| '''on''' · '''om''' [õ̞]
| '''oon''' · '''oon''' [õ̞ː]
| '''ón''' · '''ón''' [o̞ːŋ͡m]
| '''óon''' · '''óom''' [o̞ːŋ͡m]
|-
|}


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Tsan exhibits what’s called [[Tsan#Predicate/argument flexibility|predicate/argument flexibility]]; all content words equivalent to English verbs, nouns and adjectives, can fill the role as predicate or as argument of a clause. The flexibility is due to that the lemma form of all content words corresponds to a predicative expression. All content words have a subject, which in the default is the third person: For example, the word for "dog" is ''kshawí'', but it is also equivalent to "it is a dog".
Kandi exhibits what’s called [[Tsan#Predicate/argument flexibility|predicate/argument flexibility]]; all content words equivalent to English verbs, nouns and adjectives, can fill the role as predicate or as argument of a clause. The flexibility is due to that the lemma form of all content words corresponds to a predicative expression. All content words have a subject, which in the default is the third person: For example, the word for "dog" is ''kshawí'', but it is also equivalent to "it is a dog".


In essence, the distinction between noun and verb is blurred. All content words may be conjugated and form verbal phrases, they may modify each other, and they all have one of three [[w:grammatical gender|grammatical gender]]s.  
In essence, the distinction between noun and verb is blurred. All content words may be conjugated and form verbal phrases, they may modify each other, and they all have one of three [[w:grammatical gender|grammatical gender]]s.  


The Tsan grammar consists of a variety of grammatical prefixes and suffixes, all of which fit in a strict affixation template. The Tsan affixation template looks as follows:
The Kandi grammar consists of a variety of grammatical prefixes and suffixes, all of which fit in a strict affixation template. The Tsan affixation template looks as follows:


:{{sc|genitive}}–{{sc|mood}}–{{sc|plural}}–[Content word]–{{sc|applicative}}–{{sc|case}}–[[Tsan#Grammatical gender|{{sc|gender}}]]–[[Tsan#Core affixes|{{sc|core}}]]–{{sc|specifier}}
:{{sc|genitive}}–{{sc|mood}}–{{sc|plural}}–[Content word]–{{sc|applicative}}–{{sc|case}}–[[Tsan#Grammatical gender|{{sc|gender}}]]–[[Tsan#Core affixes|{{sc|core}}]]–{{sc|specifier}}


===Core affixes===
===Core affixes===
The Tsan conjugation is rather a form of affixation of relevant arguments, aspects, cases, and moods. The core affixes are the main reason behind the Tsan predicate/argument flexibility, and they consist of a ''gender part'' and a ''stative'' or ''dynamic part''.
The Kandi conjugation is rather a form of affixation of relevant arguments, aspects, cases, and moods. The core affixes are the main reason behind the Tsan predicate/argument flexibility, and they consist of a ''gender part'' and a ''stative'' or ''dynamic part''.


The stative affixes convey a state of being, or function as a copula. The dynamic affixes transform a word into a more verb-like construction, and insinuates some sort of action. These two core affixes are mutually exclusive, and a word can only be affixed with one of them at a time.  
The stative affixes convey a state of being, or function as a copula. The dynamic affixes transform a word into a more verb-like construction, and insinuates some sort of action. These two core affixes are mutually exclusive, and a word can only be affixed with one of them at a time.  
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====Grammatical gender====
====Grammatical gender====
Tsan has a peculiar system of grammatical gender. The genders are purely natural: Women are feminine {{sc|f}}, men and males are masculine {{sc|m}}, and everything else is neuter {{sc|n}}.  
Kāndi has a peculiar system of grammatical gender. The genders are purely natural: Women are feminine {{sc|f}}, men and males are masculine {{sc|m}}, and everything else is neuter {{sc|n}}.  


Do note, however, that the grammatical gender is not marked. Rather, there is a form of ''dual marking''. The gender of the subject of a content word is marked as either the "same" or "different" to that of the speaker. If the subject gender is the same as that of the speaker, it is marked as the ''same'' {{sc|sam}}, whereas if the subject gender is different to that of the speaker, it is marked as "different" {{sc|diff}}.
Do note, however, that the grammatical gender is not marked. Rather, there is a form of ''dual marking''. The gender of the subject of a content word is marked as either the "same" or "different" to that of the speaker. If the subject gender is the same as that of the speaker, it is marked as the ''same'' {{sc|sam}}, whereas if the subject gender is different to that of the speaker, it is marked as "different" {{sc|diff}}.
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| index = 11
| index = 11
}}{{gloss/indexable
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = agúri{{blue|y}}
|phrase = agūrri{{blue|y}}
|IPA = [akʼuβ̞ʀiʝ]
|IPA = [aˈɣu͜βɾɪj]
| morphemes = agúri-{{blue|y}}
| morphemes = agūrri-{{blue|y}}
| gloss = boy.M-3SG.{{blue|SAM}}
| gloss = boy.M-3SG.{{blue|SAM}}
| translation = It is a boy.
| translation = It is a boy.
| index = 12
| index = 12
}}{{gloss/indexable
}}{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = tshanuk{{blue|á}}n
|phrase = tšanuk{{blue|ā}}n
|IPA = [t͡ɕɑ̃ʔukaŋ]
|IPA = [t͡ʃanuˈkaːn]
| morphemes = tshanu-k-{{blue|á}}-n
| morphemes = tshanu-k-{{blue|ā}}-n
| gloss = horse.M-2-{{blue|SAM}}-PL
| gloss = horse.M-2-{{blue|SAM}}-PL
| translation = You are horses.
| translation = You are horses.
| index = 13
| index = 13
}}The system is sometimes more versatile than the English grammatical gender. In the last example (13), we are able to deduce that "you" in this instance are males, since they are the same gender as the speaker.
}}The system is sometimes more versatile than the English grammatical gender. In the last example (13), we are able to deduce that the speaker in this instance is a male, since he is of the same gender as the speaker.
{{gloss/indexable
{{gloss/indexable
|phrase = thúrina
|phrase = thūrrina
|IPA = [θuβ̞ʀẽʔa]
|IPA = [θu͜βrẽna]
| morphemes = thúrina-{{red|∅}}
| morphemes = thūrrina-{{red|∅}}
| gloss = women.F.IRREG-3.{{red|DIFF}}
| gloss = women.F.IRREG-3.{{red|DIFF}}
| translation = She is a woman.
| translation = She is a woman.
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====Predicative complements====
====Predicative complements====
=====Simple predicative expressions=====
=====Simple predicative expressions=====
In Tsan, the predicative complement of an expression is equivalent to the predicate itself. All content words are predicates in their own right, due to a copula suffix. This copula is a null suffix in the third person proximate, but it congruates with the subject. The subject does not need to be independent, and is only marked on the predicate.
In Kandi, the predicative complement of an expression is equivalent to the predicate itself. All content words are predicates in their own right, due to a copula suffix. This copula is a null suffix in the third person proximate, but it congruates with the subject. The subject does not need to be independent, and is only marked on the predicate.


{{gloss/indexable
{{gloss/indexable
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=====Predicative accusatives=====
=====Predicative accusatives=====
Tsan has one copula, and one copula only.  In English you may find a variety of related verbs with similar function to the main copula ''to be''; for example ''to feel'', ''to seem'' and ''to become''. In Tsan, the semantics of these verbs are all conveyed by means of modifying the copula with evidentials, mood markers, applicatives and other constructions.  
Kandi has one copula, and one copula only.  In English you may find a variety of related verbs with similar function to the main copula ''to be''; for example ''to feel'', ''to seem'' and ''to become''. In Tsan, the semantics of these verbs are all conveyed by means of modifying the copula with evidentials, mood markers, applicatives and other constructions.  


Typically, what may be percieved as an increase in valency is marked with the copula and an appropriate applicative-like affix. The former subject is always demoted to the object or patient.
Typically, what may be percieved as an increase in valency is marked with the copula and an appropriate applicative-like affix. The former subject is always demoted to the object or patient.
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|IPA = [ˈʝɒ̃ʔi saːˈʝʌ̃tʼaː]
|IPA = [ˈʝɒ̃ʔi saːˈʝʌ̃tʼaː]
| morphemes = yón-∅-i sáay-anda-∅
| morphemes = yón-∅-i sáay-anda-∅
| gloss = 1SG.M-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC 3PL.REP-man.N-3SG.PROX.HO
| gloss = John-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC 3PL.REP-man.N-3SG.PROX.HO
| translation = They call John a man.
| translation = They call John a man.
| index = 2.8
| index = 2.8
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|IPA = [ˈʝɒ̃ʔi β̞atʼaːt͡su]
|IPA = [ˈʝɒ̃ʔi β̞atʼaːt͡su]
| morphemes = yón-∅-i <wúu>-anda-∅<tsu>
| morphemes = yón-∅-i <wúu>-anda-∅<tsu>
| gloss = 1SG.M-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC <1SG.CAUS>-man.N-3SG.PROX.HO-<1SG.CAUS>
| gloss = John-3SG.PROX.HO-SPEC <1SG.CAUS>-man.N-3SG.PROX.HO-<1SG.CAUS>
| translation = I made John a man.
| translation = I made John a man.
| index = 2.9
| index = 2.9
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|IPA = /saːʝaˈʝɒ̃pʼaː/
|IPA = /saːʝaˈʝɒ̃pʼaː/
| morphemes = sáaya-yón-wá
| morphemes = sáaya-yón-wá
| gloss = 3PL.REP-man.N-1SG.HO
| gloss = 3PL.REP-John-1SG.HO
| translation = They call me a man.
| translation = They call me John.
| index = 2.10
| index = 2.10
}}
}}
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{{Seealso/qts}}
{{Seealso/qts}}
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Tsan]][[Category:User:Waahlis]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:A priori]][[Category:Tsan]][[Category:User:Waahlis]][[Category:Jasi-Jivan languages]]
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