Lax An: Difference between revisions

The '''Lax-An''' language (LA) is the linguistic reconstruction of the first language spoken by those (Humans) first brought into (the Void). Scholars hypothesize that LA was the result of a merging of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afro-Asiatic languages and estimate that it was spoken as a simple language until (year) (era), when the language was split into (Proto-Scholar) and (Proto-Dev-Merc-Polit) due to cultural isolation and exposure to both new cultures and new vocabulary.

!rowspan="2"|[[labial consonant|Labial]]

!rowspan="2"|[[coronal consonant|Coronal]]

!rowspan="2"|[[palatal consonant|Palatal]]

!colspan="3"|[[dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]

!rowspan="2"|[[Laryngeal theory|Laryngeal]]

!colspan="2"|[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]

|align=center|{{PIE|*m}}

|align=center|{{PIE|*n}}

!rowspan="3"|[[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]||<small>

[[Voiceless consonant|voiceless]]</small>

|align=center|{{PIE|*p}}

|align=center|{{PIE|*t}}

|align=center|{{PIE|*ḱ}}

|align=center|{{PIE|*k}}

|align=center|{{PIE|*kʷ}}

!<small>[[Voiced consonant|voiced]]</small>

|align=center|{{PIE|*b}}

|align=center|{{PIE|*d}}

!colspan="2"|[[fricative consonant|Fricative]]

|align=center|{{PIE|[[Laryngeal theory|*h₁, *h₂, *h₃]]}}

!colspan="2"|[[liquid consonant|Liquid]]

!colspan="2"|[[Semivowel]]

|align=center|{{PIE|*w}}

*PIE had a large number of [[stop consonant|stop]]s, but few [[fricative]]s. The traditional (pre-laryngeal) reconstruction included only one fricative, {{PIE|*s}}; however, the modern theory includes three additional fricatives, commonly known as [[laryngeal theory|laryngeals]] and assumed to have been pronounced far back in the mouth (i.e. [[Fricative consonant#Central non-sibilant fricatives|velar]], [[uvular fricative|uvular]]{{disambiguation needed|date=March 2013}}, [[pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeal]] and/or [[glottal fricative|glottal]]{{disambiguation needed|date=March 2013}}). Laryngeals disappeared from all PIE languages except (to some extent) the [[Anatolian language]]s, but reveal themselves in their effects on nearby sounds. For example, short {{PIE|*e}} adjacent to {{PIE|*h₂}} and {{PIE|*h₃}} is colored to {{PIE|*a}} and {{PIE|*o}}, respectively, and short vowels preceding a laryngeal are usually lengthened. The exact [[Laryngeal theory#Pronunciation|pronunciation of the laryngeals]] is disputed; some linguists have even asserted that {{PIE|*h₁}} might not have been a fricative at all, but a [[glottal stop]].

*Both the number of [[dorsal consonant]]s (''k''-type sounds, i.e. stops pronounced in the back of the mouth) and their actual pronunciation are sources of controversy. In particular, the existence of the "plain velar" series as phonemically distinct consonants has long been a source of contention. The traditional theory, which most linguists still adhere to, calls for three series of dorsals, traditionally termed "[[palatovelar]]", "[[velar|plain velar]]" and "[[Labialized velar consonant|labiovelar]]". These terms should be viewed as notional rather than expressing any particular commitment to the actual pronunciation of the sounds: in particular, a number of linguists<ref name = "huld">{{Citation | contribution = Satəm, Centum, and Hokum | first = Martin E | last = Huld | year = 1997 | title = Festschrift for Eric P. Hamp | editor-first = Douglas Q | editor-last = Adams | pages = 115–38}}</ref>{{Sfn | Clackson | 2007 | p = 52}}{{Sfn | Ringe | 2006}}{{Rp | needed = yes |date= November 2012}} have argued that the pronunciations implied by the traditional terms are unlikely given later developments, and that a more likely pronunciation was as plain velar, [[uvular consonant|uvular]], and [[labialization|labialized]] velar, respectively. The dispute over the status of the traditional plain velar series concerns the fact that this is the least-common series; is mostly confined to specific environments (e.g. before /a/ or /r/), and the palatovelar series is not often found in these same environments; and is reflected identically to one of the other two series in all, or nearly all, of the daughters. This has led some linguists to reconstruct only two series, with the distinction between "palatovelar" and "plain velar" a secondary distinction that arose as an [[areal feature]] in some of the daughters (especially the "[[satem]]" languages).

*PIE is traditionally reconstructed with three types of [[voice (phonetics)|voicing]]s for its stops: [[voiceless consonant|voiceless]], [[voiced consonant|voiced]], and [[breathy voice|breathy-voiced]] (traditionally termed "voiced aspirated"). This is typologically uncommon, and in fact the reconstructed breathy-voiced series appears as such only in [[Indo-Aryan languages]]. Thus, some linguists have proposed the [[glottalic theory]], which proposes a very different reconstruction of these three series. However, this theory is not widely accepted today.

*A notable characteristic is that the [[sonorant|resonant]]s /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /y/ and /w/ could appear as vowels as well as consonants, specifically when not adjacent to another vowel. The same is usually held to be true of the laryngeals, as well. This has led to some dispute as to whether PIE should be reconstructed with phonemes /i/ and /u/, or whether these should be considered [[allophone]]s of /y/ and /w/; however, there is some evidence that /i/, at least, could occur in the same environments as /y/.

|+ Vowels

| {{IPA|/ɪ/}} || {{IPA|/iː/}}

| {{IPA|/ʊ/}} || {{IPA|/uː/}}

| || {{IPA|/eː/}}

| || {{IPA|/oː/}}

| {{IPA|/a/}} ||  

| 1 || ama || I || ʾanā || I || me || I

| 2 || atuu || you (sing) || atta || you || túh₂ || you

| 3 || huu || he || hú || he || * || *

| 4 || wuva || we || nəħna || we || wéy || we

| 5 || uuton || you (pl) || attōn || you || yū || you

| 6 || hum || they || hum || they || * || *

| 7 || kad || this || hāðē || this || kod || this

| 9 || uuna || here || hunā || here || * || *

| 10 || uunag || there || hunāka || there || * || *

| 11 || manus || who || mannu || who || kʷis || who

| 13 || egu || where || ʾaykā || where || * || *

| 14 || mofe || when || mâθay || when || * || *

| 15 || egun || how || ʾaykan || how || * || *

| 18 || hal || many || HawVl || many || * || *

| 20 || adat || few || ḫədāṭ || few || * || *

| 21 || elfru || other || ʾaħér || other || h₂el-yó || other

| 23 || bwash || two, 2 || baʕiĉ̣ || two || dwóh₁ || two

| 24 || xeyas || three, 3 || šalāš || three || tréyes || three

| 26 || uubun || five, 5 || ḫ/ḥup/bin || five || pénkʷe || five

| 27 || kof || big || kabVr || big || * || *

| 28 || luug || long || ĉaʔd || long || dluh₂gʰós || long

| 29 || leufo || wide || rəħub || wide || * || *

| 30 || fun || thick || ʿvīṭā || thick || bʰenǵʰ || thick

| 31 || jaluu || heavy || ɣaluč̣ || heavy || gʷer(h₂) || heavy

| 32 || gus || small || kus || small || mey || small

| 34 || hunga || narrow || qatnu || narrow || h₂enǵʰ || narrow

| 38 || manica || human being || ga/ič(-aʔ) || human being || mánus || human being

| 44 || oneum || animal || ʕum-ʕam || animal || * || *

| 49 || sufan || snake || sVf || snake || h₂engwi || snake

| 52 || cuur || forest || suʕVr || forest || * || *

| 56 || sup || leaf || ĉap || leaf || * || *

| 57 || sura || root || ĉVr || root || wréh₂ds || root

| 64 || uxa || blood || dam || blood || h₁ésh₂r̥ || blood

| 65 || gas || bone || ḳ(ʷ)as || bone || kost || bone

| 67 || zaho || egg || sawVḥ || egg || h₂ōwyóm || egg

| 69 || cu || tail || č̣ihr || tail || * || *

| 71 || fol || hair || sVʔVm || hair || pulh₂ || hair

| 74 || ehuuk || eye || ʕayVn || eye || h₃ekʷ || eye

| 75 || niiha || nose || naḫVr || nose || hnéh₂s || nose

| 76 || ufas || mouth || ʔa-pay || mouth || h₁oh₁s || mouth

| 85 || huuduu || belly || hun || belly || udero || belly

| 88 || ya || back || yiʔ || back || * || *

| 91 || uhiiwa || liver || tiraw/ʔ || liver || yeh₁kwr̥ || liver

| 97 || gun || vomit || ḳ(ʷ)VʔVʕ || vomit || wem || to vomit

| 106 || fuuru || fear || furVh || fear || * || *

| 112 || xohu || hunt || c̣ayad || hunt || * || *

| 115 || fudak || split || fVṭVḳ || split || * || *

| 118 || hot || dig || hut || dig || * || *

| 119 || nuhuu || swim || nVbVy || swim || néh₂-u || to swim

| 122 || jam || come || may || come || gʷem || to come

| 126 || han || turn || ʕVn || turn || * || *

| 133 || fut || wipe || fVtt || wipe || * || *

| 136 || fup || throw || ĉVl || throw || swep || to throw

| 138 || siihuup || sew || ʕVḳVp || sew || syuh₁ || to sew

| 142 || ruh || play || riw || play || * || *

| 143 || daf || float || ṭaf || float || * || *

| 146 || ba || swell || bVʕ || swell || * || *

| 148 || muhiin || moon || ḳiḥ || moon || mḗh₁n̥s || moon

| 153 || hup || lake || wVʕVr || lake || h₂ep || lake

| 155 || ham || salt || ḥamʕ/ʔ || salt || sal || salt

| 158 || fe || dust || fay/ʔ || sand || pers || dust

| 159 || aric || earth || ʔariĉ̣ || earth || dʰéǵʰōm || earth

| 161 || snuuf || fog || luf || fog || sneudh || fog

| 163 || sawa || wind || sa(w/yV)ḥ || wind || ḱewero || wind

| 167 || jur || fire || gir || fire || h₁égnis || fire

| 168 || juur || ash || gur || ash || h₃és-i || ash

| 176 || cum || black || č̣ilam || black || h₂ems || black

| 181 || juuwa || cold || ḥVwas || cold || gel || cold

| 183 || meho || new || may/ʔ || new || néwos || new

| 184 || hasun || old || yas || old || senh₁ó || old

| 197 || kerf || near || qâróv || near || * || *

| 204 || kwa || and || wa || and || kʷe || and

| * || an || ancestor || * || * || h₂en- || ancestor

[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A posteriori]] [[Nanyse]]