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The '''Lax-An''' language (LA) is the linguistic reconstruction of the first language spoken by those (Humans) first brought into (the Void). Scholars hypothesize that LA was the result of a merging of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afro-Asiatic languages and estimate that it was spoken as a simple language until (year) (era), when the language was split into (Proto-Scholar) and (Proto-Dev-Merc-Polit) due to cultural isolation and exposure to both new cultures and new vocabulary.
(Wuja our '''lax an''' speak, wuja our legayu an long for)


The existence of LA was first proved in the (*** century) by (name), who observed the use of a unique, well-defined language used by the first (wave) of (Humans) while researching historical records held by (the First). Efforts have since been made to continue analysis and documentation of both the culture and the language used by this first era of (Humans) whenever possible.
'''Lax An''', or Ancestor's Tongue, is an a posteriori language created to be part of the history of a science fiction culture by [[User:Zomborgs|Zomborgs]].


==Phonology==
==History==


====Lore====
The Lax An language (LA) is the linguistic reconstruction of the first language spoken by those (Humans) first brought into (the Void). Scholars hypothesize that LA was the result of a merging of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afro-Asiatic languages and estimate that it was spoken as a simple language until (year) (era), when the language was split into (Proto-Scholar) and (Proto-Dev-Merc-Polit) due to cultural isolation and exposure to both new cultures and new vocabulary.


===Consonants===
The existence of LA was first proved in the (*** century) by (name), who observed the use of a unique, well-defined language used by the first (wave) of (Humans) while researching historical records held by (the First). Efforts have since been made to continue analysis and documentation of both the culture and the language used by this first era of (Humans) whenever possible.


====Reality====
For the sake of creating four separate-yet-connected languages and cultures that feel as realistic and natural as possible, I have decided to start with a proto-language that I can gradually evolve into four separate languages.


PIE
The theory behind Lax An is that large groups of humans were simultaneously stolen away from two separate areas of Earth over the period of several decades. The resulting peoples (the speakers of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-AFro-Asiatic languages) were then forced to combine cultures and languages due to close proximity. This new language continued without major change until the group was divided and then recombined, separately, with two new languages and cultures.
Labiovelar consonants include [kw, gw, xw, ngw] which are pronounced like [k, g, x, ng] but with rounded lips.
Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum). They include [k, g, x, ng].
Palatovelar consonants are articulated with the back part of the tongue against the hard palate. They include [k', g', x', ng']. For example, [k'] is pronounced as the k in keen.


voiced and voiceless pharyngeal fricatives;
==Basic Grammar==
a glottal stop that is used to distinguish word meaning;
a three-way contrast between voiced, voiceless, and emphatic consonants which may be realized as velarized, glottalized, pharyngealized, ejective, orimplosive.
use of semivowels /w/ and /j/ in the role of consonants


Lax An was a Subject-Object-Verb, inflected language in which words were modified using both ablaut and infixes. The language had three numbers, three persons, three genders, and eight cases with ***-*** alignment.


'''Alternative notations:''' The aspirated stops are sometimes written as {{PIE|*bh, *dh, *ǵh, *gh, *gʷh}}; for the palatals, {{PIE|*k̑, *g̑}} are often used; and {{PIE|*i̯, *u̯}} can replace {{PIE|*y, *w}}.
==Phonology==


The following are the main characteristics of PIE consonants:
*PIE had a large number of [[stop consonant|stop]]s, but few [[fricative]]s.  The traditional (pre-laryngeal) reconstruction included only one fricative, {{PIE|*s}}; however, the modern theory includes three additional fricatives, commonly known as [[laryngeal theory|laryngeals]] and assumed to have been pronounced far back in the mouth (i.e. [[Fricative consonant#Central non-sibilant fricatives|velar]], [[uvular fricative|uvular]]{{disambiguation needed|date=March 2013}}, [[pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeal]] and/or [[glottal fricative|glottal]]{{disambiguation needed|date=March 2013}}).  Laryngeals disappeared from all PIE languages except (to some extent) the [[Anatolian language]]s, but reveal themselves in their effects on nearby sounds.  For example, short {{PIE|*e}} adjacent to {{PIE|*h₂}} and {{PIE|*h₃}} is colored to {{PIE|*a}} and {{PIE|*o}}, respectively, and short vowels preceding a laryngeal are usually lengthened. The exact [[Laryngeal theory#Pronunciation|pronunciation of the laryngeals]] is disputed; some linguists have even asserted that {{PIE|*h₁}} might not have been a fricative at all, but a [[glottal stop]].


 
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable IPA"
|+ Correspondences in Afro-Asian languages
! Proto-Afroasiatic
! Proto-Semitic
! Egyptian
! Berber
|-
| *ṭ
| *ṭ
| d(~t)
| *ḍ [dˁ] / *ṭ (→ *ṭṭ [tˁː])
|-
|
| *ð
| ?? d
| *z
|-
|
| *θ
| s, ?? š}}
| *s
|-
|
| *θ̣
| ḏ-
| *ẓ [zˁ]
|-
|
| *z
| z
| *z
|-
|
| *ṣ [(t)sʼ]
| ḏ
| *ẓ [zˤ]
|-
|
| *š
| s
| *s
|-
|
| *ś (*s) [ɬ]
| š, ? s
| *s, *z-
|-
|
| *ṣ́ (*ṣ [(t)ɬʼ]
| ḏ, ? d-
|
|-
|
| *ḳ
| q, ḏ
| *ɣ, ? *ḳ (→ *ḳḳ [kˤː])
|-
|
| *ɣ
| χ-, ʕ- ?
| *h
|-
|
| *χ
| χ, ẖ, ħ
| *H-
|-
|
| *ʕ
| ʕ
| *H-
|-
|
| *ħ
| ħ
| *H-
|-
|
| *h
| ı͗-
| *h, *h
|-
|
| *ʔ
| ı͗, ? ꜣ
| *ʔ
|-
! Proto-Afroasiatic
! Proto-Semitic
! Egyptian
! Berber
|}


{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
Line 127: Line 33:
!rowspan="2"|Coronal
!rowspan="2"|Coronal
!rowspan="2"|Palatal
!rowspan="2"|Palatal
!colspan="3"|Dorsal
!colspan="2"|Dorsal
!rowspan="2"|Laryngeal
!rowspan="2"|Pharyngeal
|-
|-
!<small>"palato-velar"</small>
!<small>"plain velar"</small>
!<small>"plain velar"</small>
!<small>"labiovelar"</small>
!<small>"labiovelar"</small>
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
!colspan="2"|Nasal
|align=center|*m
|align=center|[[w:Bilabial_nasal|m]]
|align=center|*n
|align=center|[[w:Alveolar_nasal|n]]
|
|
|
|
|
Line 143: Line 47:
|
|
|-
|-
!rowspan="3"|Plosive||<small>
!rowspan="2"|Plosive||<small>
voiceless</small>
voiceless</small>
|align=center|[[w:Voiceless_bilabial_stop|p]]
|align=center|[[w:Voiceless_bilabial_stop|p]]
|align=center|[[w:Voiceless_alveolar_stop|t]]
|align=center|[[w:Voiceless_alveolar_stop|t]]
|
|
|align=center|*ḱ
|align=center|[[w:Voiceless_velar_stop|k]]
|align=center|[[w:Voiceless_velar_stop|k]]
|align=center|*kʷ
|align=center|[[w:Q|kʷ]]
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 157: Line 60:
|align=center|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_stop|d]]
|align=center|[[w:Voiced_alveolar_stop|d]]
|
|
|align=center|*ǵ
|align=center|[[w:Voiced_velar_stop|g]]
|align=center|[[w:Voiced_velar_stop|g]]
|align=center|*gʷ
|&nbsp;
|-
!<small>Aspirated</small>
|align=center|*bʰ
|align=center|*dʰ
|
|
|align=center|*ǵʰ
|
|align=center|*gʰ
|align=center|*gʷʰ
|&nbsp;
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|Fricative
!colspan="2"|Fricative
|
|
|align=center|[[w:Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant|s]]
|align=center|[[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]], [[w:Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant|s]], [[w:Voiceless_retroflex_sibilant|ʂ]], [[w:Voiced_retroflex_sibilant|ʐ]]
|align=center|[[w:Voiceless_palatal_fricative|ç]]
|align=center|[[w:Voiceless_velar_fricative|x]], [[w:Voiced_velar_fricative|ɣ]]
|
|
|
|align=center|[[w:Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative|ʕ]]
|
|
|align=center|*h₁, *h₂, *h₃
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|Liquid
!colspan="2"|Liquid
|
|
|align=center|[[w:Alveolar_trill|r]], [[w:Alveolar_lateral_approximant|l]]
|align=center|[[w:Alveolar_trill|r]], [[w:Alveolar_lateral_approximant|l]]
|
|
|
|
|
Line 192: Line 83:
|
|
|
|
|align=center|[[w:Palatal_approximant|y]]
|align=center|[[w:Palatal_approximant|j]]
|
|
|
|align=center|[[w:Labio-velar_approximant|w]]
|align=center|[[w:Labio-velar_approximant|w]]
|
|
|}
|}
B  D  G  H₁  H₂  H₃  J  K  L  M  N  P  Q  R  S  T  V  W  X  Y  Z
b  d  g  ç  x  ɣ  j  k  l  m  n  p  kʷ  r  s  t  θ  w  ʂ  ʕ  ʐ


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Lax An used an seven-vowel system which consisted of the short vowels /a/, /i/, /u/ and long /e/, /ii/, /o/, /uu/


{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center"
|+ Vowels
|-
! rowspan="2" | &nbsp;
! rowspan="2" | &nbsp;
! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
Line 228: Line 120:
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;
| colspan="2" | &nbsp;
|}
|}
A  I  U  E  II  O  UU
a  ɪ  ʊ  e  i  o  u
===Stress and Pitch===
It is believed that Lax An had a pitch accent system in which all words had only one accented syllable which received a high pitch. Stress could fall on any syllable of a word and was thought to differ based on the length and purpose of the word in question.
===Phonotactics===
Every syllable of Lax An required at least one vowel, with the most common syllable structures being CV, followed by CVC and V. C consisted of, at most, two consonants, while V only represented a single vowel. There did not seem to be a restriction on how many syllables a single word may consist of.
Phonotactical restrictions for Lax An remain a subject of conjecture and debate.
==Orthography==


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Pronouns===
===Nouns===
===Adjectives===


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Less is known about the syntax of LA than about its morphology.
===Word Order===
Popular theory holds that Subject-Object-Verb was likely used in LA, as this is the word order still found in ***, ***, and, to some extent, in ***.
(PAA)
use of infixes, rather than prefixes and suffixes, to represent grammatical relations and form new words;


==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
Line 240: Line 162:
! Number !! Lax An Word !! Lax An Word Meaning !! Proto-Afroasiatic Word !! Proto-AA Word Meaning !! Proto-Indoeuropean Word !! Proto-IE Word Meaning
! Number !! Lax An Word !! Lax An Word Meaning !! Proto-Afroasiatic Word !! Proto-AA Word Meaning !! Proto-Indoeuropean Word !! Proto-IE Word Meaning
|-
|-
| 1 || ama || I || ʾanā || I || me || I
| 1 || ami || I || ʾanā || I || me || I
|-
|-
| 2 || atuu || you (sing) || atta || you || túh₂ || you
| 2 || atuh₂ || you (sing) || atta || you || túh₂ || you
|-
|-
| 3 || huu || he || hú || he || * || *
| 3 || h₁uu || he || hú || he || * || *
|-
|-
| 4 || wuva || we || nəħna || we || wéy || we
| 4 || wuja || we || nəħna || we || wéy || we
|-
|-
| 5 || uuton || you (pl) || attōn || you || yū || you
| 5 || atuuo || you (pl) || attōn || you || yū || you
|-
|-
| 6 || hum || they || hum || they || * || *
| 6 || h₁um || they || hum || they || * || *
|-
|-
| 7 || kad || this || hāðē || this || kod || this
| 7 || kav || this || hāðē || this || kod || this
|-
|-
| 8 || tad || that || hāhu || that || tód || that
| 8 || tad || that || hāhu || that || tód || that
|-
|-
| 9 || uuna || here || hunā || here || * || *
| 9 || uune || here || hunā || here || * || *
|-
|-
| 10 || uunag || there || hunāka || there || * || *
| 10 || uunega || there || hunāka || there || * || *
|-
|-
| 11 || manus || who || mannu || who || kʷis || who
| 11 || manis || who || mannu || who || kʷis || who
|-
|-
| 12 || me || what || mā || what || * || *
| 12 || me || what || mā || what || * || *
|-
|-
| 13 || egu || where || ʾaykā || where || * || *
| 13 || age || where || ʾaykā || where || * || *
|-
|-
| 14 || mofe || when || mâθay || when || * || *
| 14 || mave || when || mâθay || when || * || *
|-
|-
| 15 || egun || how || ʾaykan || how || * || *
| 15 || agun || how || ʾaykan || how || * || *
|-
|-
| 16 || na || not || ma || not || ne || not
| 16 || na || not || ma || not || ne || not
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| 17 || duum || all || tVm || all || * || *
| 17 || duum || all || tVm || all || * || *
|-
|-
| 18 || hal || many || HawVl || many || * || *
| 18 || hawl || many || HawVl || many || * || *
|-
|-
| 19 || kalo || some || kmā || some || kaylo, solwo || some
| 19 || kalo || some || kmā || some || kaylo, solwo || some
|-
|-
| 20 || adat || few || ḫədāṭ || few || * || *
| 20 || udet || few || ḫədāṭ || few || * || *
|-
|-
| 21 || elfru || other || ʾaħér || other || h₂el-yó || other
| 21 || h₂elvruo || other || ʾaħér || other || h₂el-yó || other
|-
|-
| 22 || vonuu || one, 1 || ʾaħadu || one || (H)óynos || one
| 22 || vonuu || one, 1 || ʾaħadu || one || (H)óynos || one
|-
|-
| 23 || bwash || two, 2 || baʕiĉ̣ || two || dwóh₁ || two
| 23 || bayax || two, 2 || baʕiĉ̣ || two || dwóh₁ || two
|-
|-
| 24 || xeyas || three, 3 || šalāš || three || tréyes || three
| 24 || xajis || three, 3 || šalāš || three || tréyes || three
|-
|-
| 25 || tworba || four, 4 || ʾarbaʿ || four || kʷetwóres || four
| 25 || tworba || four, 4 || ʾarbaʿ || four || kʷetwóres || four
|-
|-
| 26 || uubun || five, 5 || ḫ/ḥup/bin || five || pénkʷe || five
| 26 || banqi || five, 5 || ḫ/ḥup/bin || five || pénkʷe || five
|-
|-
| 27 || kof || big || kabVr || big || * || *
| 27 || kop || big || kabVr || big || * || *
|-
|-
| 28 || luug || long || ĉaʔd || long || dluh₂gʰós || long
| 28 || luuh₂k || long || ĉaʔd || long || dluh₂gʰós || long
|-
|-
| 29 || leufo || wide || rəħub || wide || * || *
| 29 || luva || wide || rəħub || wide || * || *
|-
|-
| 30 || fun || thick || ʿvīṭā || thick || bʰenǵʰ || thick
| 30 || viin || thick || ʿvīṭā || thick || bʰenǵʰ || thick
|-
|-
| 31 || jaluu || heavy || ɣaluč̣ || heavy || gʷer(h₂) || heavy
| 31 || h₃aluu || heavy || ɣaluč̣ || heavy || gʷer(h₂) || heavy
|-
|-
| 32 || gus || small || kus || small || mey || small
| 32 || guz || small || kus || small || mey || small
|-
|-
| 33 || rugos || short || qâṣâr || short || mreǵʰú || short
| 33 || rugos || short || qâṣâr || short || mreǵʰú || short
|-
|-
| 34 || hunga || narrow || qatnu || narrow || h₂enǵʰ || narrow
| 34 || h₂unga || narrow || qatnu || narrow || h₂enǵʰ || narrow
|-
|-
| 35 || tanuus || thin || rVḳ || thin || ténh₂us || thin
| 35 || tanuus || thin || rVḳ || thin || ténh₂us || thin
Line 314: Line 236:
| 37 || xuro || male || ʒ/ǯa || man || wiHrós || man
| 37 || xuro || male || ʒ/ǯa || man || wiHrós || man
|-
|-
| 38 || manica || human being || ga/ič(-aʔ) || human being || mánus || human being
| 38 || manixa || human being || ga/ič(-aʔ) || human being || mánus || human being
|-
|-
| 39 || puwuud || child || w/yVd || child || nepeh₃t || grandson/nephew
| 39 || puwuud || child || w/yVd || child || nepeh₃t || grandson/nephew
Line 326: Line 248:
| 43 || papu || father || bab || father || ph₂tḗr || father
| 43 || papu || father || bab || father || ph₂tḗr || father
|-
|-
| 44 || oneum || animal || ʕum-ʕam || animal || * || *
| 44 || yomyum || animal || ʕum-ʕam || animal || * || *
|-
|-
| 45 || kuu || fish || bus || fish || dʰǵʰu || fish
| 45 || kuu || fish || bus || fish || dʰǵʰu || fish
Line 336: Line 258:
| 48 || niin || louse || ʔint || louse || knid || louse
| 48 || niin || louse || ʔint || louse || knid || louse
|-
|-
| 49 || sufan || snake || sVf || snake || h₂engwi || snake
| 49 || suvan || snake || sVf || snake || h₂engwi || snake
|-
|-
| 50 || rom || worm || dVm || worm || wr̥mi || worm
| 50 || rom || worm || dVm || worm || wr̥mi || worm
Line 342: Line 264:
| 51 || dowuu || tree || rVwVy || tree || dóru || tree
| 51 || dowuu || tree || rVwVy || tree || dóru || tree
|-
|-
| 52 || cuur || forest || suʕVr || forest || * || *
| 52 || xuur || forest || suʕVr || forest || * || *
|-
|-
| 53 || gadso || stick || guʕad || stick || ǵhasto || stick
| 53 || gadso || stick || guʕad || stick || ǵhasto || stick
Line 350: Line 272:
| 55 || xul || seed || či/ul || seed || * || *
| 55 || xul || seed || či/ul || seed || * || *
|-
|-
| 56 || sup || leaf || ĉap || leaf || * || *
| 56 || zup || leaf || ĉap || leaf || * || *
|-
|-
| 57 || sura || root || ĉVr || root || wréh₂ds || root
| 57 || zura || root || ĉVr || root || wréh₂ds || root
|-
|-
| 58 || gog || bark || ḳaw(ḳ) || bark of tree || * || *
| 58 || gog || bark || ḳaw(ḳ) || bark of tree || * || *
Line 366: Line 288:
| 63 || mux || meat || fVʔ || meat || mēms || meat
| 63 || mux || meat || fVʔ || meat || mēms || meat
|-
|-
| 64 || uxa || blood || dam || blood || h₁ésh₂r̥ || blood
| 64 || umxa || blood || dam || blood || h₁ésh₂r̥ || blood
|-
|-
| 65 || gas || bone || ḳ(ʷ)as || bone || kost || bone
| 65 || qas || bone || ḳ(ʷ)as || bone || kost || bone
|-
|-
| 66 || taruu || fat || pidar || fat || smeru || fat
| 66 || taruu || fat || pidar || fat || smeru || fat
|-
|-
| 67 || zaho || egg || sawVḥ || egg || h₂ōwyóm || egg
| 67 || zah₂o || egg || sawVḥ || egg || h₂ōwyóm || egg
|-
|-
| 68 || ko || horn || ḳar || horn || koru || horn
| 68 || ko || horn || ḳar || horn || koru || horn
|-
|-
| 69 || cu || tail || č̣ihr || tail || * || *
| 69 || xu || tail || č̣ihr || tail || * || *
|-
|-
| 70 || sa || feather || ŝakʷ || feather || * || *
| 70 || sa || feather || ŝakʷ || feather || * || *
|-
|-
| 71 || fol || hair || sVʔVm || hair || pulh₂ || hair
| 71 || vol || hair || sVʔVm || hair || pulh₂ || hair
|-
|-
| 72 || kal || head || gVl(gVl) || head || kaput || head
| 72 || kal || head || gVl(gVl) || head || kaput || head
Line 386: Line 308:
| 73 || os || ear || sim || ear || h₂ows || ear
| 73 || os || ear || sim || ear || h₂ows || ear
|-
|-
| 74 || ehuuk || eye || ʕayVn || eye || h₃ekʷ || eye
| 74 || eh₃uuk || eye || ʕayVn || eye || h₃ekʷ || eye
|-
|-
| 75 || niiha || nose || naḫVr || nose || hnéh₂s || nose
| 75 || niih₂a || nose || naḫVr || nose || hnéh₂s || nose
|-
|-
| 76 || ufas || mouth || ʔa-pay || mouth || h₁oh₁s || mouth
| 76 || uvas || mouth || ʔa-pay || mouth || h₁oh₁s || mouth
|-
|-
| 77 || aduus || tooth || kV(ʔ)Vs || tooth || h₃dónts || tooth
| 77 || aduus || tooth || kV(ʔ)Vs || tooth || h₃dónts || tooth
Line 408: Line 330:
| 84 || gam || wing || ganVḥ || wing || * || *
| 84 || gam || wing || ganVḥ || wing || * || *
|-
|-
| 85 || huuduu || belly || hun || belly || udero || belly
| 85 || h₁uuduu || belly || hun || belly || udero || belly
|-
|-
| 86 || iita || guts || * || * || eh₁ter || guts
| 86 || iita || guts || * || * || eh₁ter || guts
Line 414: Line 336:
| 87 || gad || neck || ḳard || neck || mon || neck
| 87 || gad || neck || ḳard || neck || mon || neck
|-
|-
| 88 || ya || back || yiʔ || back || * || *
| 88 || ja || back || yiʔ || back || * || *
|-
|-
| 89 || sdam || breast || ʔa-nwan || breast || psten || breast
| 89 || sdam || breast || ʔa-nwan || breast || psten || breast
Line 420: Line 342:
| 90 || kiil || heart || li/ubb || heart || ḱḗr || heart
| 90 || kiil || heart || li/ubb || heart || ḱḗr || heart
|-
|-
| 91 || uhiiwa || liver || tiraw/ʔ || liver || yeh₁kwr̥ || liver
| 91 || uh₁iiwa || liver || tiraw/ʔ || liver || yeh₁kwr̥ || liver
|-
|-
| 92 || ag || drink || ʕab || drink || h₁egʷʰ || to drink
| 92 || ag || drink || ʕab || drink || h₁egʷʰ || to drink
Line 432: Line 354:
| 96 || piix || spit || pičw || to spit || sp(y)eu || to spit
| 96 || piix || spit || pičw || to spit || sp(y)eu || to spit
|-
|-
| 97 || gun || vomit || ḳ(ʷ)VʔVʕ || vomit || wem || to vomit
| 97 || qun || vomit || ḳ(ʷ)VʔVʕ || vomit || wem || to vomit
|-
|-
| 98 || suwu || blow || fiwaq || blow || weh₁ || to blow
| 98 || suwu || blow || fiwaq || blow || weh₁ || to blow
Line 450: Line 372:
| 105 || sune || smell || sVn || smell || h₃ed || to smell
| 105 || sune || smell || sVn || smell || h₃ed || to smell
|-
|-
| 106 || fuuru || fear || furVh || fear || * || *
| 106 || vuuru || fear || furVh || fear || * || *
|-
|-
| 107 || wam || sleep || wiʕan || sleep || drem || to sleep
| 107 || wam || sleep || wiʕan || sleep || drem || to sleep
Line 462: Line 384:
| 111|| lam || fight || laḥm || fight || * || *
| 111|| lam || fight || laḥm || fight || * || *
|-
|-
| 112 || xohu || hunt || c̣ayad || hunt || * || *
| 112 || xoh₁u || hunt || c̣ayad || hunt || * || *
|-
|-
| 113 || plu || hit || nig(ʕ) || strike || pleh₂k || to hit
| 113 || plu || hit || nig(ʕ) || strike || pleh₂k || to hit
Line 468: Line 390:
| 114 || tag || cut || dac || cut || * || *
| 114 || tag || cut || dac || cut || * || *
|-
|-
| 115 || fudak || split || fVṭVḳ || split || * || *
| 115 || vudak || split || fVṭVḳ || split || * || *
|-
|-
| 116 || taka || stab || dagwaṣa || stab || * || *
| 116 || taka || stab || dagwaṣa || stab || * || *
Line 474: Line 396:
| 117 || kolb || scratch || ʔakul || scratch || gerbʰ || to scratch
| 117 || kolb || scratch || ʔakul || scratch || gerbʰ || to scratch
|-
|-
| 118 || hot || dig || hut || dig || * || *
| 118 || h₁ot || dig || hut || dig || * || *
|-
|-
| 119 || nuhuu || swim || nVbVy || swim || néh₂-u || to swim
| 119 || nuh₂uu || swim || nVbVy || swim || néh₂-u || to swim
|-
|-
| 120 || pur || fly || pVr || fly || pet || to fly
| 120 || pur || fly || pVr || fly || pet || to fly
Line 482: Line 404:
| 121 || krod || walk || ŝVʔŝVʔ || walk || gʰredʰ || to walk
| 121 || krod || walk || ŝVʔŝVʔ || walk || gʰredʰ || to walk
|-
|-
| 122 || jam || come || may || come || gʷem || to come
| 122 || zam || come || may || come || gʷem || to come
|-
|-
| 123 || luk || lie || * || * || legʰ || to lie
| 123 || luk || lie || * || * || legʰ || to lie
Line 490: Line 412:
| 125 || sta || stand|| ĉawVʔ || stand || steh₂ || to stand
| 125 || sta || stand|| ĉawVʔ || stand || steh₂ || to stand
|-
|-
| 126 || han || turn || ʕVn || turn || * || *
| 126 || yan || turn || ʕVn || turn || * || *
|-
|-
| 127 || du || fall || diḥ || fall || * || *
| 127 || du || fall || diḥ || fall || * || *
Line 504: Line 426:
| 132 || luw || wash || waʕab || wash || leh₂w || to wash
| 132 || luw || wash || waʕab || wash || leh₂w || to wash
|-
|-
| 133 || fut || wipe || fVtt || wipe || * || *
| 133 || vut || wipe || fVtt || wipe || * || *
|-
|-
| 134 || ta || pull || ʔitaḥ || pull || * || *
| 134 || ta || pull || ʔitaḥ || pull || * || *
Line 510: Line 432:
| 135 || tuu || push || tur || push || * || *
| 135 || tuu || push || tur || push || * || *
|-
|-
| 136 || fup || throw || ĉVl || throw || swep || to throw
| 136 || vup || throw || ĉVl || throw || swep || to throw
|-
|-
| 137 || kanuu || tie || ḳanVw || tie || * || *
| 137 || kanuu || tie || ḳanVw || tie || * || *
|-
|-
| 138 || siihuup || sew || ʕVḳVp || sew || syuh₁ || to sew
| 138 || siih₁uup || sew || ʕVḳVp || sew || syuh₁ || to sew
|-
|-
| 139 || uud || count || ʕud || count || * || *
| 139 || uud || count || ʕud || count || * || *
Line 522: Line 444:
| 141 || gan || sing || gaʔ || sing || kan || to sing
| 141 || gan || sing || gaʔ || sing || kan || to sing
|-
|-
| 142 || ruh || play || riw || play || * || *
| 142 || ruh₁ || play || riw || play || * || *
|-
|-
| 143 || daf || float || ṭaf || float || * || *
| 143 || dav || float || ṭaf || float || * || *
|-
|-
| 144 || balal || flow || bVl(Vl) || flow || * || *
| 144 || balal || flow || bVl(Vl) || flow || * || *
Line 530: Line 452:
| 145 || gurux || freeze || ḳVrVs || freeze || * || *
| 145 || gurux || freeze || ḳVrVs || freeze || * || *
|-
|-
| 146 || ba || swell || bVʕ || swell || * || *
| 146 || bay || swell || bVʕ || swell || * || *
|-
|-
| 147 || azo || sun || ʔaǯ || sun || sóh₂wl̥ || sun
| 147 || azo || sun || ʔaǯ || sun || sóh₂wl̥ || sun
|-
|-
| 148 || muhiin || moon || ḳiḥ || moon || mḗh₁n̥s || moon
| 148 || muh₁iin || moon || ḳiḥ || moon || mḗh₁n̥s || moon
|-
|-
| 149 || ustiir || star || suhw || star || h₂stḗr || star
| 149 || ustiir || star || suhw || star || h₂stḗr || star
Line 544: Line 466:
| 152 || uke || river || siw/ʔVn || river || h₂ekw-eh₂ || river
| 152 || uke || river || siw/ʔVn || river || h₂ekw-eh₂ || river
|-
|-
| 153 || hup || lake || wVʕVr || lake || h₂ep || lake
| 153 || h₂up || lake || wVʕVr || lake || h₂ep || lake
|-
|-
| 154 || uam || sea || yam || sea || * || *
| 154 || uam || sea || yam || sea || * || *
|-
|-
| 155 || ham || salt || ḥamʕ/ʔ || salt || sal || salt
| 155 || h₁am || salt || ḥamʕ/ʔ || salt || sal || salt
|-
|-
| 156 || akmo || stone || ḥak || stone || h₂ekmon || stone
| 156 || akmo || stone || ḥak || stone || h₂ekmon || stone
Line 554: Line 476:
| 157 || bor || sand || bur || sand || * || *
| 157 || bor || sand || bur || sand || * || *
|-
|-
| 158 || fe || dust || fay/ʔ || sand || pers || dust
| 158 || ve || dust || fay/ʔ || sand || pers || dust
|-
|-
| 159 || aric || earth || ʔariĉ̣ || earth || dʰéǵʰōm || earth
| 159 || arix || earth || ʔariĉ̣ || earth || dʰéǵʰōm || earth
|-
|-
| 160 || nebo || cloud || ɣay/wb || cloud || nébʰos || cloud
| 160 || nebo || cloud || ɣay/wb || cloud || nébʰos || cloud
|-
|-
| 161 || snuuf || fog || luf || fog || sneudh || fog
| 161 || snuuv || fog || luf || fog || sneudh || fog
|-
|-
| 162 || ra || sky || raw || sky || * || *
| 162 || ra || sky || raw || sky || * || *
|-
|-
| 163 || sawa || wind || sa(w/yV)ḥ || wind || ḱewero || wind
| 163 || saqa || wind || sa(w/yV)ḥ || wind || ḱewero || wind
|-
|-
| 164 || snu || snow || * || * || sneigwh || snow
| 164 || snu || snow || * || * || sneigwh || snow
Line 572: Line 494:
| 166 || damo || smoke || daʕar || smoke || dʰuh₁mós || smoke
| 166 || damo || smoke || daʕar || smoke || dʰuh₁mós || smoke
|-
|-
| 167 || jur || fire || gir || fire || h₁égnis || fire
| 167 || zur || fire || gir || fire || h₁égnis || fire
|-
|-
| 168 || juur || ash || gur || ash || h₃és-i || ash
| 168 || zuur || ash || gur || ash || h₃és-i || ash
|-
|-
| 169 || iir || burn || ʔu/ir || burn || swel || to burn
| 169 || iir || burn || ʔu/ir || burn || swel || to burn
Line 590: Line 512:
| 175 || abos || white || c̣aḥ || white || h₂elbʰós || white
| 175 || abos || white || c̣aḥ || white || h₂elbʰós || white
|-
|-
| 176 || cum || black || č̣ilam || black || h₂ems || black
| 176 || xum || black || č̣ilam || black || h₂ems || black
|-
|-
| 177 || naku || night || naw/yn || night || nókʷts || night
| 177 || naku || night || naw/yn || night || nókʷts || night
Line 600: Line 522:
| 180 || surs || warm || sirVf || warm || tep || warm
| 180 || surs || warm || sirVf || warm || tep || warm
|-
|-
| 181 || juuwa || cold || ḥVwas || cold || gel || cold
| 181 || zuuwa || cold || ḥVwas || cold || gel || cold
|-
|-
| 182 || uuro || full || ḫVr || full || pl̥h₁nós || full
| 182 || uuro || full || ḫVr || full || pl̥h₁nós || full
|-
|-
| 183 || meho || new || may/ʔ || new || néwos || new
| 183 || meh₁o || new || may/ʔ || new || néwos || new
|-
|-
| 184 || hasun || old || yas || old || senh₁ó || old
| 184 || yasun || old || yas || old || senh₁ó || old
|-
|-
| 185 || mor || good || mVr || good || h₁su || good
| 185 || mor || good || mVr || good || h₁su || good
Line 632: Line 554:
| 196 || maro || correct || marVʕ || be true || * || *
| 196 || maro || correct || marVʕ || be true || * || *
|-
|-
| 197 || kerf || near || qâróv || near || * || *
| 197 || kerv || near || qâróv || near || * || *
|-
|-
| 198 || wu || far || way || far || wi || far
| 198 || wu || far || way || far || wi || far
Line 646: Line 568:
| 203 || bu || with || bi || with || pe || with
| 203 || bu || with || bi || with || pe || with
|-
|-
| 204 || kwa || and || wa || and || kʷe || and
| 204 || qa || and || wa || and || kʷe || and
|-
|-
| 205 || am || if || ʾim, || if || * || *
| 205 || am || if || ʾim, || if || * || *
Line 654: Line 576:
| 207 || xiinam || name || sim || name || h₁nómn̥ || name
| 207 || xiinam || name || sim || name || h₁nómn̥ || name
|-
|-
| * || an || ancestor || * || * || h₂en- || ancestor
| 208 || an || ancestor || * || * || h₂en- || ancestor
|-
| 209 || Padi || The First || ʔadir || master || potis || master
|-
| 210 || xun || a dietary staple || ŝi/uʕ(V̄ʕ) || grain || grānom || grain
|-
|-
| * || dudar || brother || di/ad || brother || bʰréh₂tēr || brother
| * || dudar || brother || di/ad || brother || bʰréh₂tēr || brother
Line 663: Line 589:
|-
|-
| * || datu || daughter || si/ut || daughter || dʰugh₂tḗr || daughter
| * || datu || daughter || si/ut || daughter || dʰugh₂tḗr || daughter
|-
| * || legayu || settlement || gaw(V)y || settlement || leghskā || settlement
|-
|-
| * || * || * || * || * || * || *
| * || * || * || * || * || * || *
Line 672: Line 600:




[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A posteriori]] [[Nanyse]]
[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:A posteriori]] [[Nanyse]]
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/22458...63525"