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|creator          = User:Lëtzelúcia
|creator          = User:Lëtzelúcia
|dia1              = Upper Luthic (''Altalûthica''), Ferraresi Luthic (''Lûthica Estense'')
|dia1              = Upper Luthic (''Altalûthica''), Ferraresi Luthic (''Lûthica Estense'')
|dia2              = Standard Bolognese Luthic (''Lûthica boloġnesa'')
|script1          = Latn
|script1          = Latn
|script2          = Brai
|script2          = Brai
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According to a census by [[w:Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]] (The Italian National Institute of Statistics), Luthic is spoken by an estimated 250,000 people, however only 149,500 are considered ''de facto'' natives, and approximately 50,000 are monolinguals.
According to a census by [[w:Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]] (The Italian National Institute of Statistics), Luthic is spoken by an estimated 250,000 people, however only 149,500 are considered ''de facto'' natives, and approximately 50,000 are monolinguals.


===Status===
===Status and usage===
As in most European countries, the minority languages are defined by legislation or constitutional documents and afforded some form of official support. In 1992, the Council of Europe adopted the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe.
As in most European countries, the minority languages are defined by legislation or constitutional documents and afforded some form of official support. In 1992, the Council of Europe adopted the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe.


Luthic is regulated by the '''Council for the Luthic Language''' (Luthic: ''Gafaurdo faul·la Rasda Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɡɐˈfɔɾ.du fɔl‿lɐ ˈʁaz.dɐ ˈlu.tʰi.xɐ]]]) and the '''Luthic Community of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Gamaenescape Lûthica Ravennae'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɡɐˌmɛ.neˈska.fe ˈlu.tʰi.xɐ ʁɐˈvẽ.nɛ]]]). The existence of a regulatory body has removed Luthic, at least in part, from the domain of Standard Italian, its traditional [[w:Abstand and ausbau languages|Dachsprache]], Luthic was considered an Italian dialect like many others until about [[w:World War II|World War II]], but then it underwent [[w:Abstand and ausbau languages|ausbau]].
Luthic is regulated by the '''Council for the Luthic Language''' (Luthic: ''Gafaurdo faul·la Rasda Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɡɐˈfɔɾ.du fɔl‿lɐ ˈʁaz.dɐ ˈlu.tʰi.xɐ]]]) and the '''Luthic Community of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Gamaenescape Lûthica Ravennae'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɡɐˌmɛ.neˈska.fe ˈlu.tʰi.xɐ ʁɐˈvẽ.nɛ]]]). The existence of a regulatory body has removed Luthic, at least in part, from the domain of Standard Italian, its traditional [[w:Abstand and ausbau languages|Dachsprache]], Luthic was considered an Italian dialect like many others until about [[w:World War II|World War II]], but then it underwent [[w:Abstand and ausbau languages|ausbau]].
[[File:Spoken Luthic Ravenna.png|thumb|Luthic geographical distribution in the commune of Ravenna]]
[[File:Spoken Luthic Ravenna.png|thumb|Luthic geographical distribution in the commune of Ravenna]]
====Diglossia and code-switching====
Luthic is recognised as a minor language in Ravenna. Italy’s official language is Italian, as stated by the framework law no. 482/1999 and Trentino Alto-Adige’s special Statute, which is adopted with a constitutional law. Around the world there are an estimated 64 million native Italian speakers and another 21 million who use it as a second language. Italian is often natively spoken in a [[w:Regional Italian|regional variety]], not to be confused with Italy’s regional and minority languages; however, the establishment of a national education system led to a decrease in variation in the languages spoken across the country during the 20th century. Standardisation was further expanded in the 1950s and 1960s due to economic growth and the rise of [[w:Mass media in Italy|mass media]] and television (the state broadcaster [[w:RAI|RAI]] helped set a standard Italian).
[[w:Code-switching|Code-switching]] between Luthic, Emilian dialects and Italian is frequent among Luthic speakers, in both informal and formal settings (such as on television).
=====Education=====
Education in Italy is free and mandatory from ages six to sixteen, and consists of five stages: kindergarten (''scuola dell’infanzia''), primary school (''scuola primaria''), lower secondary school (''scuola secondaria di primo grado''), upper secondary school (''scuola secondaria di secondo grado''), and university (''università''). Although mostly in Italian, education is Luthic has been implemented in 2018 by Ravenna University. In 2018, the Italian secondary education was evaluated as below the [[w:OECD|OECD]] average. Italy scored below the [[w:OECD|OECD]] average in reading and science, and near OECD average in mathematics. Mean performance in Italy declined in reading and science, and remained stable in mathematics. [[w:Trento|Trento]] and [[w:Bolzano|Bolzano]] scored at an above the national average in reading. Compared to school children in other [[w:OECD|OECD]] countries, children in Italy missed out on a greater amount of learning due to absences and indiscipline in classrooms. A wide gap exists between [[w:northern Italy|northern]] schools, which perform near average, and schools in the [[w:Southern Italy|South]], that had much poorer results. The 2018 [[w:Progress in International Reading Literacy Study|Progress in International Reading Literacy Study]] ranks children in Italy 16th for reading. Compared to school children in other [[w:OECD|OECD]] countries, children in Italy missed out on a greater amount of learning due to absences and indiscipline in classrooms.
[[File:Mussoliniposter.jpg|thumb|Propaganda poster of Mussolini]]
Most of the Luths also speak Italian, this is commoner for Luth elders, and most of the Luth elders may speak only Italian because of the influence from the Fascist period, as the Fascist government endorsed a stringent education policy in Italy aiming at eliminating illiteracy, which was a serious problem in Italy at the time, as well as improving the allegiance of Italians to the state. The Fascist government’s first minister of education from 1922 to 1924 [[w:Giovanni Gentile|Giovanni Gentile]] recommended that education policy should focus on indoctrination of students into Fascism and to educate youth to respect and be obedient to authority. In 1929, education policy took a major step towards being completely taken over by the agenda of indoctrination.> In that year, the Fascist government took control of the authorization of all textbooks, all secondary school teachers were required to take an oath of loyalty to Fascism and children began to be taught that they owed the same loyalty to Fascism as they did to God. In 1933, all university teachers were required to be members of the National Fascist Party. From the 1930s to 1940s, Italy’s education focused on the history of Italy displaying Italy as a force of civilization during the [[w:Ancient Rome|Roman]] era, displaying the rebirth of [[w:Italian nationalism|Italian nationalism]] and the struggle for Italian independence and unity during the ''[[w:Risorgimento|Risorgimento]]''. In the late 1930s, the Fascist government copied [[w:Nazi Germany|Nazi Germany]]’s education system on the issue of physical fitness and began an agenda that demanded that Italians become physically healthy. Intellectual talent in Italy was rewarded and promoted by the Fascist government through the [[w:Royal Academy of Italy|Royal Academy of Italy]] which was created in 1926 to promote and coordinate Italy’s intellectual activity.
=====Films and music=====
Most films and songs are in vernacular Italian, Luthic is seldom spoken in television and radio. Some educational shows hosted by the Luthic Community of Ravenna and Ravenna University are often in Standard Luthic. Italian folk music is an important part of the country’ musical heritage, and spans a diverse array of regional styles, instruments and dances. Instrumental and vocal classical music is an iconic part of Italian identity, spanning experimental art music and international fusions to symphonic music and opera. Italian music has been held up in high esteem in history and many pieces of Italian music are considered high art. More than other elements of Italian culture, music is generally eclectic, but unique from other nations’ music. The country’s historical contributions to music are also an important part of national pride. The relatively recent history of Italy includes the development of an opera tradition that has spread throughout the world; prior to the development of Italian identity or a unified Italian state, the Italian peninsula contributed to important innovations in music including the development of [[w:Musical notation|musical notation]] and [[w:Gregorian chant|Gregorian chant]].
Similar to the [[w:Canzone Napoletana|Canzone Napoletana]], '''Lae Canzoni Lûthicae''', sometimes referred to as '''Luthic songs''', became a formal institution in the 1990s as Luthic became more researched by Ravenna University, a generic term for a traditional form of music sung in the Luthic language, ordinarily for male and female voice singing solo. An important factor in defining what makes a Luthic song is the matter of language. All these songs are written and performed in the Luthic language. Although the music is sung by a few non-Luthic singers, it is difficult to sing correctly without knowledge of the Luthic ''continua'', which is crucial in obtaining the correct inflection.
=====Written media=====
Luthic is mostly found as written media, However newspapers usually use Italian and reserve Luthic for sarcastic commentaries and caricatures. [[w:Headline|Headlines]] in Luthic are common. The [[w:Letter to the editor|letter to the editor]] section often includes entire paragraphs in Luthic. Many newspapers also regularly publish personal columns in Luthic. Most comedies are written in Luthic. [[w:Comic book|Comic books]] are often written in Luthic instead of Italian. In novels and short stories, most of the Luth authors, write the dialogues in their Luthic dialects.


===Luthic regarded as an Italian dialect===
===Luthic regarded as an Italian dialect===
[[File:Lang Status 80-VU.svg|thumb|Luthic is classified as Vulnerable by the [[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]]]
Luthic lexicon is discrepant from those of other Romance languages, since most of the words present in Modern Luthic are ultimately of Germanic origin. The lexical differentiation was a big factor for the creation of an independent regulatory body. There were many attempts to assimilate Luthic into the Italian [[w:Dialect continuum|dialect continuum]], as in recent centuries, the intermediate dialects between the major Romance languages have been moving toward [[w:Language death|extinction]], as their speakers have switched to varieties closer to the more prestigious national standards. That has been most notable in [[w:France|France]], owing to the French government’s [[w:Language policy in France|refusal to recognise minority languages]]. For many decades since Italy’s unification, the attitude of the French government towards the ethnolinguistic minorities was copied by the Italian government. A movement called “Italianised Luthic Movement” (Luthic: ''Movimento Lûthicae Italianegiatae''; Italian: ''Movimento per il Lutico Italianeggiato'') tried to italianase Luthic’s vocabulary and reduce the inherited Germanic vocabulary, in order to assimilate Luthic as an Italian derived language; modern Luthic orthography was affected by this movement.
Luthic lexicon is discrepant from those of other Romance languages, since most of the words present in Modern Luthic are ultimately of Germanic origin. The lexical differentiation was a big factor for the creation of an independent regulatory body. There were many attempts to assimilate Luthic into the Italian [[w:Dialect continuum|dialect continuum]], as in recent centuries, the intermediate dialects between the major Romance languages have been moving toward [[w:Language death|extinction]], as their speakers have switched to varieties closer to the more prestigious national standards. That has been most notable in [[w:France|France]], owing to the French government’s [[w:Language policy in France|refusal to recognise minority languages]]. For many decades since Italy’s unification, the attitude of the French government towards the ethnolinguistic minorities was copied by the Italian government. A movement called “Italianised Luthic Movement” (Luthic: ''Movimento Lûthicae Italianegiatae''; Italian: ''Movimento per il Lutico Italianeggiato'') tried to italianase Luthic’s vocabulary and reduce the inherited Germanic vocabulary, in order to assimilate Luthic as an Italian derived language; modern Luthic orthography was affected by this movement.


Almost all of the Romance languages spoken in Italy are native to the area in which they are spoken. Apart from Standard Italian, these languages are often referred to as [[w:Italian dialects|''dialetti'']] “dialects”, both colloquially and in scholarly usage; however, the term may coexist with other labels like “''minority languages''” or “''vernaculars''” for some of them. Italian was first declared to be Italy's official language during the [[w:Fascist Italy|Fascist period]], more specifically through the R.D.l., adopted on 15 October 1925, with the name of ''Sull'Obbligo della lingua italiana in tutti gli uffici giudiziari del Regno, salvo le eccezioni stabilite nei trattati internazionali per la città di Fiume''. According to [[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]], there are 31 endangered languages in Italy.
Almost all of the Romance languages spoken in Italy are native to the area in which they are spoken. Apart from Standard Italian, these languages are often referred to as [[w:Italian dialects|''dialetti'']] “dialects”, both colloquially and in scholarly usage; however, the term may coexist with other labels like “''minority languages''” or “''vernaculars''” for some of them. Italian was first declared to be Italy's official language during the [[w:Fascist Italy|Fascist period]], more specifically through the R.D.l., adopted on 15 October 1925, with the name of ''Sull'Obbligo della lingua italiana in tutti gli uffici giudiziari del Regno, salvo le eccezioni stabilite nei trattati internazionali per la città di Fiume''. According to [[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]], there are 31 endangered languages in Italy.
[[File:Lang Status 80-VU.svg|thumb|Luthic is classified as Vulnerable by the [[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]]]


==Standard Luthic==
==Standard Luthic==
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* The letter c represents the sound [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] before the letters e and i.
* The letter c represents the sound [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] before the letters e and i.
* The letter g represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] before the letters e and i. It also represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] before c, q or g.
* The letter g represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] before the letters e and i. It also represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] before c, q or g.
** Velar plosives after /ŋ/ are not further palatalised to /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/.
** [[IPA for Luthic|/ɡʷ/]] only happens before a nasal and is spelled as ggu [[w:Labialization|/ŋɡʷ/]], or inherited from Gothic ''-ggw-'' as a regular outcome of [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] ''*ww'': [[wikt:𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃|𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃]] [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[triɡʷːs]]], ''tregguo'' [ˈtɾɛɡ.ɡʷu].
** [[IPA for Luthic|/ɡʷ/]] only happens before a nasal and is spelled as ggu [[w:Labialization|/ŋɡʷ/]], or inherited from Gothic ''-ggw-'' as a regular outcome of [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] ''*ww'': [[wikt:𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃|𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃]] [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[triɡʷːs]]], ''tregguo'' [ˈtɾɛɡ.ɡʷu].
* The letter r represents the sound [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|/ʁ/]] onset or stressed intervocalic, [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]] when intervocalic or nearby another consonant or at the end of words and [[w:Voiced uvular trill|/ʀ/]] if doubled.
* The letter r represents the sound [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|/ʁ/]] onset or stressed intervocalic, [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]] when intervocalic or nearby another consonant or at the end of words and [[w:Voiced uvular trill|/ʀ/]] if doubled.
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* The spelling ġl and ġn represent the palatals [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|/ʎ/]] and [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|/ɲ/]] retrospectively; always geminate if intervocalic.
* The spelling ġl and ġn represent the palatals [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|/ʎ/]] and [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|/ɲ/]] retrospectively; always geminate if intervocalic.


The Luthic alphabet is considered to consist of 22 letters; j, k, w, x, y are excluded, and often avoided in loanwords, as ''tacċi'' vs ''taxi'', ''cċenophobo'' vs ''xenofobo'', ''geins'' vs ''jeans'', ''Giorque'' vs ''York'', ''Valsar'' vs ''Walsar'':
The Luthic alphabet is considered to consist of 22 letters; j, k, w, x, y are excluded, and often avoided in loanwords, as ''tassi'' vs ''taxi'', ''cċenophobo'' vs ''xenofobo'', ''geins'' vs ''jeans'', ''Giorque'' vs ''York'', ''Valsar'' vs ''Walsar'':


* The [[w:Circumflex|circumflex accent]] is used over vowels to indicate irregular stress.
* The [[w:Circumflex|circumflex accent]] is used over vowels to indicate irregular stress.
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* /ɐ/ is near-open central unrounded [[w:Near-open central vowel|[ɐ]]].
* /ɐ/ is near-open central unrounded [[w:Near-open central vowel|[ɐ]]].
* /a/ has been variously described as open front unrounded [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|[a]]] and open central unrounded [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|[ä]]].
* /a/ has been variously described as open front unrounded [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|[a]]] and open central unrounded [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|[ä]]].
====Diphthongs and triphthongs====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 350px; "style="width: 350px; "
|-
|+ '''Rising diphthongs of Standard Luthic'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; "|Rising
| style="text-align: center;"|je
| style="text-align: center;"|jɛ
| style="text-align: center;"|jo
| style="text-align: center;"|jɔ
| style="text-align: center;"|jɐ
| style="text-align: center;"|ju
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|we
| style="text-align: center;"|wɛ
| style="text-align: center;"|wo
| style="text-align: center;"|wɔ
| style="text-align: center;"|wɐ
| style="text-align: center;"|wi
|}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 350px; "
|-
|+ '''Falling diphthongs of Standard Luthic'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; "|Falling
| style="text-align: center;"|ej
| style="text-align: center;"|ɛj
| style="text-align: center;"|oj
| style="text-align: center;"|ɔj
| style="text-align: center;"|ɐj
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|ew
| style="text-align: center;"|ɛw
| style="text-align: center;"|ow
| style="text-align: center;"|ɔw
| style="text-align: center;"|ɐw
|}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 350px; "style="width: 350px; "
|-
|+ '''Rising triphthongs of Standard Luthic'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Rising
| style="text-align: center;"|jwo
|}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 350px; "
|-
|+ '''Falling triphthongs of Standard Luthic'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; "|Falling
| style="text-align: center;"|jɛj
| style="text-align: center;"|jɔj
| style="text-align: center;"|jɐj
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|wɛj
| style="text-align: center;"|wɔj
| style="text-align: center;"|wɐj
|}


====Consonants====
====Consonants====
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|-
|-
! ''þû''
! ''þû''
| þagc<span style="color:green">aa</span>
| þagc<span style="color:green">asa</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">esa</span>
| cred<span style="color:darkorange">esa</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">osa</span>
| hol<span style="color:red">osa</span>
Line 3,975: Line 4,054:
| giȧ
| giȧ
| giȧ
| giȧ
| gial’
| gi’
| giom
| giom
| giam
| giam
Line 4,296: Line 4,375:


==Dialectology==
==Dialectology==
[[File:Dialect map.png|thumb|Geographical distribution.]]
Luthic has many [[w:Sociolect|sociolects]], whose differ in phonology and grammar; Standard Luthic is the only form who declines noun by cases, other informal sociolects are way closer to other Romance languages in grammar (restrict [[w:Register (sociolinguistics)|register]]). Whereas sociolect refers to a variation in language between different social groups, dialect is a language variation based upon a geographical location, and Luthic has a small geographical area, however, a major dialect is found nearby Ferrara, who was first mentioned when it was conquered by Germanic tribe the Lombards in 753 CE, and the Byzantine Empire lost its rule over the city. It was gifted to the [[w:Holy See|Holy See]] by the Franks in either 754 or 756 CE, and was led by the Bishops of Ravenna. Benedictine and Cistercian monasteries started reclaiming Podeltan lands in the 9th century. This contact with West Germanic languages, and the lesser presence of East Germanic influence (unlike Ravenna) modelled some sound changes in discrepancy when compared to Standard Luthic. This dialect is often called '''Ferraresi Luthic''' (''Lûthica Estense'') or '''Upper Luthic''' (''Altalûthica'').
Luthic has many [[w:Sociolect|sociolects]], whose differ in phonology and grammar; Standard Luthic is the only form who declines noun by cases, other informal sociolects are way closer to other Romance languages in grammar (restrict [[w:Register (sociolinguistics)|register]]). Whereas sociolect refers to a variation in language between different social groups, dialect is a language variation based upon a geographical location, and Luthic has a small geographical area, however, a major dialect is found nearby Ferrara, who was first mentioned when it was conquered by Germanic tribe the Lombards in 753 CE, and the Byzantine Empire lost its rule over the city. It was gifted to the [[w:Holy See|Holy See]] by the Franks in either 754 or 756 CE, and was led by the Bishops of Ravenna. Benedictine and Cistercian monasteries started reclaiming Podeltan lands in the 9th century. This contact with West Germanic languages, and the lesser presence of East Germanic influence (unlike Ravenna) modelled some sound changes in discrepancy when compared to Standard Luthic. This dialect is often called '''Ferraresi Luthic''' (''Lûthica Estense'') or '''Upper Luthic''' (''Altalûthica'').


Line 4,559: Line 4,639:
* [ʀ] is in free variation with [r];
* [ʀ] is in free variation with [r];
* [ʎ] may be described as a fricative [[w:Voiced palatal lateral fricative|[ʎ̝]]].
* [ʎ] may be described as a fricative [[w:Voiced palatal lateral fricative|[ʎ̝]]].
===Standard Bolognese Luthic===
<div style="float:right; width:35%; padding:15px; background: #f5f8ff; border: 1px solid blue; margin-left:8px; margin-right:8px;margin-bottom:15px; text-align:center; font-size: small">
:''"… I say, then, that perhaps those are not wrong who claim that the Bolognese speak a more beautiful language than most, especially since they take many features of their own speech from that of the people who live around them, in Imola, Ferrara and Modena I believe that everybody does this with respect to his own neighbours.... So the above-mentioned citizens of Bologna take a soft, yielding quality from those of Imola, and from the people of Ferrara and Modena, on the other hand, a certain abruptness which is more typical of the Lombards.... If, then, the Bolognese take from all sides, as I have said, it seems reasonable to suggest that their language, tempered by the combination of opposites mentioned above, should achieve a praiseworthy degree of elegance; and this, in my opinion, is beyond doubt true."''<br/> ([[w:Dante Alighieri|Dante Alighieri]], [[w:De vulgari eloquentia|''De vulgari eloquentia'']] - ''Liber I'', xv, 2-5)
</div>
Although very similar to Standard Ravennese Luthic, there is noticeable influence from the regional [[w:Bolognese dialect|Bolognese dialects]], dialects of [[w:Emilian dialects|Emilian]], one of the [[w:Gallo-Italic|Gallo-Italic]] languages of the [[w:Romance languages|Romance]] family:
* /h ç/ are fully lost, however spelling remains the same;
* /ʁ ɾ/ merge as /r/ and /ʀ/ is reanalised as /rː/;
* /t͡ʃ d͡ʒ/ are fully merged with /t͡s d͡z/.
Furthermore, Standard Bolognese Luthic is affected by [[w:Metaphony (Romance languages)|apophony]]:
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em; text-align:center;"
|+Raising-type metaphony
! Unaffected !! Mutated
|-
| [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈmet.to/]] “I put” || [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈmit.tis/]] “you put”
|-
| [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈes.to/]] “this (neut.)” || [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈis.tu/]] “this (masc.)”
|-
| [[IPA for Luthic|/moˈdɛs.tɐ/]] “modest (fem.)” || [[IPA for Luthic|/moˈdes.tu/]] “modest (masc.)”
|-
| [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈspo.zɐ/]] “wife” || [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈspu.zu/]] “husband”
|-
| [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈmɔ.reθ/]] “he dies” || [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈmo.ris/]] “you die”
|-
| [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈmɔ.ʃɐ/]] “depressed (fem.)” || [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈmo.ʃu/]] “depressed (masc.)”
|}
====Phonology====
Standard Bolognese Luthic is almost identical to Standard Ravennese Luthic, however it has fewer consonant phonemes, itself being very similar to the phonology of Emilian Bolognese dialects.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ '''Vowel phonemes of Standard Bolognese Luthic'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"|[[w:Front vowel|Front]]
!colspan="2"|[[w:Central vowel|Central]]
!colspan="2"|[[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!{{small|oral}}
!{{small|nasal}}
!{{small|oral}}
!{{small|nasal}}
!{{small|oral}}
!{{small|nasal}}
|-
![[w:Close vowel|Close]]
|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
|[[w:Nasalization|ĩ]]
|
|
|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|[[w:Nasalization|ũ]]
|-
![[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|[[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
|[[w:Nasalization|ẽ]]
|colspan="2"|
|[[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|[[w:Nasalization|õ]]
|-
![[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]
|
|[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]
|[[w:Nasalization|ɐ̃]]
|[[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]]
|
|-
![[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|colspan="2"|
|[[w:Open central unrounded vowel|a]]
|
|colspan="2"|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ Consonant phonemes of Standard Bolognese Luthic
! colspan=2 rowspan=2 |
! rowspan=2| [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan=2| [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br />[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan=2| [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
! rowspan=2| [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan=2| [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! {{small|plain}}
! {{small|[[w:Labialization|labialized]]}}
|-
!colspan=2| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]
|
| [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| [[w:Labialization|(ŋʷ)]]
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]]
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]], [[w:Aspirated consonant|pʰ]]
| [[w:Voiceless dental plosive|t]], [[w:Aspirated consonant|tʰ]]
|
|
| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]], [[w:Aspirated consonant|kʰ]]
| [[w:Labialization|kʷ]]
|-
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]
| [[w:Voiced dental plosive|d]]
|
|
| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|ɡ]]
| [[w:Labialization|ɡʷ]]
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]
|
| [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|(x)]]
|
|-
! {{small|[[w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
|
|
|colspan=2|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental affricate|(p͡f)]]
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]] [[w:Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate|(t͡θ)]]
|
|
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|
| [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|d͡z]]
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=3| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! {{small|[[w:semivowel|semivowel]]}}
|
|
|
| [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
|
| [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]]
|-
! {{small|[[w:Lateral consonant|lateral]]}}
|
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]
|
| [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]]
|colspan=2|
|-
! {{small|[[w:Tuscan gorgia|Gorgia Toscana]]}}
| [[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|(ʋ)]]
| [[w:Voiced dental approximant|(ð̞)]]
|
|
| [[w:Voiced velar approximant|(ɣ˕)]]
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|r]]
|
|
|colspan=2|
|}


==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
Line 4,831: Line 5,091:
! width="33%"|IPA
! width="33%"|IPA
|-
|-
| Haelȯ <sup>m</sup><br >Haela <sup>f</sup> || Hello || [ˈhɛ.lo] <sup>m</sup><br >[ˈhɛ.lɐ] <sup>f</sup>
| Haelȯ <sup>m</sup><br >Haela <sup>f</sup> || Hello || [ˈçɛ.lo] <sup>m</sup><br >[ˈçɛ.lɐ] <sup>f</sup>
|-
|-
| Buona maurgina || Good morning || [ˈbwɔ.nɐ ˈmɔɾ.d͡ʒi.nɐ]
| Buona maurgina || Good morning || [ˈbwɔ.nɐ ˈmɔɾ.d͡ʒi.nɐ]
Line 4,905: Line 5,165:
# Martellare lȯ ditȯ: the opposite to the previous idiomatic phrase, when someone is totally wrong; literally, “To hammer the finger”.
# Martellare lȯ ditȯ: the opposite to the previous idiomatic phrase, when someone is totally wrong; literally, “To hammer the finger”.
# Ġnoscȯ las meinas patatas: equivalent to ''I can handle this''; literally, “I know my potatoes”.
# Ġnoscȯ las meinas patatas: equivalent to ''I can handle this''; literally, “I know my potatoes”.
# Stoppau di rogiare fragquese: an expression asking for someone ''to be straightforward and speak one’s mind''; literally, “Stop speaking French”.
# Stoppau di rogiare fragcese: an expression asking for someone ''to be straightforward and speak one’s mind''; literally, “Stop speaking French”.
# Imparasti fragquese, nu rogiâ: equivalent to [[wikt:make one's bed and lie in it|make one’s bed and lie in it]]; literally, “You learnt French, now speak it”.
# Imparasti fragcese, nu rogiâ: equivalent to [[wikt:make one's bed and lie in it|make one’s bed and lie in it]]; literally, “You learnt French, now speak it”.
# Pasta miþ salsȧ e caffê aeve nero: equivalent to [[wikt:call a spade a spade|call a spade a spade]]; literally, “Pasta with sauce and coffee always black”.
# Pasta miþ salsȧ e caffê aeve nero: equivalent to [[wikt:call a spade a spade|call a spade a spade]]; literally, “Pasta with sauce and coffee always black”.
# Il þeino sale stâþ dolce: equivalent to [[wikt:out of one's mind|out of one’s mind]]; literally, “Your salt is sweet”.
# Il þeino sale stâþ dolce: equivalent to [[wikt:out of one's mind|out of one’s mind]]; literally, “Your salt is sweet”.
Line 4,914: Line 5,174:
# Il pomodoro non taugit lȯ capocuocȯ: equivalent to [[wikt:clothes don't make the man|clothes don’t make the man]]; literally, “The tomato doesn’t make the chef”.
# Il pomodoro non taugit lȯ capocuocȯ: equivalent to [[wikt:clothes don't make the man|clothes don’t make the man]]; literally, “The tomato doesn’t make the chef”.
# Aeno pomodoro grosso: equivalent to [[wikt:big shot|big shot]]; literally, “A big tomato”.
# Aeno pomodoro grosso: equivalent to [[wikt:big shot|big shot]]; literally, “A big tomato”.
# Havere aenȯ cervellȯ di fragquesi: an expression for someone who ''acts stupidly, has low intelligence or has poor judgment''; literally, “To have a French brain”.
# Havere aenȯ cervellȯ di fragcesi: an expression for someone who ''acts stupidly, has low intelligence or has poor judgment''; literally, “To have a French brain”.
# Cosa ist marcia in Roma: equivalent to [[wikt:something is rotten in the state of Denmark|something is rotten in the state of Denmark]]; literally, “Something is rotten in Rome”.
# Cosa ist marcia in Roma: equivalent to [[wikt:something is rotten in the state of Denmark|something is rotten in the state of Denmark]]; literally, “Something is rotten in Rome”.
# Scimmia non dauþat scimmia: equivalent to ''honour among thieves''; literally, “Monkey doesn’t kill monkey”.
# Scimmia non dauþat scimmia: equivalent to ''honour among thieves''; literally, “Monkey doesn’t kill monkey”.
Line 4,920: Line 5,180:
# Þata ist Italiana mis: equivalent to [[wikt:it's all Greek to me|it’s all Greek to me]]; literally, “This is Italian to me”.
# Þata ist Italiana mis: equivalent to [[wikt:it's all Greek to me|it’s all Greek to me]]; literally, “This is Italian to me”.
# Drigcare svasve aeno russo: equivalent to [[wikt:drink like a fish|drink like a fish]]; literally, “To drink like a Russian”.
# Drigcare svasve aeno russo: equivalent to [[wikt:drink like a fish|drink like a fish]]; literally, “To drink like a Russian”.
# Vivere grande ed al·la franquesa: an expression for ''living in extravagance'', '''to live in luxury''; literally, “To live big and French”, mocking the French lifestyle.
# Vivere grande ed al·la fragcesa: an expression for ''living in extravagance'', '''to live in luxury''; literally, “To live big and French”, mocking the French lifestyle.
# Possere drigcare velenȯ ana þata: equivalent to [[wikt:bet one's bottom dollar|bet one’s bottom dollar]]; literally, “To can drink poison on that”.
# Possere drigcare velenȯ ana þata: equivalent to [[wikt:bet one's bottom dollar|bet one’s bottom dollar]]; literally, “To can drink poison on that”.
# Il volfo danzat her: an expression for a great party; literally, “The wolf dances here”.
# Il volfo danzat her: an expression for a great party; literally, “The wolf dances here”.
Line 5,061: Line 5,321:
* Calabrese, Andrea (2005). ''On the Feature [ATR] and the Evolution of the Short High Vowels of Latin into Romance''. Connecticut: University of Connecticut
* Calabrese, Andrea (2005). ''On the Feature [ATR] and the Evolution of the Short High Vowels of Latin into Romance''. Connecticut: University of Connecticut
* Calabrese, Andrea (1998). ''Some remarks on the Latin case system and its development in Romance'', in J. Lema & E. Trevino, (eds.), ''Theoretical Advances on Romance Languages''. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
* Calabrese, Andrea (1998). ''Some remarks on the Latin case system and its development in Romance'', in J. Lema & E. Trevino, (eds.), ''Theoretical Advances on Romance Languages''. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
* Calabrese, Andrea (1999). ''Metaphony Revisited''. In ''Rivista di Linguistica''.
* Calabrese, Andrea (2011). ''Metaphony in Romance''. In C. Ewen; M. & Oostendorp; B. Hume (eds.). ''The Blackwell Companion to Phonology''. Wiley-Blackwell.
* Batllori, Montserrat & Roca, Francesc (2011). ''Grammaticalization of ser and estar in romance''. Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online.
* Batllori, Montserrat & Roca, Francesc (2011). ''Grammaticalization of ser and estar in romance''. Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online.
* Bruckner, Wilhelm (1895). ''Die Sprache der Langobarden. Quellen und Forschungen zur Sprach- und Culturgeschichte der germanischen Völker''. Vol. LXXV. Strassburg: Trübner.
* Bruckner, Wilhelm (1895). ''Die Sprache der Langobarden. Quellen und Forschungen zur Sprach- und Culturgeschichte der germanischen Völker''. Vol. LXXV. Strassburg: Trübner.
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