Maltcégj: Difference between revisions

26,314 bytes added ,  9 October 2021
no edit summary
m (Updated infobox)
No edit summary
Line 2: Line 2:
[[Category: Conlangs]]
[[Category: Conlangs]]
[[Category: Artlangs]]
[[Category: Artlangs]]
[[Category: A_priori]]
[[Category: A priori]]
[[Category: Baraqesh_languages]]
[[Category: Baraqesh languages]]


Maltcégj is an a priori, agglutinative, semi-analytic head-initial language created by BenJamin P. Johnson in 2001. It has a strict VSO sentence structure that is modified with large numbers of verbal and nominal particles.
Maltcégj is an a priori, agglutinative, semi-analytic head-initial language created by BenJamin P. Johnson in 2001. It has a strict VSO sentence structure that is modified with large numbers of verbal and nominal particles.
Line 14: Line 14:
<small>creator of:<br />
<small>creator of:<br />
<ul>
<ul>
<li>[[Adzaac]]</li>
<li>[[Ox-Yew|Adzaay]]</li>
<li>[[Brooding]]</li>
<li>[[Dlatci]]</li>
<li>[[Dlatci]]</li>
<li>[[Grayis]]</li>
<li>[[Grayis]]</li>
Line 26: Line 25:
<li>''[[Middle Valthungian]]''</li>
<li>''[[Middle Valthungian]]''</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<li>[[Gothic Romance]]</li>
<ul>
<li>''[[Latina Ignōbilis]]''</li>
<li>''[[Old Valthungian]]''</li>
<li>''[[Italian Gothic]]''</li>
<li>''[[Bad Romance]]''</li>
</ul>
</ul>
curator of:<br />
<ul>
<li>[[Brooding]]</li>
<li>[[Nymeran]]</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</small>
</small>
Line 32: Line 43:
|familycolor = Conlang
|familycolor = Conlang
|fam1 = Baraqesh
|fam1 = Baraqesh
|scripts = * [[Maltc%C3%A9gj#Alphabet_and_Pronunciation|Maltcégj Alphabet]]
|scripts = * [[#Alphabet_and_Pronunciation|Maltcégj Alphabet]]
* [[w:Latin script|Latin script]] (transliteration)
* [[w:Latin script|Latin script]] (transliteration)
|brcl = mltj
|brcl = mltj
Line 41: Line 52:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| '''a''' || '''b''' || '''c''' || '''d''' || '''ð''' || '''e''' || '''f''' || '''g''' || '''ǧ''' || '''h''' || '''i'''
| '''a'''  
| '''b'''  
| '''c'''  
| '''d'''  
| '''ð'''  
| '''e'''  
| '''f'''  
| '''g'''  
| '''ǧ'''  
| '''h'''  
| '''i'''
|-
|-
| /ɑ/ || /b/ || /ʃ/ || /d/ || /ð/ || /ɛ/ || /f/ || /g/ || /γ/ || /h/ || /i/
| /ɑ/  
| /b/  
| /ʃ/  
| /d/  
| /ð/  
| /ɛ/  
| /f/  
| /g/  
| /γ/  
| /h/  
| /i/
|-
|-
| '''j''' || '''k''' || '''l''' || '''ɮ''' || '''ʌ''' || '''m''' || '''n''' || '''o''' || '''ǫ''' || '''p''' || '''r'''
| '''j'''  
| '''k'''  
| '''l'''  
| '''ɮ'''  
| '''ʌ'''  
| '''m'''  
| '''n'''  
| '''o'''  
| '''ǫ'''  
| '''p'''  
| '''r'''
|-
|-
| /ʒ/ || /k/ || /l/ || /ɮ/ || /ɫ̩/ || /m/ || /n/ || /o/ || /ɔ/ || /p/ || /ɾ/
| /ʒ/  
| /k/  
| /l/  
| /ɮ/  
| /ɫ̩/  
| /m/  
| /n/  
| /o/  
| /ɔ/  
| /p/  
| /ɾ/
|-
|-
| '''ʀ''' || '''s''' || '''t''' || '''þ''' || '''u''' || '''v''' || '''w''' || '''x''' || '''y''' || '''ẏ''' || '''z'''
| '''ʀ'''  
| '''s'''  
| '''t'''  
| '''þ'''  
| '''u'''  
| '''v'''  
| '''w'''  
| '''x'''  
| '''y'''  
| '''ẏ'''  
| '''z'''
|-
|-
| /ɹ̩/ || /s/ || /t/ || /θ/ || /u/ || /v/ || /w/ || /x/ || /ɪ/ || /j/ || /z/
| /ɹ̩/  
| /s/  
| /t/  
| /θ/  
| /u/  
| /v/  
| /w/  
| /x/  
| /ɪ/  
| /j/  
| /z/
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 59: Line 130:
* Primary stress is indicated in words of more than one syllable with an acute accent over the primary vowel. In diphthongs, the accent is placed on the first vowel.
* Primary stress is indicated in words of more than one syllable with an acute accent over the primary vowel. In diphthongs, the accent is placed on the first vowel.
* Where two vowels appear together but are ''not'' a diphthong, the second vowel is marked with a diæresis if it is a front vowel, or with a single dot if a back vowel (i.e. ï, ÿ, ë, ȧ, ǫ̇, ȯ, u̇), e.g. oï.  
* Where two vowels appear together but are ''not'' a diphthong, the second vowel is marked with a diæresis if it is a front vowel, or with a single dot if a back vowel (i.e. ï, ÿ, ë, ȧ, ǫ̇, ȯ, u̇), e.g. oï.  
**Even if this would not result in a standard diphthong, this convention is still followed any time there are two disyllabic pertingent vowels, e.g. ''kúluï'' ‘all’, ''itáliȧ'' ‘Italy’.  
**Even if this would not result in a standard diphthong, this convention is still followed any time there are two disyllabic pertingent vowels, e.g. ''[[Contionary: kúluï#Maltcégj|kúluï]]'' ‘all’, ''[[Contionary: itáliȧ#Maltcégj|itáliȧ]]'' ‘Italy’.  
**If the second vowel is stressed, however, the first vowel is marked instead, e.g. italiáno → ''italïáno'' ‘Italian’.
**If the second vowel is stressed, however, the first vowel is marked instead, e.g. italiáno → ''[[Contionary: italïáno#Maltcégj| italïáno]]'' ‘Italian’.
**(NB: This stylistic rule is followed rather loosely, and often only applies to the letters <ë> and <ï>.)
**(NB: This stylistic rule is followed rather loosely, and often only applies to the letters 〈ë〉 and 〈ï〉.)
* No capital letters are used.
* No capital letters are used.


Line 71: Line 142:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!width=160px| 
!width=100px| Labial
!width=100px| Dental
!width=100px| Coronal
!width=100px| Palatal
!width=100px| Velar
!width=100px| Glottal
!width=300px| Description
|-
!style="text-align: right"| Continuant (Voiced)
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-v.gif]]<br />'''v''' /v/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-ð.gif]]<br />'''ð''' /ð/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-z.gif]]<br />'''z''' /z/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-j.gif]]<br />'''j''' /ʒ/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-gh.gif]]<br />'''ǧ''' /γ/
|
| These are the default forms of all the obstruents.
|-
!style="text-align: right"| Coninuant (Unvoiced)
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-f.gif]]<br />'''f''' /f/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-þ.gif]]<br />'''þ''' /θ/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-s.gif]]<br />'''s''' /s/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-c.gif]]<br />'''c''' /ʃ/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-x.gif]]<br />'''x''' /x/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-h.gif]]<br />'''h''' /h/
| For devoicing, an extra stroke is added to the body of the character. (There is not an extra stroke in 〈h〉, because since there is no voiced equivalent, it is simpler to leave it in default form.)
|-
!
!colspan=2| Labial
!colspan=2| Alveolar
!colspan=2| Vela
|-
!style="text-align: right"| Stops
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-b.gif]]<br />'''b''' /b/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-p.gif]]<br />'''p''' /p/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-d.gif]]<br />'''d''' /d/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-t.gif]]<br />'''t''' /t/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-g.gif]]<br />'''g''' /g/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-k.gif]]<br />'''k''' /k/
| Stops are indicated by a diacritic: [[File:Maltcégj-plosive.gif]]
|-
!style="text-align: right"| Nasal
|colspan=2 style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-m.gif]]<br />'''m''' /m/
|colspan=2 style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-n.gif]]<br />'''n''' /n/
|
|
| A different diacritic is used for nasals: [[File:Maltcégj-nasal.gif]]
|-
! &nbsp;
!colspan=3| Lambdic
!colspan=3| Rhotic
|-
!style="text-align: right"| Liquids
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-l.gif]]<br />'''l''' /l/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-lh.gif]]<br />'''ʌ''' /ɫ̩/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-l-diac.gif]] diacritic&nbsp;'''l'''
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-r.gif]]<br />'''r''' /ɾ/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-rh.gif]]<br />'''ʀ''' /ɹ̩/
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|[[File:Maltcégj-r-diac.gif]] diacritic&nbsp;'''r''' 
| 〈r〉 and 〈l〉 only appear in default form when they stand on their own; whenever either appears as a part of a consonant cluster, they are written as a diacritic.
|}
===Phonology===
====Consonants====
{| class="wikitable"
!width=160px| &nbsp;
!width=100px| Labial
!width=100px| Dental
!width=100px| Coronal
!width=100px| Palatal
!width=100px| Velar
!width=100px| Glottal
|-
|-
! !! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal !! Description
!style="text-align: right"|Plosive
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|p · b
|
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|t · d
|
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|k · g
|
|-
|-
| '''Continuant<br>Voiced'''|| <center>[[File:Maltcégj-v.gif]]<br>'''v''' /v/ </center>|| <center>[[File:Maltcégj-ð.gif]]<br>'''ð''' /ð/</center> || <center>[[File:Maltcégj-z.gif]]<br>'''z''' /z/</center> || <center>[[File:Maltcégj-j.gif]]<br>'''j''' /ʒ/</center> || <center>[[File:Maltcégj-gh.gif]]<br>'''ǧ''' /γ/</center> || || These are the default forms of all the obstruents.
!style="text-align: right"|Affricate
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|pf · bv
|
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|ts · dz
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|tc · dj
|
|
|-
|-
| '''Coninuant<br>Unvoiced'''|| <center>[[File:Maltcégj-f.gif]]<br>'''f''' /f/</center> || <center>[[File:Maltcégj-þ.gif]]<br>'''þ''' /θ/</center> || <center>[[File:Maltcégj-s.gif]]<br>'''s''' /s/</center> || <center>[[File:Maltcégj-c.gif]]<br>'''c''' /ʃ/</center> || <center>[[File:Maltcégj-x.gif]]<br>'''x''' /x/</center> || <center>[[File:Maltcégj-h.gif]]<br>'''h''' /h/</center> || For devoicing, an extra stroke is added to the body of the character. (There is not an extra stroke in <h>, because since there is no voiced equivalent, it is simpler to leave it in default form.)
!style="text-align: right"|Fricative
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|f · v
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|þ · ð
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|s · z
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|c · j
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|x · ǧ
|rowspan=2 style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|h ·
|-
|-
| ||colspan=2| <center>'''Labial'''</center> ||colspan=2| <center>'''Alveolar'''</center> ||colspan=2| <center>'''Velar'''</center>
!style="text-align: right"|Approximant
|
|
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"| · ʀ<ref>〈ʀ〉 only occurs as a syllabic; it is treated as a vowel.</ref>
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"| · ẏ
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"| · w
|-
|-
| '''Stops'''|| <center>[[File:Maltcégj-b.gif]]<br>'''b''' /b/</center> || <center>[[File:Maltcégj-p.gif]]<br>'''p''' /p/</center> || <center>[[File:Maltcégj-d.gif]]<br>'''d''' /d/</center> || <center>[[File:Maltcégj-t.gif]]<br>'''t''' /t/</center> || <center>[[File:Maltcégj-g.gif]]<br>'''g''' /g/</center> || <center>[[File:Maltcégj-k.gif]]<br>'''k''' /k/</center> || Stops are indicated by a diacritic: [[File:Maltcégj-plosive.gif]]
!style="text-align: right"|Nasal
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"| · m
|
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"| · n
|
|
|
|-
|-
| '''Nasal'''||colspan=2| <center>[[File:Maltcégj-m.gif]]<br>'''m''' /m/</center> ||colspan=2| <center>[[File:Maltcégj-n.gif]]<br>'''n''' /n/</center> || || || A different diacritic is used for nasals: [[File:Maltcégj-nasal.gif]]
!style="text-align: right"|Tap / Flap
|
|
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"| · r
|
|
|
|-
|-
| ||colspan=3| <center>'''Lambdic'''</center> ||colspan=3| <center>'''Rhotic'''</center> ||colspan=2| <center></center>
!style="text-align: right"|Lateral Affricate
|
|
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"|tɮ · dɮ
|
|
|
|-
|-
| '''Liquids'''|| <center>[[File:Maltcégj-l.gif]]<br>'''l''' /l/</center> || <center>[[File:Maltcégj-lh.gif]]<br>'''ʌ''' /ɫ̩/</center> || <center>[[File:Maltcégj-l-diac.gif]] diacritic&nbsp;'''l'''</center> || <center>[[File:Maltcégj-r.gif]]<br>'''r''' /ɾ/</center> || <center>[[File:Maltcégj-rh.gif]]<br>'''ʀ''' /ɹ̩/</center>|| <center>[[File:Maltcégj-r-diac.gif]] diacritic&nbsp;'''r''' </center> || <r> and <l> only appear in default form when they stand on their own; whenever either appears as a part of a consonant cluster, they are written as a diacritic.
!style="text-align: right"|Lateral Fricative
|
|
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"| · ɮ
|
|
|
|-
|-
!style="text-align: right"|Lateral Approximant
|
|
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"| · l
|
|style="font-size:large;text-align:center"| · ʌ<ref>〈ʀ〉 only occurs as a syllabic; it is treated as a vowel.</ref>
|
|}
|}


[More coming soon...]
===Phonology===
====Consonants====
<center>
[[File:Maltcégj-cons.gif|Maltcégj Consonants]]
</center>
=====Stops=====
=====Stops=====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=3| Unvoiced
!colspan=3| Voiced
|-
|-
|colspan=3| '''Unvoiced''' ||colspan=3| '''Voiced'''
!valign="top"| p
|-
|valign="top"| /p/  
|valign="top"| '''p''' ||valign="top"| /p/ || as in '''p'''ut<br>'''''p'''ul'' [pʰul] ‘he’ ||valign="top"| '''b''' ||valign="top"| /b/ || as in '''b'''at<br>'''''b'''adj'' [bʰaʤ] ‘to have’
| as in '''p'''ut<br />[[Contionary: pul#Maltcégj|'''''p'''ul'']] [pʰul] ‘he’  
|-
!valign="top"| b
|valign="top"| '''t''' ||valign="top"| /t/ || as in '''t'''op<br>'''''t'''alp'' [tʰɑlp] ‘head’ ||valign="top"| '''d''' ||valign="top"| /d/ || as in '''d'''og<br>'''''d'''ið'' [dʰið] ‘beautiful’
|valign="top"| /b/  
| as in '''b'''at<br />[[Contionary: badj#Maltcégj|'''''b'''adj'']] [bʰaʤ] ‘to have’
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''k''' ||valign="top"| /k/ || as in '''k'''eep<br>'''''k'''at'' [kʰɑt] ‘dry’ ||valign="top"| '''g''' ||valign="top"| /g/ || as in '''g'''et<br>'''''g'''elk'' [gʰɛlk] ‘to give’
!valign="top"| t
|valign="top"| /t/  
| as in '''t'''op<br />[[Contionary: talp#Maltcégj|'''''t'''alp'']] [tʰɑlp] ‘head’
!valign="top"| d
|valign="top"| /d/  
| as in '''d'''og<br />[[Contionary: dið#Maltcégj|'''''d''''']] [dʰið] ‘beautiful’
|-
|-
!valign="top"| k
|valign="top"| /k/
| as in '''k'''eep<br />[[Contionary: kat#Maltcégj|'''''k'''at'']] [kʰɑt] ‘dry’
!valign="top"| g
|valign="top"| /g/
| as in '''g'''et<br />[[Contionary: gelk#Maltcégj|'''''g'''elk'']] [gʰɛlk] ‘to give’
|}
|}


Line 116: Line 320:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=3| Unvoiced
!colspan=3| Voiced
|-
|-
|colspan=3| '''Unvoiced''' ||colspan=3| '''Voiced'''
!valign="top"| pf
|-
|valign="top"| /p͡f/  
|valign="top"| '''pf''' ||valign="top"| /p͡f/ || as in German '''''Pf'''erd''<br>'''''pf'''atɮ'' [p͡fɑt͡ɬ] ‘spit’ ||valign="top"| '''bv''' ||valign="top"| /b͡v/ || as in o'''bv'''ious <br>'''''bv'''rac'' [bvɾɑʃ] ‘sparrow’
| as in German '''''Pf'''erd''<br />[[Contionary: pfatɮ#Maltcégj|'''''pf'''atɮ'']] [p͡fɑt͡ɬ] ‘spit’  
!valign="top"| bv  
|valign="top"| /b͡v/  
| as in o'''bv'''ious <br />[[Contionary: bvrac#Maltcégj|'''''bv'''rac'']] [bvɾɑʃ] ‘sparrow’
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''ts''' ||valign="top"| /ʦ/ || as in ge'''ts'''<br>''fran'''ts''''' [fɾɑnʦ] ‘France’ ||valign="top"| '''dz''' ||valign="top"| /ʣ/ || as in a'''dz'''e<br>''xan'''dz''''' [xɑnʣ] ‘Chinese character’
!valign="top"| ts  
|valign="top"| /ʦ/  
| as in ge'''ts'''<br />[[Contionary: frants#Maltcégj|''fran'''ts''''']] [fɾɑnʦ] ‘France’  
!valign="top"| dz  
|valign="top"| /ʣ/  
| as in a'''dz'''e<br />[[Contionary: xandz#Maltcégj|''xan'''dz''''']] [xɑnʣ] ‘Chinese character’
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''tc''' ||valign="top"| /ʧ/ || as in '''ch'''ur'''ch'''<br>'''''tc'''itsíc'' [ʧi’ʦiʃ] ‘to sneeze’ ||valign="top"| '''dj''' ||valign="top"| /ʤ/ || as in '''j'''u'''dge'''<br>'''''dj'''áska'' [‘ʤɑskɑ] ‘cinnamon’
!valign="top"| tc
|-
|valign="top"| /ʧ/  
|valign="top"| '''tɮ''' ||valign="top"| /ƛ (t͡ɬ)/ || as <ll> in Icelandic ''a'''ll'''a''<br>''txa'''tɮ''''' [txɑt͡ɬ] ‘slap’ ||valign="top"| '''dɮ''' ||valign="top"| /λ (d͡ɮ)/ || as in Xhosa ''in'''dl'''ovu''<br>''ó'''dɮ'''o'' [‘o.d͡ɮo] ‘mouth’
| as in '''ch'''ur'''ch'''<br />[[Contionary: tcitsíc#Maltcégj|'''''tc'''itsíc'']] [ʧi’ʦiʃ] ‘to sneeze’  
!valign="top"| dj  
|valign="top"| /ʤ/  
| as in '''j'''u'''dge'''<br />[[Contionary: djáska#Maltcégj|'''''dj'''áska'']] [‘ʤɑskɑ] ‘cinnamon’
|-
|-
!valign="top"| tɮ
|valign="top"| /ƛ (t͡ɬ)/
| as 〈ll〉 in Icelandic ''a'''ll'''a''<br />[[Contionary: txatɮ#Maltcégj|''txa'''tɮ''''']] [txɑt͡ɬ] ‘slap’
!valign="top"| dɮ
|valign="top"| /λ (d͡ɮ)/
| as in Xhosa ''in'''dl'''ovu''<br />[[Contionary: ódɮo#Maltcégj|''ó'''dɮ'''o'']] [‘o.d͡ɮo] ‘mouth’
|}
|}


There are eight “pure” affricates in Maltcégj, though none are represented by their own unique character.  For more information, see Consonant Clusters, below.
There are eight “pure” affricates in Maltcégj, though none are represented by their own unique character.  For more information, see [[#Consonant Clusters|Consonant Clusters]], below.


=====Fricatives=====
=====Fricatives=====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=3| Unvoiced
!colspan=3| Voiced
|-
|-
|colspan=3| '''Unvoiced''' ||colspan=3| '''Voiced'''
!valign="top"| f  
|-
|valign="top"| /f/  
|valign="top"| '''f''' ||valign="top"| /f/ || as in '''f'''oot<br>'''''f'''aurx'' [fau̯ɾx] ‘heat’||valign="top"| '''v''' ||valign="top"| /v/ || as in '''v'''ery<br>'''''v'''íktro [‘vik.tɾo] ‘tree’
| as in '''f'''oot<br />[[Contionary: faurx#Maltcégj|'''''f'''aurx'']] [fau̯ɾx] ‘heat’
|-
!valign="top"| v  
|valign="top"| '''þ''' ||valign="top"| /θ/ || as <nowiki><th></nowiki> in '''th'''ing<br>'''''þ'''ad [θɑd] ‘man’||valign="top"| '''ð''' ||valign="top"| /ð/ || as <nowiki><th></nowiki> in '''th'''en<br>'''''ð'''ak [ðɑk] ‘to say’
|valign="top"| /v/  
| as in '''v'''ery<br />[[Contionary: víktro#Maltcégj|'''''v'''íktro]] [‘vik.tɾo] ‘tree’
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''s''' ||valign="top"| /s/ || as in '''s'''ing<br>'''''s'''alméilo'' [sɑl’mɛi̯.lo] ‘apple’||valign="top"| '''z''' ||valign="top"| /z/ || as in '''z'''oo<br>'''''z'''endj'' [zɛnʤ] ‘paint’
!valign="top"| þ
|valign="top"| /θ/  
| as 〈th〉 in '''th'''ing<br />[[Contionary: þad#Maltcégj|'''''þ'''ad]] [θɑd] ‘man’
!valign="top"| ð
|valign="top"| /ð/  
| as 〈th〉 in '''th'''en<br />[[Contionary: ðak#Maltcégj|'''''ð'''ak]] [ðɑk] ‘to say’
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''c''' ||valign="top"| /ʃ/ || as <sh> in '''sh'''oe<br>'''''c'''ul'' [ʃul] ‘prophesy’||valign="top"| '''j''' ||valign="top"| /ʒ/ || as in French '''''j'''amais''<br>'''''j'''adíȯ'' [ʒɑ’di.o] ‘sun’
!valign="top"| s
|valign="top"| /s/  
| as in '''s'''ing<br />[[Contionary: salméilo#Maltcégj|'''''s'''alméilo'']] [sɑl’mɛi̯.lo] ‘apple’
!valign="top"| z
|valign="top"| /z/  
| as in '''z'''oo<br />[[Contionary: zendj#Maltcégj|'''''z'''endj'']] [zɛnʤ] ‘paint’
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''x''' ||valign="top"| /x/ || as <ch> in German ''Ba'''ch'''''<br>'''''x'''ac'' [xɑʃ] ‘difficult’||valign="top"| '''ǧ''' ||valign="top"| /γ/ || as <g> in Spanish ''ami'''g'''o''<br>'''''ǧ'''énba'' [‘γɛn.] ‘apricot’
!valign="top"| c
|valign="top"| /ʃ/  
| as 〈sh〉 in '''sh'''oe<br />[[Contionary: cul#Maltcégj|'''''c'''ul'']] [ʃul] ‘prophesy’
!valign="top"| j
|valign="top"| /ʒ/  
| as in French '''''j'''amais''<br />[[Contionary: jadíȯ#Maltcégj|'''''j'''adíȯ'']] [ʒɑ’di.o] ‘sun’
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''h''' ||valign="top"| /h/ || as in '''h'''ello<br>'''''h'''anák'' [hɑ’nɑk] ‘person, human’
!valign="top"| x
|valign="top"| /x/
| as 〈ch〉 in German ''Ba'''ch'''''<br />[[Contionary: xac#Maltcégj|'''''x'''ac'']] [xɑʃ] ‘difficult’
|valign="top"| ǧ
!valign="top"| /γ/  
| as 〈g〉 in Spanish ''ami'''g'''o''<br />[[Contionary: ǧénba#Maltcégj|'''''ǧ'''énba'']] [‘γɛn.bɑ] ‘apricot’
|-
|-
!valign="top"| h
|valign="top"| /h/
| as in '''h'''ello<br />[[Contionary: hanák#Maltcégj|'''''h'''anák'']] [hɑ’nɑk] ‘person, human’
|}
|}


Line 154: Line 403:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!valign="top"| m
|valign="top"| /m/
| as in '''m'''an<br />[[Contionary: márga#Maltcégj|'''''m'''árga'']] [‘mɑɾ.ga] ‘house’
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''m''' ||valign="top"| /m/ || as in '''m'''an<br>'''''m'''árga'' [‘mɑɾ.ga] ‘house’
!valign="top"| n
|-
|valign="top"| /n/  
|valign="top"| '''n''' ||valign="top"| /n/ || as in '''n'''ose<br>'''''n'''yj''  [nɪʒ] ‘grain’
| as in '''n'''ose<br />[[Contionary: nyj#Maltcégj|'''''n'''yj'']] [nɪʒ] ‘grain’
|-
|}
|}


NB: There is no realization of a nasal as /ŋ/, even before a velar obstruent. In many cases, an epenthetic <e> may intervene between <n> and a velar (e.g. ''hánek'' ‘grandfather’, from ''Hank''), but even when it does not, the letters are pronounced independently (e.g. ''gýnko'' /'gɪn.ko/ ‘ginko’, not **/'gɪŋ.ko/).
NB: There is no realization of a nasal as /ŋ/, even before a velar obstruent. In many cases, an epenthetic 〈e〉 may intervene between 〈n〉 and a velar (e.g. ''[[Contionary: hánek#Maltcégj|hánek]]'' ‘grandfather’, from ''Hank''), but even when it does not, the letters are pronounced independently (e.g. ''[[Contionary: gýnko#Maltcégj|gýnko]]'' /'gɪn.ko/ ‘ginko’, not **/'gɪŋ.ko/).


=====Liquids=====
=====Liquids=====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!valign="top"| l
|valign="top"| /l/
| as in '''l'''amb<br />[[Contionary: lexét#Maltcégj|'''''l'''exét'']] [lɛ’xɛt] ‘much, many’
|-
|-
| '''l''' || /l/ || as in '''l'''amb<br>'''''l'''exét'' [lɛ’xɛt] ‘much, many’
!valign="top"| r
|-
|valign="top"| /ɾ/  
| '''r''' || /ɾ/ || as in Spanish ''pe'''r'''o''<br>'''''r'''áta [‘ɾɑ.tɑ] ‘child’
| as in Spanish ''pe'''r'''o''<br />[[Contionary: ráta#Maltcégj|'''''r'''áta]] [‘ɾɑ.tɑ] ‘child’
|-
|-
| '''ɮ''' || /ɮ,ɬ/* || as in Zulu ''in'''dl'''ala<br>[[Contionary: ɮat#Maltcégj|'''''ɮ'''at'']] [ɮɑt] ‘tooth’
!valign="top"| ɮ  
|valign="top"| /ɮ,ɬ/<ref>〈ɮ〉 becomes devoiced to /ɬ/ when it occurs adjacent to an unvoiced obstruent (most frequently in the clusters 〈pɮ〉, 〈tɮ〉, and 〈kɮ〉), e.g. [[Contionary: txatɮ#Maltcégj|''txa'''tɮ''''']] [txɑt͡ɬ] ‘slap’.</ref>
| as in Zulu ''in'''dl'''ala<br />[[Contionary: ɮat#Maltcégj|'''''ɮ'''at'']] [ɮɑt] ‘tooth’
|-
|-
| '''ʌ''' || /ɫ̩/**
!valign="top"| ʌ
|-
| /ɫ̩/
| '''ʀ''' || /ɹ̩/**
|rowspan=2|<ref>While technically liquids, 〈ʌ〉 and 〈ʀ〉 never occur non-syllabically, and are better treated as vowels.</ref>
|-
|-
!valign="top"| ʀ
| /ɹ̩/
|}
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> <ɮ> becomes devoiced to /ɬ/ when it occurs adjacent to an unvoiced obstruent (most frequently in the clusters <pɮ>, <tɮ>, and <kɮ>), e.g. ''txa'''tɮ''''' [txɑt͡ɬ] ‘slap’.
<nowiki>**</nowiki> While technically liquids, <ʌ> and <ʀ> never occur non-syllabically, and are better treated as vowels.


=====Glides=====
=====Glides=====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!valign="top"| w
|valign="top"| /w/
| as in '''w'''ood<br />[[Contionary: wʌf#Maltcégj|'''''w'''ʌf'']] [wɫ̩f] ‘bone’
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''w''' ||valign="top"| /w/ || as in '''w'''ood<br>'''''w'''ʌf'' [wɫ̩f] ‘bone’
!valign="top"|
|-
|valign="top"| /j/  
|valign="top"| '''ẏ''' ||valign="top"| /j/ || as <y> in '''y'''ou<br>'''''ẏ'''ála'' [‘jɑ.lɑ] ‘bird’
| as 〈y〉 in '''y'''ou<br />[[Contionary: ẏála#Maltcégj|'''''ẏ'''ála'']] [‘jɑ.lɑ] ‘bird’
|-
|}
|}


Line 196: Line 452:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=3| Front
!colspan=3| Back
|-
|-
|colspan=3| '''Front''' ||colspan=3| '''Back'''
!valign="top"| i  
|-
| /i/  
|valign="top"| '''i''' || /i/ || as <ee> in b'''ee'''t<br>'''''í'''lǫx'' [‘i.lɔx] ‘knee’||valign="top"| '''u''' || /u/ || as <oo> in b'''oo'''t<br>'''''u'''cát'' [u’ʃɑt] ‘mustard’
| as 〈ee〉 in b'''ee'''t<br />[[Contionary: ílǫx#Maltcégj|'''''í'''lǫx'']] [‘i.lɔx] ‘knee’
!valign="top"| u  
| /u/  
| as 〈oo〉 in b'''oo'''t<br />[[Contionary: ucát#Maltcégj|'''''u'''cát'']] [u’ʃɑt] ‘mustard’
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''y''' || /ɪ/ || as <nowiki>''</nowiki> in b'''i'''t<br>'''''y'''lk'' [ɪlk] ‘louse, nit’||valign="top"| '''o''' || /o/ || as <oa> in b'''oa'''t<br>''tc'''o'''k'' [ʧok] ‘to go’
!valign="top"| y  
| /ɪ/  
| as 〈i〉 in b'''i'''t<br />[[Contionary: ylk#Maltcégj|'''''y'''lk'']] [ɪlk] ‘louse, nit’
!valign="top"| o  
| /o/  
| as 〈oa〉 in b'''oa'''t<br />[[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|''tc'''o'''k'']] [ʧok] ‘to go’
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''e''' || /ɛ/ || as in b'''e'''t<br>'''''é'''jva'' [‘ɛʒ.vɑ] ‘mouse’||valign="top"| '''ǫ''' || /ɔ/ || as <ou> in b'''ou'''ght<br>'''''ǫ́'''bri'' [‘ɔ.bɾi] ‘niece’
!valign="top"| e  
|-
| /ɛ/  
|colspan=3| || '''a''' || /ɑ/ ||as in f'''a'''ther<br>'''''a'''dín'''a''''' [ɑ’di.nɑ] ‘sister’
| as in b'''e'''t<br />[[Contionary: éjva#Maltcégj|'''''é'''jva'']] [‘ɛʒ.vɑ] ‘mouse’
!valign="top"| ǫ  
| /ɔ/  
| as 〈ou〉 in b'''ou'''ght<br />[[Contionary: ǫ́bri#Maltcégj|'''''ǫ́'''bri'']] [‘ɔ.bɾi] ‘niece’
|-
|-
|colspan=3|
!valign="top"| a
| /ɑ/
|as in f'''a'''ther<br />[[Contionary: adína#Maltcégj|'''''a'''dín'''a''''']] [ɑ’di.nɑ] ‘sister’
|}
|}


Line 212: Line 485:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!valign="top"| ʌ
|valign="top"| /ɫ̩/
| as 〈le〉 in midd'''le'''<br />[[Contionary: ʌ́lax#Maltcégj|'''''ʌ́'''nax'']] [‘ɫ̩.nɑx] ‘shopping’
|-
|-
|valign="top"| '''ʌ''' ||valign="top"| /ɫ̩/ || as <le> in midd'''le'''<br>'''''ʌ́'''nax'' [‘ɫ̩.nɑx] ‘shopping’
!valign="top"| ʀ
|-
|valign="top"| /ɹ̩/  
|valign="top"| '''ʀ''' ||valign="top"| /ɹ̩/ || as <er> in bett'''er'''<br>''w'''ʀ'''n'' [wɹ̩n] ‘(maternal) grandparent’
| as 〈er〉 in bett'''er'''<br />[[Contionary: wʀn#Maltcégj|''w'''ʀ'''n'']] [wɹ̩n] ‘(maternal) grandparent’
|-
|}
|}


<ʌ> and <ʀ> are considered vowels in Maltcégj and never occur non-syllabically. However, they are not subject to the same diacritic rules for other non-diphthongs as other vowels (though they are still marked when stressed).
〈ʌ〉 and 〈ʀ〉 are considered vowels in Maltcégj and never occur non-syllabically. However, they are not subject to the same diacritic rules for other non-diphthongs as other vowels (though they are still marked when stressed).


=====Diphthongs=====
=====Diphthongs=====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=3| Front
!colspan=3| Back
|-
|-
! Front !! !! !! Back !! !!
!valign="top"|  ai
|-
|valign="top"|  /ɑi̯/  
|valign="top"|  '''ai''' ||valign="top"|  /ɑi̯/ || as '' in h'''i'''gh<br>''skw'''ai''''' [skwɑi̯] ‘lemon’||valign="top"|  '''au''' ||valign="top"| /au̯/ || as in German ''H'''au'''s''<br>''ml'''au''''' [mlau̯] ‘what’
| as '' in h'''i'''gh<br />[[Contionary: skwai#Maltcégj|''skw'''ai''''']] [skwɑi̯] ‘lemon’
|-
!valign="top"|  au  
|valign="top"|  '''ei''' ||valign="top"|  /ei̯/ || as in w'''ei'''gh<br>'''''ei'''ct'' [ei̯ʃt] ‘game’||valign="top"|  '''eu''' ||valign="top"| /ɛu̯/ || as <ew> in Welsh '''''ew'''ro''<br>''ð'''eu'''p'' [ðɛu̯p] ‘foot’
|valign="top"| /au̯/  
| as in German ''H'''au'''s''<br />[[Contionary: mlau#Maltcégj|''ml'''au''''']] [mlau̯] ‘what’
|-
|-
|valign="top"|  '''oi''' ||valign="top"| /ɔi̯/ || as in '''oi'''l<br>''m'''oi'''n'' [mɔi̯n] ‘warmth’
!valign="top"|  ei
|valign="top"|  /ei̯/
| as in w'''ei'''gh<br />[[Contionary: eict#Maltcégj|'''''ei'''ct'']] [ei̯ʃt] ‘game’
!valign="top"|  eu
|valign="top"| /ɛu̯/  
| as 〈ew〉 in Welsh '''''ew'''ro''<br />[[Contionary: ðeup#Maltcégj|''ð'''eu'''p'']] [ðɛu̯p] ‘foot’
|-
|-
!valign="top"|  oi
|valign="top"|  /ɔi̯/
| as in '''oi'''l<br />[[Contionary: moin#Maltcégj|''m'''oi'''n'']] [mɔi̯n] ‘warmth’
|}
|}


Line 239: Line 525:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Person !!!! Notes !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal
! Person  
!   
!   
! Notes  
! Reflexive  
! Reciprocal
|-
|-
| 1sg || ''jǫg'' || I ||| ''jagj'' ||style="background-color: #CCCCCC;" rowspan=7| --
| 1sg  
| ''[[Contionary: jǫg#Maltcégj|jǫg]]''  
| I  
|   
| ''[[Contionary: jagj#Maltcégj|jagj]]''  
|style="background-color: #CCCCCC;" rowspan=7| --
|-
|-
| 2sg || ''mélem'' || you |||rowspan=2| ''madj''
| 2sg  
| ''[[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]]''  
| you  
|   
|rowspan=2| ''[[Contionary: madj#Maltcégj|madj]]''
|-
|-
| 2sg || ''mélminei'' || you || formal
| 2sg  
| ''[[Contionary: mélminei#Maltcégj|mélminei]]''  
| you  
| formal
|-
|-
| 3sg.f. || ''pel'' || she || feminine ||rowspan=4| ''peibj''
| 3sg.f.  
| ''[[Contionary: pel#Maltcégj|pel]]''  
| she  
| feminine  
|rowspan=4| ''[[Contionary: peibj#Maltcégj|peibj]]''
|-
|-
| 3sg.m || ''pul'' || he || masculine
| 3sg.m  
| ''[[Contionary: pul#Maltcégj|pul]]''  
| he  
| masculine
|-
|-
| 3sg.n || ''paj'' || it || inanimate
| 3sg.n  
| ''[[Contionary: paj#Maltcégj|paj]]''  
| it  
| inanimate
|-
|-
| 3sg || ''pʌ'' || “they” || general or non-specific
| 3sg  
| ''[[Contionary: #Maltcégj|pʌ]]''  
| “they”  
| general or non-specific
|-
|-
| 1pl || ''jǫ́lmin'' || we || inclusive ||rowspan=2| ''jeltc'' ||rowspan=2| ''játci''
| 1pl  
| ''[[Contionary: jǫ́lmin#Maltcégj|jǫ́lmin]]''  
| we  
| inclusive  
|rowspan=2| ''[[Contionary: jeltc#Maltcégj|jeltc]]''  
|rowspan=2| ''[[Contionary: játci#Maltcégj|játci]]''
|-
|-
| 1pl || ''jalk'' || we || general or exclusive
| 1pl  
| ''[[Contionary: jalk#Maltcégj|jalk]]''  
| we  
| general or exclusive
|-
|-
| 2pl || ''mélem'' || you |||rowspan=2| ''madj'' ||rowspan=2| ''mládji''
| 2pl  
| ''[[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]]''  
| you  
|   
|rowspan=2| ''[[Contionary: madj#Maltcégj|madj]]''  
|rowspan=2| ''[[Contionary: mládji#Maltcégj|mládji]]''
|-
|-
| 2pl || ''mélminei'' || you || formal
| 2pl  
| ''[[Contionary: mélminei#Maltcégj|mélminei]]''  
| you  
| formal
|-
|-
| 3pl || ''parþ'' || they || general || ''pyldj'' || ''píkci''
| 3pl  
| ''[[Contionary: parþ#Maltcégj|parþ]]''  
| they  
| general  
| ''[[Contionary: pyldj#Maltcégj|pyldj]]''  
| ''[[Contionary: píkci#Maltcégj|píkci]]''
|}
|}


Some of the most basic elements of language, pronouns will take the place of the subject in most sentences. Maltcégj pronoun structure does not differentiate much from that of English with the exception of a formal and informal second person, and the formal is very infrequently used, but there are “optional” pronouns which may offer more clarity. Just remember to use ''mélminei'' when you’re speaking to someone with whom you would use a title in English (e.g. faculty members, judges, business associates, &c). Otherwise, the pronouns above will get you through most situations.
Some of the most basic elements of language, pronouns will take the place of the subject in most sentences. Maltcégj pronoun structure does not differentiate much from that of English with the exception of a formal and informal second person, and the formal is very infrequently used, but there are “optional” pronouns which may offer more clarity. Just remember to use ''[[Contionary: mélminei#Maltcégj|mélminei]]'' when you’re speaking to someone with whom you would use a title in English (e.g. faculty members, judges, business associates, &c). Otherwise, the pronouns above will get you through most situations.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Person !!!! Notes !! Reflexive !! Reciprocal
! Person  
!   
!   
! Notes  
! Reflexive  
! Reciprocal
|-
|-
| 2pl || ''akmélem'' || you (all) |||rowspan=2| ''madj'' ||rowspan=2| ''mládji''
| 2pl  
| ''[[Contionary: akmélem#Maltcégj|akmélem]]''  
| you (all)  
|   
|rowspan=2| ''[[Contionary: madj#Maltcégj|madj]]''  
|rowspan=2| ''[[Contionary: mládji#Maltcégj|mládji]]''
|-
|-
| 2pl || ''akmélminei'' || you (all) || formal
| 2pl  
| ''[[Contionary: akmélminei#Maltcégj|akmélminei]]''  
| you (all)  
| formal
|-
|-
| 3pl || ''akpél'' || they || feminine (=parþ) ||rowspan=4|  ''pyldj'' ||rowspan=4| ''píkci''
| 3pl  
| ''[[Contionary: akpél#Maltcégj|akpél]]''  
| they  
| feminine (=[[Contionary: parþ#Maltcégj|parþ]])  
|rowspan=4|  ''[[Contionary: pyldj#Maltcégj|pyldj]]''  
|rowspan=4| ''[[Contionary: píkci#Maltcégj|píkci]]''
|-
|-
| 3pl || ''akpúl'' || they || masculine (=parþ)
| 3pl  
| ''[[Contionary: akpúl#Maltcégj|akpúl]]''  
| they  
| masculine (=[[Contionary: parþ#Maltcégj|parþ]])
|-
|-
| 3pl || ''akpáj'' || they || inanimate (=parþ)
| 3pl  
| ''[[Contionary: akpáj#Maltcégj|akpáj]]''  
| they  
| inanimate (=[[Contionary: parþ#Maltcégj|parþ]])
|-
|-
| 3pl || ''akpʌ́'' || they || (=parþ, incorrect)
| 3pl  
| ''[[Contionary: akpʌ́#Maltcégj|akpʌ́]]''  
| they  
| (=[[Contionary: parþ#Maltcégj|parþ]], incorrect)
|-
|-
|}
|}


If you want to be more specific, however, you can use the plural particle ''ak'' with the singular pronouns (with the exception of ''jǫg'') to make them plural. You can optionally add ''ak'' to ''mélem'' and ''mélminei'' to further explain that you are referring to more than one person.  You can also use ''ak'' with the third person pronouns if you explicitly want to annotate gender. Note, however, that saying ''akpʌ́'' is technically incorrect: This should more accurately be ''parþ'', but ''akpʌ́'' is common in speech, just as saying ''they'' in English is common to refer to a singular person whose gender is unknown or unclear (as in “Someone left their notebook here.”)
If you want to be more specific, however, you can use the plural particle ''[[Contionary: ak#Maltcégj|ak]]'' with the singular pronouns (with the exception of ''[[Contionary: jǫg#Maltcégj|jǫg]]'') to make them plural. You can optionally add ''[[Contionary: ak#Maltcégj|ak]]'' to ''[[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]]'' and ''[[Contionary: mélminei#Maltcégj|mélminei]]'' to further explain that you are referring to more than one person.  You can also use ''[[Contionary: ak#Maltcégj|ak]]'' with the third person pronouns if you explicitly want to annotate gender. Note, however, that saying ''[[Contionary: akpʌ́#Maltcégj|akpʌ́]]'' is technically incorrect: This should more accurately be ''[[Contionary: parþ#Maltcégj|parþ]]'', but ''[[Contionary: akpʌ́#Maltcégj|akpʌ́]]'' is common in speech, just as saying ''they'' in English is common to refer to a singular person whose gender is unknown or unclear (as in “Someone left their notebook here.”)


In case you are unfamiliar with the idea of inclusive and exclusive we, only use ''jǫ́lmin'' when the person you are addressing is part of the “we” in question, i.e. if you can replace it with “you and I”, or “you and the rest of us”; otherwise, always use ''jalk''. (''jalk'' can be used in an inclusive or exclusive sense if none is specified; ''jǫ́lmin'' can only be inclusive.)
In case you are unfamiliar with the idea of inclusive and exclusive we, only use ''[[Contionary: jǫ́lmin#Maltcégj|jǫ́lmin]]'' when the person you are addressing is part of the “we” in question, i.e. if you can replace it with “you and I”, or “you and the rest of us”; otherwise, always use ''[[Contionary: jalk#Maltcégj|jalk]]''. (''[[Contionary: jalk#Maltcégj|jalk]]'' can be used in an inclusive or exclusive sense if none is specified; ''[[Contionary: jǫ́lmin#Maltcégj|jǫ́lmin]]'' can only be inclusive.)


In fact, pronouns in Maltcégj are even a little simpler than those in English, because there are no cases to decline. Possessives (''my'', ''your'', ''his'', ''our'', &c.) are formed by adding the preposition ''u-'' to the word being possessed, and the accusative case (''me'', ''him'', ''her'', ''them'', &c.) by adding the postposition ''-a'' to the pronoun.
In fact, pronouns in Maltcégj are even a little simpler than those in English, because there are no cases to decline. Possessives (''my'', ''your'', ''his'', ''our'', &c.) are formed by adding the preposition ''[[Contionary: u-#Maltcégj|u-]]'' to the word being possessed, and the accusative case (''me'', ''him'', ''her'', ''them'', &c.) by adding the postposition ''[[Contionary: -a#Maltcégj|-a]]'' to the pronoun.


The reflexive pronouns are used when the verb of the sentence is being done ''to'' the subject of the sentence ''by'' the subject of the sentence; that is to say, when we would use the word “-self” in English (e.g. myself, yourself, yourselves, themselves, &c.)
The reflexive pronouns are used when the verb of the sentence is being done ''to'' the subject of the sentence ''by'' the subject of the sentence; that is to say, when we would use the word “-self” in English (e.g. myself, yourself, yourselves, themselves, &c.)
Line 296: Line 660:
The reciprocal pronouns are similar to the reflexive (and in many languages they are identical), but they apply only to plural subjects when the action of the verb is being done to another member of the same plural group. (In English this is generally translated as “each other.”) Compare, for example:
The reciprocal pronouns are similar to the reflexive (and in many languages they are identical), but they apply only to plural subjects when the action of the verb is being done to another member of the same plural group. (In English this is generally translated as “each other.”) Compare, for example:


''blaiðák parþ '''pyldj'''''<br />
''[[Contionary: blai#Maltcégj|blai]][[Contionary: ðak#Maltcégj|ðák]] [[Contionary: parþ#Maltcégj|parþ]] '''[[Contionary: pyldj#Maltcégj|pyldj]]'''''<br />
‘they are talking to themselves’
‘they are talking to themselves’


''blaidák parþ '''píkci'''''<br />
''[[Contionary: blai#Maltcégj|blai]][[Contionary: ðak#Maltcégj|ðák]] [[Contionary: parþ#Maltcégj|parþ]] '''[[Contionary: píkci#Maltcégj|píkci]]'''''<br />
‘they are talking to each other’
‘they are talking to each other’


Line 306: Line 670:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| 0 || ''zo'' || zero
| 0  
| ''[[Contionary: zo#Maltcégj|zo]]''  
| zero
|-
|-
| 1 || ''am'' || one
| 1  
| ''[[Contionary: am#Maltcégj|am]]''  
| one
|-
|-
| 2 || ''dai'' || two
| 2  
| ''[[Contionary: dai#Maltcégj|dai]]''  
| two
|-
|-
| 3 || ''tran'' || three
| 3  
| ''[[Contionary: tran#Maltcégj|tran]]''  
| three
|-
|-
| 4 || ''jamp'' || four
| 4  
| ''[[Contionary: jamp#Maltcégj|jamp]]''  
| four
|-
|-
| 5 || ''frem'' || five
| 5  
| ''[[Contionary: frem#Maltcégj|frem]]''  
| five
|-
|-
| 6 || ''cei'' || six
| 6  
| ''[[Contionary: cei#Maltcégj|cei]]''  
| six
|-
|-
| 7 || ''dan'' || seven
| 7  
| ''[[Contionary: dan#Maltcégj|dan]]''  
| seven
|-
|-
| 8 || ''relk'' || eight
| 8  
| ''[[Contionary: relk#Maltcégj|relk]]''  
| eight
|-
|-
| 9 || ''nein'' || nine
| 9  
| ''[[Contionary: nein#Maltcégj|nein]]''  
| nine
|-
|-
| 10 || ''seþ'' || ten
| 10  
| ''[[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]]''  
| ten
|-
|-
| 20 || ''daiséþ'' || twenty
| 20  
| ''[[Contionary: daiséþ#Maltcégj|daiséþ]]''  
| twenty
|-
|-
| 30 || ''transéþ'' || thirty
| 30  
| ''[[Contionary: transéþ#Maltcégj|transéþ]]''  
| thirty
|-
|-
| 40 || ''jampséþ'' || forty
| 40  
| ''[[Contionary: jampséþ#Maltcégj|jampséþ]]''  
| forty
|-
|-
| 50 || ''fremséþ'' || fifty
| 50  
| ''[[Contionary: fremséþ#Maltcégj|fremséþ]]''  
| fifty
|-
|-
| 60 || ''ceiséþ'' || sixty
| 60  
| ''[[Contionary: ceiséþ#Maltcégj|ceiséþ]]''  
| sixty
|-
|-
| 70 || ''danséþ'' || seventy
| 70  
| ''[[Contionary: danséþ#Maltcégj|danséþ]]''  
| seventy
|-
|-
| 80 || ''relkséþ'' || eighty
| 80  
| ''[[Contionary: relkséþ#Maltcégj|relkséþ]]''  
| eighty
|-
|-
| 90 || ''neinséþ'' || ninety
| 90  
| ''[[Contionary: neinséþ#Maltcégj|neinséþ]]''  
| ninety
|-
|-
| 100 || ''sam'' || hundred
| 100  
| ''[[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]]''  
| hundred
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 350: Line 754:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| 100 || ''sam'' || hundred
| 100  
| ''[[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]]''  
| hundred
|-
|-
| 1,000 || ''seþ sam'' || thousand (=ten hundreds)
| 1,000  
| ''[[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]] [[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]]''  
| thousand (=ten hundreds)
|-
|-
| 10,000 || ''cep'' || ten thousand
| 10,000  
| ''[[Contionary: cep#Maltcégj|cep]]''  
| ten thousand
|-
|-
| 100,000 || ''seþ cep'' || hundred thousand (=ten ten-thousands)
| 100,000  
| ''[[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]] [[Contionary: cep#Maltcégj|cep]]''  
| hundred thousand (=ten ten-thousands)
|-
|-
| 1,000,000 || ''sam cep'' || million (=hundred ten-thousands)
| 1,000,000  
| ''[[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]] [[Contionary: cep#Maltcégj|cep]]''  
| million (=hundred ten-thousands)
|-
|-
| 10,000,000 || ''seþ sam cep'' || ten million (=ten hundred ten-thousands)
| 10,000,000  
| ''[[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]] [[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]] [[Contionary: cep#Maltcégj|cep]]''  
| ten million (=ten hundred ten-thousands)
|-
|-
| 100,000,000 || ''jak'' || hundred million
| 100,000,000  
| ''[[Contionary: jak#Maltcégj|jak]]''  
| hundred million
|-
|-
| 1,000,000,000 || ''seþ jak'' || milliard/billion (=ten hundred-millions)
| 1,000,000,000  
| ''[[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]] [[Contionary: jak#Maltcégj|jak]]''  
| milliard/billion (=ten hundred-millions)
|-
|-
| 10,000,000,000 || ''sam jak'' || ten milliard/billion (=hundred hundred-millions)
| 10,000,000,000  
| ''[[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]] [[Contionary: jak#Maltcégj|jak]]''  
| ten milliard/billion (=hundred hundred-millions)
|-
|-
| 100,000,000,000 || ''seþ sam jak'' || hundred milliard/billion (=ten hundred hundred-millions)
| 100,000,000,000  
| ''[[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]] [[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]] [[Contionary: jak#Maltcégj|jak]]''  
| hundred milliard/billion (=ten hundred hundred-millions)
|-
|-
| 1,000,000,000,000 || ''cep jak'' || billion/trillion (=ten thousand hundred-millions)
| 1,000,000,000,000  
| ''[[Contionary: cep#Maltcégj|cep]] [[Contionary: jak#Maltcégj|jak]]''  
| billion/trillion (=ten thousand hundred-millions)
|-
|-
| 10,000,000,000,000 || ''seþ cep jak'' || ten billion/trillion (=ten ten-thousand hundred-millions)
| 10,000,000,000,000  
| ''[[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]] [[Contionary: cep#Maltcégj|cep]] [[Contionary: jak#Maltcégj|jak]]''  
| ten billion/trillion (=ten ten-thousand hundred-millions)
|-
|-
| 100,000,000,000,000 || ''sam cep jak'' || hundred billion/trillion (=hundred ten-thousand hundred-millions)
| 100,000,000,000,000  
| ''[[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]] [[Contionary: cep#Maltcégj|cep]] [[Contionary: jak#Maltcégj|jak]]''  
| hundred billion/trillion (=hundred ten-thousand hundred-millions)
|-
|-
| 1,000,000,000,000,000 || ''seþ sam cep jak'' || billiard/quadrillion (=ten hundred ten-thousand hundred-millions)
| 1,000,000,000,000,000  
| ''[[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]] [[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]] [[Contionary: cep#Maltcégj|cep]] [[Contionary: jak#Maltcégj|jak]]''  
| billiard/quadrillion (=ten hundred ten-thousand hundred-millions)
|-
|-
| 10,000,000,000,000,000 || ''gwil'' || ten billiard/quadrillion
| 10,000,000,000,000,000  
| ''[[Contionary: gwil#Maltcégj|gwil]]''  
| ten billiard/quadrillion
|-
|-
|}
|}


Maltcégj numbers are base-10 (decimal), but they increase incrementally instead of in the more regular groups of three or six.  Therefore, numbers through 999 are enumerated just as they are in English, but the number 1,000 is considered “ten hundred,” or ''seþ sam''. Thereafter, 10,000 is ''cep'', 100,000 ''seþ cep'' ‘ten ten-thousands’, 1,000,000 is ''sam cep'' ‘one hundred ten-thousands’, 10,000,000 is ''seþ sam cep'' ‘ten hundred ten-thousands’, and 100,000,000 is ''jak''. The next increment after ''jak'' is ''gwil'', which has a value of ten quadrillion (or ten billiard if you’re from some parts of Europe), followed by ''ǧan'', which is a number large enough that you shouldn’t ever need it unless you’re counting individual atoms, but it’s something like one hundred nonillion (10³²).
Maltcégj numbers are base-10 (decimal), but they increase incrementally instead of in the more regular groups of three or six.  Therefore, numbers through 999 are enumerated just as they are in English, but the number 1,000 is considered “ten hundred,” or ''[[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]] [[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]]''. Thereafter, 10,000 is ''[[Contionary: cep#Maltcégj|cep]]'', 100,000 ''[[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]] [[Contionary: cep#Maltcégj|cep]]'' ‘ten ten-thousands’, 1,000,000 is ''[[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]] [[Contionary: cep#Maltcégj|cep]]'' ‘one hundred ten-thousands’, 10,000,000 is ''[[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]] [[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]] [[Contionary: cep#Maltcégj|cep]]'' ‘ten hundred ten-thousands’, and 100,000,000 is ''[[Contionary: jak#Maltcégj|jak]]''. The next increment after ''[[Contionary: jak#Maltcégj|jak]]'' is ''[[Contionary: gwil#Maltcégj|gwil]]'', which has a value of ten quadrillion (or ten billiard if you’re from some parts of Europe), followed by ''[[Contionary: ǧan#Maltcégj|ǧan]]'', which is a number large enough that you shouldn’t ever need it unless you’re counting individual atoms, but it’s something like one hundred nonillion (10³²).


Compound numbers are spoken as they are written in English, from left to right, (optionally) inserting indicators for tens, hundreds, thousands, &c., so “twenty-nine” is ''daiséþ nein'' ‘two tens nine’, while 3,587 is ''transéþ fremsám relkséþ dan'' ‘three tens five hundreds eight tens seven, or thirty-five hundred eighty-seven’. Easier still, and less subject to misinterpretation, the numbers can simply be read from left to right, as in ''tran frem relk dan'' ‘three five eight seven’. These are all correct, just as it’s correct in English to say “three thousand five hundred eighty-seven,” “thirty-five hundred and eighty-seven,” “thirty-five eighty-seven,” or even (somewhat less correctly) “three five eight seven.”   
Compound numbers are spoken as they are written in English, from left to right, (optionally) inserting indicators for tens, hundreds, thousands, &c., so “twenty-nine” is ''[[Contionary: daiséþ#Maltcégj|daiséþ]] [[Contionary: nein#Maltcégj|nein]]'' ‘two tens nine’, while 3,587 is ''[[Contionary: transéþ#Maltcégj|transéþ]] [[Contionary: fremsám#Maltcégj|fremsám]] [[Contionary: relkséþ#Maltcégj|relkséþ]] [[Contionary: dan#Maltcégj|dan]]'' ‘three tens five hundreds eight tens seven, or thirty-five hundred eighty-seven’. Easier still, and less subject to misinterpretation, the numbers can simply be read from left to right, as in ''[[Contionary: tran#Maltcégj|tran]] [[Contionary: frem#Maltcégj|frem]] [[Contionary: relk#Maltcégj|relk]] [[Contionary: dan#Maltcégj|dan]]'' ‘three five eight seven’. These are all correct, just as it’s correct in English to say “three thousand five hundred eighty-seven,” “thirty-five hundred and eighty-seven,” “thirty-five eighty-seven,” or even (somewhat less correctly) “three five eight seven.”   


The number “zero” should always be read as ''zo'', not ''bleg'', though the two words are interchangeable in some circumstances. When the last digit is zero, however, it should be read as “''seþ'',” or “''sam''“ if two zeros… It may sound a little strange, but we do the same thing in English. For example, 780 should be read ''dan relk seþ'' ‘seven eighty’; 7,800, ''dan relk sam'' ‘seventy-eight hundred’; 78,000, ''dan relk seþ sam'', ‘seventy-eight thousand, &c.
The number “zero” should always be read as ''[[Contionary: zo#Maltcégj|zo]]'', not ''[[Contionary: bleg#Maltcégj|bleg]]'', though the two words are interchangeable in some circumstances. When the last digit is zero, however, it should be read as “''[[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]]'',” or “''[[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]]''“ if two zeros… It may sound a little strange, but we do the same thing in English. For example, 780 should be read ''[[Contionary: dan#Maltcégj|dan]] [[Contionary: relk#Maltcégj|relk]] [[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]]'' ‘seven eighty’; 7,800, ''[[Contionary: dan#Maltcégj|dan]] [[Contionary: relk#Maltcégj|relk]] [[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]]'' ‘seventy-eight hundred’; 78,000, ''[[Contionary: dan#Maltcégj|dan]] [[Contionary: relk#Maltcégj|relk]] [[Contionary: seþ#Maltcégj|seþ]] [[Contionary: sam#Maltcégj|sam]]'', ‘seventy-eight thousand, &c.


With the exception of the number ‘one’, the particle ''gji'' indicates ordinality, much like the suffix ''-th'' for numbers 4 – 10 in English. Any number ending in ‘one’ takes the ordinal ''adám'', just as we say first and second in English rather than ''**oneth'' or ''**twoth''.
With the exception of the number ‘one’, the particle ''[[Contionary: gji#Maltcégj|gji]]'' indicates ordinality, much like the suffix ''-th'' for numbers 4 – 10 in English. Any number ending in ‘one’ takes the ordinal ''[[Contionary: adám#Maltcégj|adám]]'', just as we say first and second in English rather than ''**oneth'' or ''**twoth''.


Maltcégj uses the particle ''ak'' before a noun to indicate that it is plural, but this particle is not used when a number is present.  For example, ‘book’ is ''klag'', ‘books’ is ''aklág'', but ‘two books’ is ''klag dai'' (no ''ak''). (See [[Maltcégj#Nouns]] for more on the use of the plural.)
Maltcégj uses the particle ''[[Contionary: ak#Maltcégj|ak]]'' before a noun to indicate that it is plural, but this particle is not used when a number is present.  For example, ‘book’ is ''[[Contionary: klag#Maltcégj|klag]]'', ‘books’ is ''[[Contionary: aklág#Maltcégj|aklág]]'', but ‘two books’ is ''[[Contionary: klag#Maltcégj|klag]] [[Contionary: dai#Maltcégj|dai]]'' (no ''[[Contionary: ak#Maltcégj|ak]]''). (See '''[[#Nouns|Nouns]]''' for more on the use of the plural.)


If using decimals in numbers, the word ''dat'' is used to mean ‘point’ or ‘dot’, though it literally means ‘seed’ or ‘egg’.
If using decimals in numbers, the word ''[[Contionary: dat#Maltcégj|dat]]'' is used to mean ‘point’ or ‘dot’, though it literally means ‘seed’ or ‘egg’.


== Articles & Determiners ==
== Articles & Determiners ==


Maltcégj has no definite article, and the indefinite article ''am'' is only used to specifically represent the number ‘one’. Its use of articles in this respect is very similar to Latin or Russian; definiteness is only expressed using the terms ''úli'' ‘this’, ''úla'' ‘that’, and ''úlot'', ‘that (other) yonder’ (or, respectively, the proximal, medial, and distal deixes). There are additional deixes which are used primarily for discussing time (see Pro-Forms).
Maltcégj has no definite article, and the indefinite article  
''[[Contionary: am#Maltcégj|am]]'' is only used to specifically represent the number ‘one’. Its use of articles in this respect is very similar to Latin or Russian; definiteness is only expressed using the terms  
''[[Contionary: úli#Maltcégj|úli]]'' ‘this’,  
''[[Contionary: úla#Maltcégj|úla]]'' ‘that’, and  
''[[Contionary: úlot#Maltcégj|úlot]]'', ‘that (other) yonder’ (or, respectively, the proximal, medial, and distal deixes). There are additional deixes which are used úlot for discussing time (see Pro-Forms).


=== Correlatives and Pro-Forms ===
=== Correlatives and Pro-Forms ===
Line 402: Line 840:
Most of the pro-forms in Maltcégj stem from combinations of common words, such as ‘this’ + ‘time’, meaning ‘now’, or ‘that’ + ‘thing’ meaning ‘that’. However, it is important to note some historical changes to the language to fully understand how the current forms came to be as they are.
Most of the pro-forms in Maltcégj stem from combinations of common words, such as ‘this’ + ‘time’, meaning ‘now’, or ‘that’ + ‘thing’ meaning ‘that’. However, it is important to note some historical changes to the language to fully understand how the current forms came to be as they are.


Maltcégj is a head-initial language, like modern Japanese, but the language family from which it is descended, Baraqesh, was head-final, like most modern Indo-European languages. That is to say that forms like ‘who’ (‘which person’) were originally in the order in which we use them in English today, but eventually reversed in the grammar (‘person which’). However, before this reversal occurred, many forms were contracted, particularly those with ''mlau'' ‘what’, so there is a duality of some seemingly unrelated forms. For example, ‘when’ (‘what’ + ‘time’) can be both ''ðláimlau'' (literally ‘time-what’) and ''mlai'', a contraction of an earlier ''*mlauðlai''.
Maltcégj is a head-initial language, like modern Japanese, but the language family from which it is descended, Baraqesh, was head-final, like most modern Indo-European languages. That is to say that forms like ‘who’ (‘which person’) were originally in the order in which we use them in English today, but eventually reversed in the grammar (‘person which’). However, before this reversal occurred, many forms were contracted, particularly those with  
''[[Contionary: mlau#Maltcégj|mlau]]'' ‘what’, so there is a duality of some seemingly unrelated forms. For example, ‘when’ (‘what’ + ‘time’) can be both  
''[[Contionary: ðláimlau#Maltcégj|ðláimlau]]'' (literally ‘time-what’) and
''[[Contionary: mlai#Maltcégj|mlai]]'', a contraction of an earlier  
''*mlauðlai''.


The deixes ''ja'', ''la'', and ''þa'' always precede the noun they modify, even when they are used independently. (For more information on these, see Measurement of Time.)
The deixes  
''[[Contionary: ja#Maltcégj|ja]]'',  
''[[Contionary: la#Maltcégj|la]]'', and  
''[[Contionary: þa#Maltcégj|þa]]'' always precede the noun they modify, even when they are used independently. (For more information on these, see Measurement of Time.)


Still other forms have no relation to the base form, but are listed here for convenience.
Still other forms have no relation to the base form, but are listed here for convenience.
Line 412: Line 857:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
!! Interrogative !! Relative !! Negative
!   
! Interrogative  
! Relative  
! Negative
|-
|-
| Base forms: || <center>''mlau'' (‘what’)</center> || <center>''kalk'' (‘that, which’)</center> || <center>''bleg'' (‘no’)</center>
! Base forms:  
! ''[[Contionary: mlau#Maltcégj|mlau]]'' (‘what’)
! ''[[Contionary: kalk#Maltcégj|kalk]]'' (‘that, which’)  
! ''[[Contionary: bleg#Maltcégj|bleg]]'' (‘no’)
|-
|-
| '''''lað''''' (‘person’) || ''lað mlau, mlað'' (‘who’) || ''klað, kalk'' (‘who’) || ''lað bleg, blað'' (‘no one’)
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: lað#Maltcégj|lað]]'' (‘person’)  
| ''[[Contionary: lað#Maltcégj|lað]] [[Contionary: mlau#Maltcégj|mlau]], [[Contionary: mlað#Maltcégj|mlað]]'' (‘who’)  
| ''[[Contionary: klað#Maltcégj|klað]], [[Contionary: kalk#Maltcégj|kalk]]'' (‘who’)  
| ''[[Contionary: lað#Maltcégj|lað]] [[Contionary: bleg#Maltcégj|bleg]], [[Contionary: blað#Maltcégj|blað]]'' (‘no one’)
|-
|-
| '''''lak''''' (‘agent’) || ''lak mlau, mlak'' (‘what’) || ''klak, kalk'' (‘that’) || ''lak bleg, blak'' (‘nothing’)
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: lak#Maltcégj|lak]]'' (‘agent’)  
| ''[[Contionary: lak#Maltcégj|lak]] [[Contionary: mlau#Maltcégj|mlau]], [[Contionary: mlak#Maltcégj|mlak]]'' (‘what’)  
| ''[[Contionary: klak#Maltcégj|klak]], [[Contionary: kalk#Maltcégj|kalk]]'' (‘that’)  
| ''[[Contionary: lak#Maltcégj|lak]] [[Contionary: bleg#Maltcégj|bleg]], [[Contionary: blak#Maltcégj|blak]]'' (‘nothing’)
|-
|-
| '''''ðrax''''' (‘thing’) || ''ðrax mlau, mlax'' (‘what’) || ''klax, kalk'' (‘which’) || ''ðrax bleg, blax'' (‘nothing’)
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: ðrax#Maltcégj|ðrax]]'' (‘thing’)  
| ''[[Contionary: ðrax#Maltcégj|ðrax]] [[Contionary: mlau#Maltcégj|mlau]], [[Contionary: mlax#Maltcégj|mlax]]'' (‘what’)  
| ''[[Contionary: klax#Maltcégj|klax]], [[Contionary: kalk#Maltcégj|kalk]]'' (‘which’)  
| ''[[Contionary: ðrax#Maltcégj|ðrax]] [[Contionary: bleg#Maltcégj|bleg]], [[Contionary: blax#Maltcégj|blax]]'' (‘nothing’)
|-
|-
| '''''arán''''' (‘place’) || ''arán mlau, mlarán'' (‘where’) || ''klarán'' (‘where’) || ''arán bleg, bláran'' (‘nowhere’)
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: arán#Maltcégj|arán]]'' (‘place’)  
| ''[[Contionary: arán#Maltcégj|arán]] [[Contionary: mlau#Maltcégj|mlau]], [[Contionary: mlarán#Maltcégj|mlarán]]'' (‘where’)  
| ''[[Contionary: klarán#Maltcégj|klarán]]'' (‘where’)  
| ''[[Contionary: arán#Maltcégj|arán]] [[Contionary: bleg#Maltcégj|bleg]], [[Contionary: bláran#Maltcégj|bláran]]'' (‘nowhere’)
|-
|-
| '''''ðlai''''' (‘time’) || ''ðlai mlau, mlai'' (‘when’) || ''klai'' (‘when’) || ''ðlai bleg, blai<sup>2</sup>'' (‘never’)
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: ðlai#Maltcégj|ðlai]]'' (‘time’)  
| ''[[Contionary: ðlai#Maltcégj|ðlai]] [[Contionary: mlau#Maltcégj|mlau]], [[Contionary: mlai#Maltcégj|mlai]]'' (‘when’)  
| ''[[Contionary: klai#Maltcégj|klai]]'' (‘when’)  
| ''[[Contionary: ðlai#Maltcégj|ðlai]] [[Contionary: bleg#Maltcégj|bleg]], [[Contionary: blai#Maltcégj|blai]]''<ref>While ''[[Contionary: blai#Maltcégj|blai]]'' may still be found in some texts, it is not generally used due to its homophonous relationship with the progressive particle (see [[Contionary: #Verbs|Verbs]]).</ref> (‘never’)
|-
|-
| '''''kþið''''' (‘manner’) || ''kþið mlau, mlið'' (‘how’) || ''klið'' (‘how’) || ''kþið bleg, blið'' (‘no way’)
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: kþið#Maltcégj|kþið]]'' (‘manner’)  
| ''[[Contionary: kþið#Maltcégj|kþið]] [[Contionary: mlau#Maltcégj|mlau]], [[Contionary: mlið#Maltcégj|mlið]]'' (‘how’)  
| ''[[Contionary: klið#Maltcégj|klið]]'' (‘how’)  
| ''[[Contionary: kþið#Maltcégj|kþið]] [[Contionary: bleg#Maltcégj|bleg]], [[Contionary: blið#Maltcégj|blið]]'' (‘no way’)
|-
|-
| '''''mára''''' (‘quantity’) || ''mára mlau, mlára'' (‘how much/many’) || ''klára'' (‘how much/many’) || ''mára bleg, blára'' (‘none’)
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: mára#Maltcégj|mára]]'' (‘quantity’)  
| ''[[Contionary: mára#Maltcégj|mára]] [[Contionary: mlau#Maltcégj|mlau]], [[Contionary: mlára#Maltcégj|mlára]]'' (‘how much/many’)  
| ''[[Contionary: klára#Maltcégj|klára]]'' (‘how much/many’)  
| ''[[Contionary: mára#Maltcégj|mára]] [[Contionary: bleg#Maltcégj|bleg]], [[Contionary: blára#Maltcégj|blára]]'' (‘none’)
|-
|-
| '''''hímiem<sup>1</sup>''''' (‘reason’) || ''mlímiem'' (‘why’) || ''klímiem'' (‘why’) || ''blímiem'' (‘for no reason’)
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: hímiem#Maltcégj|hímiem]]''<ref>The word ''[[Contionary: hímiem#Maltcégj|hímiem]]'' (‘reason’) is no longer used, but lives on in the pro-form contractions, where it is used exclusively over its nominal replacement, ''[[Contionary: frulúþ#Maltcégj|frulúþ]]''.</ref> (‘reason’)  
| ''[[Contionary: mlímiem#Maltcégj|mlímiem]]'' (‘why’)  
| ''[[Contionary: klímiem#Maltcégj|klímiem]]'' (‘why’)  
| ''[[Contionary: blímiem#Maltcégj|blímiem]]'' (‘for no reason’)
|-
|-
!! Proximal !! Medial !! Distal
!   
! Proximal  
! Medial  
! Distal
|-
|-
| Base forms: || <center>''jála, úli'' (‘this’)</center> || <center>''ðóra, úla'' (‘that’)</center> || <center>''þa, ulót'' (‘yonder’)</center>
! Base forms:  
! ''[[Contionary: jála#Maltcégj|jála]], [[Contionary: úli#Maltcégj|úli]]'' (‘this’)
! ''[[Contionary: ðóra#Maltcégj|ðóra]], [[Contionary: úla#Maltcégj|úla]]'' (‘that’)
! ''[[Contionary: þa#Maltcégj|þa]], [[Contionary: ulót#Maltcégj|ulót]]'' (‘yonder’)
|-
|-
| '''''lað''''' (‘person’) || ''lað úli, jlað'' (‘this person’) || ''lað úla, ðrað'' (‘that person’) || ''lað ulót, þlað'' (‘the other person’)
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: lað#Maltcégj|lað]]'' (‘person’)  
| ''[[Contionary: lað#Maltcégj|lað]] [[Contionary: úli#Maltcégj|úli]], [[Contionary: jlað#Maltcégj|jlað]]'' (‘this person’)  
| ''[[Contionary: lað#Maltcégj|lað]] [[Contionary: úla#Maltcégj|úla]], [[Contionary: ðrað#Maltcégj|ðrað]]'' (‘that person’)  
| ''[[Contionary: lað#Maltcégj|lað]] [[Contionary: ulót#Maltcégj|ulót]], [[Contionary: þlað#Maltcégj|þlað]]'' (‘the other person’)
|-
|-
| '''''lak''''' (‘agent’) || ''lak úli, jlak'' (‘this thing’) || ''lak úla, ðrak'' (‘that thing’) || ''lak ulót, þlak'' (‘the other thing’)
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: lak#Maltcégj|lak]]'' (‘agent’)  
| ''[[Contionary: lak#Maltcégj|lak]] [[Contionary: úli#Maltcégj|úli]], [[Contionary: jlak#Maltcégj|jlak]]'' (‘this thing’)  
| ''[[Contionary: lak#Maltcégj|lak]] [[Contionary: úla#Maltcégj|úla]], [[Contionary: ðrak#Maltcégj|ðrak]]'' (‘that thing’)  
| ''[[Contionary: lak#Maltcégj|lak]] [[Contionary: ulót#Maltcégj|ulót]], [[Contionary: þlak#Maltcégj|þlak]]'' (‘the other thing’)
|-
|-
| '''''ðrax''''' (‘thing’) || ''ðrax úli, jlax'' (‘this’) || ''ðrax úla, ðrax'' (‘that’) || ''ðrax ulót, þlax'' (‘that (other)’)
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: ðrax#Maltcégj|ðrax]]'' (‘thing’)  
| ''[[Contionary: ðrax#Maltcégj|ðrax]] [[Contionary: úli#Maltcégj|úli]], [[Contionary: jlax#Maltcégj|jlax]]'' (‘this’)  
| ''[[Contionary: ðrax#Maltcégj|ðrax]] [[Contionary: úla#Maltcégj|úla]], [[Contionary: ðrax#Maltcégj|ðrax]]'' (‘that’)  
| ''[[Contionary: ðrax#Maltcégj|ðrax]] [[Contionary: ulót#Maltcégj|ulót]], [[Contionary: þlax#Maltcégj|þlax]]'' (‘that (other)’)
|-
|-
| '''''arán''''' (‘place’) || ''jarán, jlarán<sup>3</sup>'' (‘here’) || ''larán, ðrarán'' (‘there’) || ''þarán'' (‘up there, ahead’), '' þrarán'' (‘elsewhere’)
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: arán#Maltcégj|arán]]'' (‘place’)  
| ''[[Contionary: jarán#Maltcégj|jarán]], [[Contionary: jlarán#Maltcégj|jlarán]]''<ref>''[[Contionary: jláran#Maltcégj|jláran]]'' is gradually becoming obsolete and has been broadly replaced by ''[[Contionary: járan#Maltcégj|járan]]''.</ref> (‘here’)  
| ''[[Contionary: larán#Maltcégj|larán]], [[Contionary: ðrarán#Maltcégj|ðrarán]]'' (‘there’)  
| ''[[Contionary: þarán#Maltcégj|þarán]]'' (‘up there, ahead’), '' [[Contionary: þrarán#Maltcégj|þrarán]]'' (‘elsewhere’)
|-
|-
| '''''ðlai''''' (‘time’) || ''jaðlai, jlai, nak'' (‘now’) || ''laðlai, ðraðlai, nos'' (‘then’) || ''þaðlai'' (‘in the future’), ''þraðlái'' (‘some other time’)
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: ðlai#Maltcégj|ðlai]]'' (‘time’)  
| ''[[Contionary: jaðlai#Maltcégj|jaðlai]], [[Contionary: jlai#Maltcégj|jlai]], [[Contionary: nak#Maltcégj|nak]]'' (‘now’)  
| ''[[Contionary: laðlai#Maltcégj|laðlai]], [[Contionary: ðraðlai#Maltcégj|ðraðlai]], [[Contionary: nos#Maltcégj|nos]]'' (‘then’)  
| ''[[Contionary: þaðlai#Maltcégj|þaðlai]]'' (‘in the future’), ''[[Contionary: þraðlái#Maltcégj|þraðlái]]'' (‘some other time’)
|-
|-
| '''''kþið''''' (‘manner’) || ''kþið úli, jlið'' (‘like this’) || ''kþið úla, ðrið'' (‘like that’) || ''þkíð'' (‘some other way’)
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: kþið#Maltcégj|kþið]]'' (‘manner’)  
| ''[[Contionary: kþið#Maltcégj|kþið]] [[Contionary: úli#Maltcégj|úli]], [[Contionary: jlið#Maltcégj|jlið]]'' (‘like this’)  
| ''[[Contionary: kþið#Maltcégj|kþið]] [[Contionary: úla#Maltcégj|úla]], [[Contionary: ðrið#Maltcégj|ðrið]]'' (‘like that’)  
| ''[[Contionary: þkíð#Maltcégj|þkíð]]'' (‘some other way’)
|-
|-
| '''''mára''''' (‘quantity’) || ''mára úli, márað'' (‘this much’) || ''mára úla, márað'' (‘that much’) || ''mára ulót'' (‘that other amount’)
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: mára#Maltcégj|mára]]'' (‘quantity’)  
| ''[[Contionary: mára#Maltcégj|mára]] [[Contionary: úli#Maltcégj|úli]], [[Contionary: márað#Maltcégj|márað]]'' (‘this much’)  
| ''[[Contionary: mára#Maltcégj|mára]] [[Contionary: úla#Maltcégj|úla]], [[Contionary: márað#Maltcégj|márað]]'' (‘that much’)  
| ''[[Contionary: mára#Maltcégj|mára]] [[Contionary: ulót#Maltcégj|ulót]]'' (‘that other amount’)
|-
|-
| '''''hímiem<sup>1</sup>''''' (‘reason’) ||colspan=2| ''ðrímiem'' (‘because’) || ''þrímiem'' (‘for that reason’)
!style="text-align:right"| ''[[Contionary: hímiem#Maltcégj|hímiem]]<ref>The word ''[[Contionary: hímiem#Maltcégj|hímiem]]'' (‘reason’) is no longer used, but lives on in the pro-form contractions, where it is used exclusively over its nominal replacement, ''[[Contionary: frulúþ#Maltcégj|frulúþ]]''.</ref>'' (‘reason’)  
|colspan=2| ''[[Contionary: ðrímiem#Maltcégj|ðrímiem]]'' (‘because’)  
| ''[[Contionary: þrímiem#Maltcégj|þrímiem]]'' (‘for that reason’)
|-
|-
|}
|}
<sup>1</sup> The word ''hímiem'' (‘reason’) is no longer used, but lives on in the pro-form contractions, where it is used exclusively over its nominal replacement, ''frulúþ''.
<sup>2</sup> While ''blai'' may still be found in some texts, it is not generally used due to its homophonous relationship with the progressive particle (see [[Maltcégj#Verbs|Verbs]]).
<sup>3</sup> ''jláran'' is gradually becoming obsolete and has been broadly replaced by ''járan''.


== Nouns ==
== Nouns ==


Maltcégj nouns are relatively straight-forward.  They do not inflect for case or number. Nouns are always the first word in a noun phrase (that is, they precede adjectives and adpositions), though genitive constructions may be constructed in ways that may seem contrary to this assertion (more on the genitive under [[Maltcégj#Adpositions|Adpositions]]).
Maltcégj nouns are relatively straight-forward.  They do not inflect for case or number. Nouns are always the first word in a noun phrase (that is, they precede adjectives and adpositions), though genitive constructions may be constructed in ways that may seem contrary to this assertion (more on the genitive under [[#Adpositions|Adpositions]]).


Nouns with two syllables which may double as verbs tend to have initial stress while the verb form has final stress, but this tendency is by no means a rule.
Nouns with two syllables which may double as verbs tend to have initial stress while the verb form has final stress, but this tendency is by no means a rule.
Line 468: Line 966:
=== Indicating Plurality ===
=== Indicating Plurality ===


While there is no specific plural form of nouns, there is a plural particle, ''ak-'', which can be optionally prefixed to the noun stem to specify plurality. ''ak-'' is never used when a number is present or any other indicator that would already imply a plural.
While there is no specific plural form of nouns, there is a plural particle, ''[[Contionary: ak#Maltcégj|ak-]]'', which can be optionally prefixed to the noun stem to specify plurality. ''[[Contionary: ak#Maltcégj|ak-]]'' is never used when a number is present or any other indicator that would already imply a plural.


For example:
For example:


''téfʌðu'' ‘table’<br>
''[[Contionary: téfʌðu#Maltcégj|téfʌðu]]'' ‘table’<br />
'''''ak'''téfʌðu'' ‘tables’<br>
'''''[[Contionary: ak#Maltcégj|ak]]'''[[Contionary: téfʌðu#Maltcégj|téfʌðu]]'' ‘tables’<br />
''téfʌðu jamp'' ‘four tables’<br>
''[[Contionary: téfʌðu#Maltcégj|téfʌðu]] [[Contionary: jamp#Maltcégj|jamp]]'' ‘four tables’<br />
''téfʌðu lexét'' ‘many tables’
''[[Contionary: téfʌðu#Maltcégj|téfʌðu]] [[Contionary: lexét#Maltcégj|lexét]]'' ‘many tables’


== Adpositions ==
== Adpositions ==


Adpositions in Maltcégj are generally suffixed to the nouns they modify. They undergo very little inflection (so it is not considered a case system per se), but there is some variation in some nouns which end in vowels, as shown below. (Nouns can only end in the vowels <nowiki><i></nowiki>, <a>, <ǫ>, <o>, and <nowiki><u></nowiki>. Nouns cannot end in <e> or <y>. Nouns ending in <ʌ> take regular consonant endings except before ''-ʌ'' and ''-ʌk'', where the final <ʌ> of the noun becomes <l>. Nouns ending in <ʀ> take regular consonant endings except before ''-ʀ'', which becomes ''-hʀ''. Most changes, however, simply involve adding an epenthetic <h> before the prefix or adding a diæresis or dot to the vowel of the adposition.
Adpositions in Maltcégj are generally suffixed to the nouns they modify. They undergo very little inflection (so it is not considered a case system per se), but there is some variation in some nouns which end in vowels, as shown below. (Nouns can only end in the vowels 〈i〉, 〈a〉, 〈ǫ〉, 〈o〉, and 〈u〉. Nouns cannot end in 〈e〉 or 〈y〉. Nouns ending in 〈ʌ〉 take regular consonant endings except before ''-ʌ'' and ''-ʌk'', where the final 〈ʌ〉 of the noun becomes 〈l〉. Nouns ending in 〈ʀ〉 take regular consonant endings except before ''[[Contionary: -ʀ#Maltcégj|]]'', which becomes ''-hʀ''. Most changes, however, simply involve adding an epenthetic 〈h〉 before the prefix or adding a diæresis or dot to the vowel of the adposition.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! C#-   !! [i]#-   !! [a,ǫ]#-   !! [o,u]#-   !! Example !! Preposition Type !! Eng. !! Ger. !! Lat. !! Esp. !! Notes
! C#-  
! [i]#-  
! [a,ǫ]#-  
! [o,u]#-  
! Example  
! Preposition Type  
! Eng.  
! Ger.  
! Lat.  
! Esp.  
! Notes
|-
|-
| '''''-''''' || ''-i- '' || ''-a-'' || ''-o- '' || ''ek klag gnir.''<brThe book is green.’ || Nominative || - || (''Nom.'') || (''Nom.'') || - || Subject.
| '''''-'''''  
| ''-i- ''  
| ''-a-''  
| ''-o- ''  
| ''[[ek#Maltcégj|ek]] [[Contionary: klag#Maltcégj|klag]] [[Contionary: gnir#Maltcégj|gnir]].''<br />The book is green.’  
| Nominative  
| -  
| (''Nom.'')  
| (''Nom.'')  
| -  
| Subject.
|-
|-
| '''''a''''' || ''-iȧ '' || ''-aha'' || ''-oȧ '' || ''dydkulóm jǫg klág'''a'''.''<br>‘I saw '''the book'''.’ || Accusative || - || (''Acc.'') || (''Acc.'') || -n || Direct object.
| '''''[[Contionary: -a#Maltcégj|a]]'''''  
| ''-iȧ ''  
| ''-aha''  
| ''-oȧ ''  
| ''[[Contionary: dyd#Maltcégj|dyd]][[Contionary: kulóm#Maltcégj|kulóm]] [[Contionary: jǫg#Maltcégj|jǫg]] [[Contionary: klag#Maltcégj|klág]]'''[[Contionary: -a#Maltcégj|a]]'''.''<br />‘I saw '''the book'''.’  
| Accusative  
| -  
| (''Acc.'')  
| (''Acc.'')  
| -n  
| Direct object.
|-
|-
| '''''að''''' || ''-iȧð '' || ''-ahað'' || ''-oȧð '' || ‘to the book’ || Dative || to || zu (+ ''Dat.'') || ad || al || Indirect object.
| '''''[[Contionary: -að#Maltcégj|]]'''''  
| ''-iȧð ''  
| ''-ahað''  
| ''-oȧð ''  
| ‘to the book’  
| Dative  
| to  
| zu (+ ''Dat.'')  
| ad  
| al  
| Indirect object.
|-
|-
| '''''ai''''' || ''-iȧi '' || ''-ahai'' || ''-oȧi '' || ‘through (the middle of) the book’ || Perlative || through || durch (+ ''Acc.'') || per ||  ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -ai#Maltcégj|ai]]'''''  
| ''-iȧi ''  
| ''-ahai''  
| ''-oȧi ''  
| ‘through (the middle of) the book’  
| Perlative  
| through  
| durch (+ ''Acc.'')  
| per  
|  
|
|-
|-
| '''''aj''''' || ''-iȧj '' || ''-ahaj'' || ''-oȧj '' || ‘during/throughout the book’ || Temporal Durative || during || während (+ ''Gen.'') ||  || ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -aj#Maltcégj|aj]]'''''  
| ''-iȧj ''  
| ''-ahaj''  
| ''-oȧj ''  
| ‘during/throughout the book’  
| Temporal Durative  
| during  
| während (+ ''Gen.'')  
|  
| dum
|
|-
|-
| '''''ala''''' || ''-iȧla '' || ''-ahala'' || ''-oȧla '' || ‘between the books’ || Intrative || between, among || zwischen, unter (+ ''Dat.'') || inter ||  || Automatically implies plural.
| '''''[[Contionary: -ala#Maltcégj|ala]]'''''  
| ''-iȧla ''  
| ''-ahala''  
| ''-oȧla ''  
| ‘between the books’  
| Intrative  
| between, among  
| zwischen, unter (+ ''Dat.'')  
| inter  
|  
| Automatically implies plural.
|-
|-
| '''''alm''''' || ''-iȧlm '' || ''-ahalm'' || ''-oȧlm '' || ‘without the book’ || Abesso-caritive || without || ohne (+ ''Acc.'') || sine ||  ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -am#Maltcégj|alm]]'''''  
| ''-iȧlm ''  
| ''-ahalm''  
| ''-oȧlm ''  
| ‘without the book’  
| Abesso-caritive  
| without  
| ohne (+ ''Acc.'')  
| sine  
| sen
|
|-
|-
| '''''alx''''' || ''-iȧlx '' || ''-ahalx'' || ''-oȧlx '' || ‘on (the side of) the book’ || Adessive || on || an (+ ''Dat.'') ||  || ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -alx#Maltcégj|alx]]'''''  
| ''-iȧlx ''  
| ''-ahalx''  
| ''-oȧlx ''  
| ‘on (the side of) the book’  
| Adessive  
| on  
| an (+ ''Dat.'')  
|  
|  
|
|-
|-
| '''''ap''''' || ''-iȧp '' || ''-ahap'' || ''-oȧp '' || ‘on (top of) the book’ || Superessive || on || auf (+ ''Dat.'') ||  || ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -ap#Maltcégj|ap]]'''''  
| ''-iȧp ''  
| ''-ahap''  
| ''-oȧp ''  
| ‘on (top of) the book’  
| Superessive  
| on  
| auf (+ ''Dat.'')  
|  
| sur
|
|-
|-
| '''''arak''''' || ''-iȧrak '' || ''-aharak'' || ''-oȧrak'' || ‘(leaning) against the book’ || Revertive || against || gegen (+ ''Acc.'') || versus ||  ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -arak#Maltcégj|arak]]'''''  
| ''-iȧrak ''  
| ''-aharak''  
| ''-oȧrak''  
| ‘(leaning) against the book’  
| Revertive  
| against  
| gegen (+ ''Acc.'')  
| versus  
| kontraux
|
|-
|-
| '''''av''''' || ''-iȧv '' || ''-ahav'' || ''-oȧv '' || ‘after the book’ || Postessive || following || folgend, zunächst || post ||  ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -av#Maltcégj|av]]'''''  
| ''-iȧv ''  
| ''-ahav''  
| ''-oȧv ''  
| ‘after the book’  
| Postessive  
| following  
| folgend, zunächst  
| post
| post
|
|-
|-
| '''''eð''''' || ''-iëð '' || ''-aheð'' || ''-oëð '' || ‘around the book’ || Circumessive || around || um (+ ''Acc.'') || circum ||  ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -eð#Maltcégj|]]'''''  
| ''-iëð ''  
| ''-aheð''  
| ''-oëð ''  
| ‘around the book’  
| Circumessive  
| around  
| um (+ ''Acc.'')  
| circum  
| cxirkaux
|
|-
|-
| '''''eki''''' || ''-iëki '' || ''-aheki'' || ''-oëki '' || ‘up to/until the book’ || Allato-terminative || until || bis (+ ''Acc.'') ||  || ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -eki#Maltcégj|eki]]'''''  
| ''-iëki ''  
| ''-aheki''  
| ''-oëki ''  
| ‘up to/until the book’  
| Allato-terminative  
| until  
| bis (+ ''Acc.'')  
|  
|  
|
|-
|-
| '''''eloï''''' || ''-iëloï '' || ''-aheloï'' || ''-oëloï'' || ‘about/concerning the book’ ||  || about || über (+ ''Dat.'') ||  || ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -eloï#Maltcégj|eloï]]'''''  
| ''-iëloï ''  
| ''-aheloï''  
| ''-oëloï''  
| ‘about/concerning the book’  
|  
| about  
| über (+ ''Dat.'')  
|  
| pri
|
|-
|-
| '''''em''''' || ''-iëm '' || ''-ahem'' || ''-oëm '' || ‘over/above the book’ ||  || over || über (+ ''Dat.'') || supra ||  ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -em#Maltcégj|em]]'''''  
| ''-iëm ''  
| ''-ahem''  
| ''-oëm ''  
| ‘over/above the book’  
|  
| over  
| über (+ ''Dat.'')  
| supra  
| super
|
|-
|-
| '''''ei''''' || ''-iëi '' || ''-ahei'' || ''-oëi '' || ‘in the book’ || Inessive || in || in (+ ''Dat.'') || in(tra) ||  ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -ei#Maltcégj|ei]]'''''  
| ''-iëi ''  
| ''-ahei''  
| ''-oëi ''  
| ‘in the book’  
| Inessive  
| in  
| in (+ ''Dat.'')  
| in(tra)  
| en
|
|-
|-
| '''''fra''''' || ''-ifra '' || ''-afra'' || ''-ofra '' || ‘with books’ (as in ‘strewn’) ||  || with || mit (+ ''Dat.'') ||  || ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -fra#Maltcégj|fra]]'''''  
| ''-ifra ''  
| ''-afra''  
| ''-ofra ''  
| ‘with books’ (as in ‘strewn’)  
|  
| with  
| mit (+ ''Dat.'')  
|  
| kun
|
|-
|-
| '''''i''''' || ''-ihi '' || ''-ahi'' || ''-oï '' || ‘for the book’ || Benefactive || for || für (+ ''Acc.'') ||  || ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -i#Maltcégj|i]]'''''  
| ''-ihi ''  
| ''-ahi''  
| ''-oï ''  
| ‘for the book’  
| Benefactive  
| for  
| für (+ ''Acc.'')  
|  
| por
|
|-
|-
| '''''ið''''' || ''-ihið '' || ''-ahið'' || ''-oïð '' || ‘before/prior to the book’ || Temporal || before || bevor (+ ''Dat.'') || ante ||  ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -ið#Maltcégj|]]'''''  
| ''-ihið ''  
| ''-ahið''  
| ''-oïð ''  
| ‘before/prior to the book’  
| Temporal  
| before  
| bevor (+ ''Dat.'')  
| ante  
|  
|
|-
|-
| '''''ij''''' || ''-ihij '' || ''-ahij'' || ''-oïj '' || ‘after the books’ || Temporal || after, according to || nach (+ ''Dat.'') || secundum || post  ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -ij#Maltcégj|ij]]'''''  
| ''-ihij ''  
| ''-ahij''  
| ''-oïj ''  
| ‘after the books’  
| Temporal  
| after, according to  
| nach (+ ''Dat.'')  
| secundum  
| laux
|
|-
|-
| '''''ili''''' || ''-ihili '' || ''-ahili'' || ''-oïli'' || ‘next to/beside/near the book’ || Apudessive || next to || neben (+ ''Dat.'') || prope ||  ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -ili#Maltcégj|ili]]'''''  
| ''-ihili ''  
| ''-ahili''  
| ''-oïli''  
| ‘next to/beside/near the book’  
| Apudessive  
| next to  
| neben (+ ''Dat.'')  
| prope  
| apud
|
|-
|-
| '''''im''''' || ''-ihim '' || ''-ahim'' || ''-oïm '' || ‘along(side) the books’ || Vialis || along || (''Dat.''+) entlang ||  || ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -im#Maltcégj|im]]'''''  
| ''-ihim ''  
| ''-ahim''  
| ''-oïm ''  
| ‘along(side) the books’  
| Vialis  
| along  
| (''Dat.''+) entlang  
|  
|  
|
|-
|-
| '''''is''''' || ''-ihis '' || ''-ahis'' || ''-oïs '' || ‘instead of the book’ || Excambiative || instead of || statt (+ ''Gen.'') ||  || ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -is#Maltcégj|is]]'''''  
| ''-ihis ''  
| ''-ahis''  
| ''-oïs ''  
| ‘instead of the book’  
| Excambiative  
| instead of  
| statt (+ ''Gen.'')  
|  
| anstataux
|
|-
|-
| '''''it''''' || ''-ihit '' || ''-ahit'' || ''-oït '' || ‘behind the book’ ||  || behind || hinter (+ ''Dat.'') || pone, post ||  ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -it#Maltcégj|it]]'''''  
| ''-ihit ''  
| ''-ahit''  
| ''-oït ''  
| ‘behind the book’  
|  
| behind  
| hinter (+ ''Dat.'')  
| pone, post  
| malantaux
|
|-
|-
| '''''iþ''''' || ''-ihiþ '' || ''-ahiþ'' || ''-oïþ '' || ‘under the book’ || Subessive || under || unter (+ ''Dat.'') || subter ||  ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -iþ#Maltcégj|]]'''''  
| ''-ihiþ ''  
| ''-ahiþ''  
| ''-oïþ ''  
| ‘under the book’  
| Subessive  
| under  
| unter (+ ''Dat.'')  
| subter  
| sub
|
|-
|-
| '''''lef''''' || ''-ilef '' || ''-alef'' || ''-olef '' || ‘like the books’ || Comparative || like || wie (+ ''Nom.'') ||  || ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -lef#Maltcégj|lef]]'''''  
| ''-ilef ''  
| ''-alef''  
| ''-olef ''  
| ‘like the books’  
| Comparative  
| like  
| wie (+ ''Nom.'')  
|  
| kiel
|
|-
|-
| '''''ʌ''''' || ''-il '' || ''-al'' || ''-ol '' || ‘by the book’ || Agentive || by || von (+ ''Dat.'') ||  || ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -ʌ#Maltcégj|ʌ]]'''''  
| ''-il ''  
| ''-al''  
| ''-ol ''  
| ‘by the book’  
| Agentive  
| by  
| von (+ ''Dat.'')  
|  
| per
|
|-
|-
| '''''ʌk''''' || ''-ilk '' || ''-alk'' || ''-olk '' || ‘by means of the book’ || Instrumental || with || mit (+ ''Dat.'') || cum ||  ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -ʌk#Maltcégj|ʌk]]'''''  
| ''-ilk ''  
| ''-alk''  
| ''-olk ''  
| ‘by means of the book’  
| Instrumental  
| with  
| mit (+ ''Dat.'')  
| cum  
| per
|
|-
|-
| '''''o''''' || ''-iȯ '' || ''-aho'' || ''-ohȯ '' || ‘from the book’ || Delative || from || von (+ ''Dat.'') ||  || ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -o#Maltcégj|o]]'''''  
| ''-iȯ ''  
| ''-aho''  
| ''-oho ''  
| ‘from the book’  
| Delative  
| from  
| von (+ ''Dat.'')  
|  
| de
|
|-
|-
| '''''oc''''' || ''-iȯc '' || ''-ahoc'' || ''-ohȯc '' || ‘at the time of the book’ || Temporal || at the time of || an (+ ''Acc.'') ||  || ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -oc#Maltcégj|oc]]'''''  
| ''-iȯc ''  
| ''-ahoc''  
| ''-ohoc ''  
| ‘at the time of the book’  
| Temporal  
| at the time of  
| an (+ ''Acc.'')  
|  
| cxe
|
|-
|-
| '''''ok''''' || ''-iȯk '' || ''-ahok'' || ''-ohȯk '' || ‘with the book’ || Commitative || with || mit (+ ''Dat.'') || simul ||  ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -ok#Maltcégj|ok]]'''''  
| ''-iȯk ''  
| ''-ahok''  
| ''-ohȯk ''  
| ‘with the book’  
| Commitative  
| with  
| mit (+ ''Dat.'')  
| simul  
| kun
|
|-
|-
| '''''ol''''' || ''-iȯl '' || ''-ahol'' || ''-ohȯl '' || ‘except for the book’ || Exclusive || except for || außer (+ ''Dat.'') ||  || ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -ol#Maltcégj|ol]]'''''  
| ''-iȯl ''  
| ''-ahol''  
| ''-ohȯl ''  
| ‘except for the book’  
| Exclusive  
| except for  
| außer (+ ''Dat.'')  
|  
|  
|
|-
|-
| '''''om''''' || ''-iȯm '' || ''-ahom'' || ''-ohȯm '' || ‘in front of the book’ ||  || in front of || vor (+ ''Dat.'') || prae ||  ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -om#Maltcégj|om]]'''''  
| ''-iȯm ''  
| ''-ahom''  
| ''-ohȯm ''  
| ‘in front of the book’  
|  
| in front of  
| vor (+ ''Dat.'')  
| prae  
| antaux
|
|-
|-
| '''''ǫg''''' || ''-iǫ̇g '' || ''-ahǫg'' || ''-ohǫ̇g '' || ‘anti-book’ || Contrative || against, anti || wider (+ ''Acc.''), -feindlich || contra ||  ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -ǫg#Maltcégj|ǫg]]'''''  
| ''-iǫ̇g ''  
| ''-ahǫg''  
| ''-ohǫ̇g ''  
| ‘anti-book’  
| Contrative  
| against, anti  
| wider (+ ''Acc.''), -feindlich  
| contra  
| kontraux
|
|-
|-
| '''''ʀ''''' || ''-ihʀ '' || ''-ahʀ'' || ''-ohʀ '' || ‘pro-book’ ||  || for, pro || pro- (+ ''Acc.''), -freundlich || pro ||  ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -ʀ#Maltcégj|ʀ]]'''''  
| ''-ihʀ ''  
| ''-ahʀ''  
| ''-ohʀ ''  
| ‘pro-book’  
|  
| for, pro  
| pro- (+ ''Acc.''), -freundlich  
| pro  
|  
|
|-
|-
| '''''ul''''' || ''-iu̇l '' || ''-ahul'' || ''-ou̇l '' || ‘(made) of books’ || Exessive || made from || aus (+ ''Dat.'') || ex ||  ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -ul#Maltcégj|ul]]'''''  
| ''-iu̇l ''  
| ''-ahul''  
| ''-ou̇l ''  
| ‘(made) of books’  
| Exessive  
| made from  
| aus (+ ''Dat.'')  
| ex  
| el
|
|-
|-
| '''''ut''''' || ''-iu̇t '' || ''-ahut'' || ''-ou̇t '' || ‘out of the book’ || Elative || out of || aus (+ ''Dat.'') || ex ||  ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -ut#Maltcégj|ut]]'''''  
| ''-iu̇t ''  
| ''-ahut''  
| ''-ou̇t ''  
| ‘out of the book’  
| Elative  
| out of  
| aus (+ ''Dat.'')  
| ex  
| el
|
|-
|-
| '''''vul''''' || ''-ivul '' || ''-avul'' || ''-ovul '' || ‘because of the book’ || Causal || because of || wegen (+ ''Gen.'') || propter ||  ||
| '''''[[Contionary: -vul#Maltcégj|vul]]'''''  
| ''-ivul ''  
| ''-avul''  
| ''-ovul ''  
| ‘because of the book’  
| Causal  
| because of  
| wegen (+ ''Gen.'')  
| propter  
| pro
|
|-
|-
| '''''u''''' || ''uï-'' || ''uȧ-'' || ''uȯ- '' || ‘-’s book, the book belonging to’ || Possessed || ‘s, of || (''Gen.''), von || (''Gen.'') ||  ||
| '''''[[Contionary: u-#Maltcégj|u]]'''''  
| ''uï-''  
| ''uȧ-''  
| ''uȯ- ''  
| ‘-’s book, the book belonging to’  
| Possessed  
| ‘s, of  
| (''Gen.''), von  
| (''Gen.'')  
| de
|
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 571: Line 1,469:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| wíðoc || calíc
| [[Contionary: wíðoc#Maltcégj|wíðoc]]
| [[Contionary: calíc#Maltcégj|calíc]]
|-
|-
| sky || blue
| sky  
| blue
|-
|-
|colspan=2| ‘blue sky’
|colspan=2| ‘blue sky’
Line 582: Line 1,482:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''ek'' || ''gnída'' || ''gnir'' ||rowspan=2| (or) || ''gnir'' || ''gnída''
| ''[[Contionary: ek#Maltcégj|ek]]''  
| ''[[Contionary: gnída#Maltcégj|gnída]]''  
| ''[[Contionary: gnir#Maltcégj|gnir]]''  
|rowspan=2| (or)  
| ''[[Contionary: gnir#Maltcégj|gnir]]''  
| ''[[Contionary: gnída#Maltcégj|gnída]]''
|-
|-
| is|| grass || green || is-green|| grass
| is
| grass  
| green  
| is-green
| grass
|-
|-
|colspan=6| ‘The grass is green.’
|colspan=6| ‘The grass is green.’
Line 595: Line 1,504:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''narán'' || most, -est
| ''[[Contionary: narán#Maltcégj|narán]]''  
| most, -est
|-
|-
| ''nan'' || more, -er
| ''[[Contionary: nan#Maltcégj|nan]]''  
| more, -er
|-
|-
| ''amán'' || as…as, as much, equally
| ''[[Contionary: amán#Maltcégj|amán]]''  
| as…as, as much, equally
|-
|-
| ''pan'' || less
| ''[[Contionary: pan#Maltcégj|pan]]''  
| less
|-
|-
| ''palán'' || least
| ''[[Contionary: palán#Maltcégj|palán]]''  
| least
|-
|-
|}
|}


All of these words precede the adjectives they modify, unless the adjective is used explicitly as a verb, and therefore the subject of the sentence. It is not uncommon or incorrect in this case to use ''ek'' as the verb and to treat the adjective as the object. When comparing the qualities of a specific noun, the postposition ''að'' is used as we would use “than” in English (or “as” when used with ''amán'').  
All of these words precede the adjectives they modify, unless the adjective is used explicitly as a verb, and therefore the subject of the sentence. It is not uncommon or incorrect in this case to use ''[[Contionary: ek#Maltcégj|ek]]'' as the verb and to treat the adjective as the object. When comparing the qualities of a specific noun, the postposition ''[[Contionary: #Maltcégj|að]]'' is used as we would use “than” in English (or “as” when used with ''[[Contionary: amán#Maltcégj|amán]]'').  


When any of these are used in combination with an adjective that begins with /b/ or /p/, the final /n/ changes to /m/, e.g. ''pan''+''bjólet''=''pambjólet'' ‘worse’. If the adjective begins with /m/, /n/ is elided entirely, e.g. ''nan''+''mot''=''namót'' ‘emptier’. (See Phonology.)
When any of these are used in combination with an adjective that begins with /b/ or /p/, the final /n/ changes to /m/, e.g. ''[[Contionary: pan#Maltcégj|pan]]''+''[[Contionary: bjólet#Maltcégj|bjólet]]''=''[[Contionary: pambjólet#Maltcégj|pambjólet]]'' ‘worse’. If the adjective begins with /m/, /n/ is elided entirely, e.g. ''[[Contionary: nan#Maltcégj|nan]]''+''[[Contionary: mot#Maltcégj|mot]]''=''[[Contionary: namót#Maltcégj|namót]]'' ‘emptier’. (See Phonology.)


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Predicative !! Verbal !!  
! Predicative  
! Verbal  
!  
|-
|-
| ''ek pel akadínahað mes kúluï '''narandíð'''''<br> (is she PL-sister-than her-own all most-beautiful) || '''''dið''' pel '''narán''' akadínahað mes kúluï''<br> (is-beautiful she most PL-sister-than her-own all) || ‘She is the most beautiful of all her sisters.’
| ''[[Contionary: ek#Maltcégj|ek]] [[Contionary: pel#Maltcégj|pel]] [[Contionary: ak#Maltcégj|ak]][[Contionary: adína#Maltcégj|adína]][[Contionary: að#Maltcégj|hað]] [[Contionary: mes#Maltcégj|mes]] [[Contionary: kúluï#Maltcégj|kúluï]] '''[[Contionary: narandíð#Maltcégj|narandíð]]'''''<br /> (is she PL-sister-than her-own all most-beautiful)  
| '''''[[Contionary: dið#Maltcégj|dið]]''' [[Contionary: pel#Maltcégj|pel]] '''[[Contionary: narán#Maltcégj|narán]]''' [[Contionary: ak#Maltcégj|ak]][[Contionary: adína#Maltcégj|adína]][[Contionary: að#Maltcégj|hað]] [[Contionary: mes#Maltcégj|mes]] [[Contionary: kúluï#Maltcégj|kúluï]]''<br /> (is-beautiful she most PL-sister-than her-own all)  
| ‘She is the most beautiful of all her sisters.’
|-
|-
| ''ek pul janád '''nambjólet'''''<br> (is he today more-good) || '''''bjólet''' pul janád '''nan'''''<br> (is-good he today more) || ‘He is better today.’
| ''[[Contionary: ek#Maltcégj|ek]] [[Contionary: pul#Maltcégj|pul]] [[Contionary: janád#Maltcégj|janád]] '''[[Contionary: nambjólet#Maltcégj|nambjólet]]'''''<br /> (is he today more-good)  
| '''''[[Contionary: bjólet#Maltcégj|bjólet]]''' [[Contionary: pul#Maltcégj|pul]] [[Contionary: janád#Maltcégj|janád]] '''[[Contionary: nan#Maltcégj|nan]]'''''<br /> (is-good he today more)  
| ‘He is better today.’
|-
|-
| ''ek paj wíðocað '''amancalíc'''''<br> (is it sky-as as-much-blue) || '''''calíc''' paj '''amán''' wíðocað''<br> (is-blue it as-much as-sky) || ‘It’s as blue as the sky.’
| ''[[Contionary: ek#Maltcégj|ek]] [[Contionary: paj#Maltcégj|paj]] [[Contionary: wíðoc#Maltcégj|wíðoc]][[Contionary: að#Maltcégj|að]] '''[[Contionary: amán#Maltcégj|aman]][[Contionary: calíc#Maltcégj|calíc]]'''''<br /> (is it sky-as as-much-blue)  
| '''''[[Contionary: calíc#Maltcégj|calíc]]''' [[Contionary: paj#Maltcégj|paj]] '''[[Contionary: amán#Maltcégj|amán]]''' [[Contionary: wíðoc#Maltcégj|wíðoc]][[Contionary: að#Maltcégj|að]]''<br /> (is-blue it as-much as-sky)  
| ‘It’s as blue as the sky.’
|-
|-
| ''ek paj vlágaranað '''panxac'''''<br> (is it school-than less-difficult) || '''''xac''' paj vlágaranað '''pan'''''<br> (is-difficult it school-than less) || It’s less difficult than school.
| ''[[Contionary: ek#Maltcégj|ek]] [[Contionary: paj#Maltcégj|paj]] [[Contionary: vlág#Maltcégj|vlág]][[Contionary: aran#Maltcégj|aran]][[Contionary: að#Maltcégj|að]] '''[[Contionary: pan#Maltcégj|pan]][[Contionary: xac#Maltcégj|xac]]'''''<br /> (is it school-than less-difficult)  
| '''''[[Contionary: xac#Maltcégj|xac]]''' [[Contionary: paj#Maltcégj|paj]] [[Contionary: vlág#Maltcégj|vlág]][[Contionary: aran#Maltcégj|aran]][[Contionary: að#Maltcégj|að]] '''[[Contionary: pan#Maltcégj|pan]]'''''<br /> (is-difficult it school-than less)  
| It’s less difficult than school.
|-
|-
| ''ek klag '''palambokúra'''''<br> (is book least-favorite) || '''''bokúra''' klag '''palán'''''<br> (is-favorite book least) || It’s (my) least favorite book.
| ''[[Contionary: ek#Maltcégj|ek]] [[Contionary: klag#Maltcégj|klag]] '''[[Contionary: palambokúra#Maltcégj|palambokúra]]'''''<br /> (is book least-favorite)  
| '''''[[Contionary: bokúra#Maltcégj|bokúra]]''' [[Contionary: klag#Maltcégj|klag]] '''[[Contionary: palán#Maltcégj|palán]]'''''<br /> (is-favorite book least)  
| It’s (my) least favorite book.
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 637: Line 1,563:
! Particle !!  !! TAMV !! E.g.
! Particle !!  !! TAMV !! E.g.
|-
|-
| ''vrei'' || 吧 || Imperative || ''vreitcók!'' Go!
| ''[[Contionary: vrei#Maltcégj|vrei]]''  
| 吧  
| Imperative  
| ''[[Contionary: vrei#Maltcégj|vrei]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]]!'' Go!
|-
|-
| ''men'' || 吧,請 || Jussive || ''mentcók.'' Please go.
| ''[[Contionary: men-#Maltcégj|men]]''  
| 吧,請  
| Jussive  
| ''[[Contionary: men#Maltcégj|men]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]].'' Please go.
|-
|-
| ''cʌþ'' || 嗎 || Interrogative || ''cʌþ tcok mélem?''<sup>1</sup> Are you going?
| ''[[Contionary: cʌþ#Maltcégj|cʌþ]]''  
| 嗎  
| Interrogative  
| ''[[Contionary: cʌþ#Maltcégj|cʌþ]] [[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcok]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]]?''<ref>Unlike other particles, ''[[Contionary: cʌþ#Maltcégj|cʌþ]]'' does not combine with the verb; it stands on its own as an individual word.</ref> Are you going?
|-
|-
| ''bleg'' || 不,沒 || Negative || ''blegtcók mélem.'' You’re not going.
| ''[[Contionary: bleg#Maltcégj|bleg]]''  
| 不,沒  
| Negative  
| ''[[Contionary: bleg#Maltcégj|bleg]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You’re not going.
|-
|-
| ''lǫ'' || - || Subjunctive || ''lǫtcég kleg lǫtcók mélem.'' It is important that you go.
| ''[[Contionary: #Maltcégj|lǫ]]''  
| -  
| Subjunctive  
| ''[[Contionary: lǫtcég#Maltcégj|lǫtcég]] [[Contionary: kleg#Maltcégj|kleg]] [[Contionary: lǫ#Maltcégj|lǫ]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' It is important that you go.
|-
|-
| ''dyd'' || 了 || Past || ''dydtcók mélem.'' You went.
| ''[[Contionary: dyd#Maltcégj|dyd]]''  
| 了  
| Past  
| ''[[Contionary: dyd#Maltcégj|dyd]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You went.
|-
|-
| ''nag'' || 要 || Future || ''nagtcók mélem.'' You will go.
| ''[[Contionary: nag#Maltcégj|nag]]''  
| 要  
| Future  
| ''[[Contionary: nag#Maltcégj|nag]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You will go.
|-
|-
| ''dla'' || 就,剛 || Immediacy || ''(always combined with other particles – see below)''
| ''[[Contionary: dla#Maltcégj|dla]]''  
| 就,剛  
| Immediacy  
| ''(always combined with other particles – see below)''
|-
|-
| ''kwarþ'' || 過 || Perfect || ''kwarþtcók mélem.'' You have gone.
| ''[[Contionary: kwarþ#Maltcégj|kwarþ]]''  
| 過  
| Perfect  
| ''[[Contionary: kwarþ#Maltcégj|kwarþ]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You have gone.
|-
|-
| ''blai'' || 正在 || Progressive || ''blaitcók mélem.'' You are (in the process of) going.
| ''[[Contionary: blai#Maltcégj|blai]]''  
| 正在  
| Progressive  
| ''[[Contionary: blai#Maltcégj|blai]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You are (in the process of) going.
|-
|-
| ''kan'' || 還 || Continuative || ''kantcók mélem.'' You are still going.
| ''[[Contionary: kan#Maltcégj|kan]]''  
| 還  
| Continuative  
| ''[[Contionary: kan#Maltcégj|kan]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You are still going.
|-
|-
| ''gak'' || - || Habitual || ''gaktcók mélem.'' You (often/regularly) go.
| ''[[Contionary: gak#Maltcégj|gak]]''  
| -  
| Habitual  
| ''[[Contionary: gak#Maltcégj|gak]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You (often/regularly) go.
|-
|-
| ''kla'' || - || Terminative || ''klatcók mélem.'' You have stopped going.
| ''[[Contionary: kla#Maltcégj|kla]]''  
| -  
| Terminative  
| ''[[Contionary: kla#Maltcégj|kla]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You have stopped going.
|-
|-
| ''guc'' || - || Inceptive || ''guctcók mélem.'' You have started to go.
| ''[[Contionary: guc#Maltcégj|guc]]''  
| -  
| Inceptive  
| ''[[Contionary: guc#Maltcégj|guc]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You have started to go.
|-
|-
| ''rak'' || 被 || Passive || ''rakulóm mélem.'' You are seen.
| ''[[Contionary: rak#Maltcégj|rak]]''  
| 被  
| Passive  
| ''[[Contionary: rak#Maltcégj|rak]][[Contionary: kulóm#Maltcégj|ulóm]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You are seen.
|-
|-
|}
|}
<sup>1</sup> Unlike other particles, ''cʌþ'' does not combine with the verb; it stands on its own as an individual word.


The particles can be used in many combinations to create new tenses, moods, and aspects, but they must always be used in the very specific order above. Some of these combinations have undergone epenthesis, creating seemingly unique particles.  Some examples:
The particles can be used in many combinations to create new tenses, moods, and aspects, but they must always be used in the very specific order above. Some of these combinations have undergone epenthesis, creating seemingly unique particles.  Some examples:
Line 677: Line 1,646:
! Particle !!  TAMV !! E.g.
! Particle !!  TAMV !! E.g.
|-
|-
| ''nakwarþ (nag + kwarth)'' || Future Perfect || ''nakwarþtcók mélem.'' You will have gone.
| ''[[Contionary: nakwarþ#Maltcégj|nakwarþ]] ([[Contionary: nag#Maltcégj|nag]] + [[Contionary: kwarþ#Maltcégj|kwarþ]])''  
| Future Perfect  
| ''[[Contionary: nakwarþ#Maltcégj|nakwarþ]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You will have gone.
|-
|-
| ''nagblai'' || Future progressive || ''nagblaitcók mélem.'' You will be going.
| ''[[Contionary: nagblai#Maltcégj|nagblai]]''  
| Future progressive  
| ''[[Contionary: nagblai#Maltcégj|nagblai]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You will be going.
|-
|-
| ''naglǫ'' || Future subjunctive || ''lǫtcég kleg naglǫtcók mélem.'' It is important that you would go.
| ''[[Contionary: naglǫ#Maltcégj|naglǫ]]''  
| Future subjunctive  
| ''[[Contionary: lǫtcég#Maltcégj|lǫtcég]] [[Contionary: kleg#Maltcégj|kleg]] [[Contionary: naglǫ#Maltcégj|naglǫ]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' It is important that you would go.
|-
|-
| ''dydnag'' || Conditional || ''dydnagtcók mélem.'' You would go.
| ''[[Contionary: dydnag#Maltcégj|dydnag]]''  
| Conditional  
| ''[[Contionary: dydnag#Maltcégj|dydnag]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You would go.
|-
|-
| ''dygwarþ (dyd + kwarth)'' || Pluperfect || ''dygwarþtcók mélem.'' You had gone.
| ''[[Contionary: dygwarþ#Maltcégj|dygwarþ]] ([[Contionary: dyd#Maltcégj|dyd]] + [[Contionary: kwarþ#Maltcégj|kwarþ]])''  
| Pluperfect  
| ''[[Contionary: dygwarþ#Maltcégj|dygwarþ]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You had gone.
|-
|-
| ''dydblai'' || Imperfect || ''dydblaitcók mélem.'' You were going.
| ''[[Contionary: dydblai#Maltcégj|dydblai]]''  
| Imperfect  
| ''[[Contionary: dydblai#Maltcégj|dydblai]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You were going.
|-
|-
| ''dydlǫ'' || Past subjunctive || ''lǫtcég kleg dydlǫtcók mélem.'' It was important that you went.
| ''[[Contionary: dydlǫ#Maltcégj|dydlǫ]]''  
| Past subjunctive  
| ''[[Contionary: lǫtcég#Maltcégj|lǫtcég]] [[Contionary: kleg#Maltcégj|kleg]] [[Contionary: dydlǫ#Maltcégj|dydlǫ]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' It was important that you went.
|-
|-
| ''dydnakwarþ'' || Conditional perfect || ''dydnakwarþtcók mélem.'' You would have gone.
| ''[[Contionary: dydnakwarþ#Maltcégj|dydnakwarþ]]''  
| Conditional perfect  
| ''[[Contionary: dydnakwarþ#Maltcégj|dydnakwarþ]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You would have gone.
|-
|-
| ''dydla (dyd + dla)'' || Immediate past || ''dydlatcók mélem.'' You just went.
| ''[[Contionary: dydla#Maltcégj|dydla]] ([[Contionary: dyd#Maltcégj|dyd]] + [[Contionary: dla#Maltcégj|dla]])''  
| Immediate past  
| ''[[Contionary: dydla#Maltcégj|dydla]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You just went.
|-
|-
| ''nagdla'' || Immediate future || ''nagdlatcók mélem.'' You are about to go.
| ''[[Contionary: nagdla#Maltcégj|nagdla]]''  
| Immediate future  
| ''[[Contionary: nagdla#Maltcégj|nagdla]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You are about to go.
|-
|-
| ''dydnagdla'' || Immediate future II || ''dydnagdlatcók mélem.'' You were about to go.
| ''[[Contionary: dydnagdla#Maltcégj|dydnagdla]]''  
| Immediate future II  
| ''[[Contionary: dydnagdla#Maltcégj|dydnagdla]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You were about to go.
|-
|-
| ''cleglǫ''<sup>2</sup> || Cohortative || ''cleglǫtcók mélem.'' You’d better go.
| ''[[Contionary: cleglǫ#Maltcégj|cleglǫ]]''<ref>''[[Contionary: cléglǫ#Maltcégj|cléglǫ]]'' is a contraction of ''[[Contionary: lǫtcég#Maltcégj|lǫtcég]] [[Contionary: kleg#Maltcégj|kleg]] [[Contionary: lǫ#Maltcégj|lǫ]]'' ‘it is important that’.</ref>  
| Cohortative  
| ''[[Contionary: cleglǫ#Maltcégj|cleglǫ]][[Contionary: tcok#Maltcégj|tcók]] [[Contionary: mélem#Maltcégj|mélem]].'' You’d better go.
|-
|-
|}
|}
<sup>2</sup> ''cléglǫ'' is a contraction of ''lǫtcég kleg lǫ'' ‘it is important that’.


There are more, but one step at a time. You can plug many of these together, but be certain to retain the strict order:  
There are more, but one step at a time. You can plug many of these together, but be certain to retain the strict order:  


<center>vrei – men – cʌþ – bleg – cleg – lǫ – dyd – nag – dla – kwarþ – blai – kan – gak – kla – guc – rak </center>
<center>'''[[Contionary: vrei#Maltcégj|vrei]] [[Contionary: men#Maltcégj|men]] [[Contionary: cʌþ#Maltcégj|cʌþ]] [[Contionary: bleg#Maltcégj|bleg]] [[Contionary: cleg#Maltcégj|cleg]] [[Contionary: lǫ#Maltcégj|]] [[Contionary: dyd#Maltcégj|dyd]] [[Contionary: nag#Maltcégj|nag]] [[Contionary: dla#Maltcégj|dla]] [[Contionary: kwarþ#Maltcégj|kwarþ]] [[Contionary: blai#Maltcégj|blai]] [[Contionary: kan#Maltcégj|kan]] [[Contionary: gak#Maltcégj|gak]] [[Contionary: kla#Maltcégj|kla]] [[Contionary: guc#Maltcégj|guc]] [[Contionary: rak#Maltcégj|rak]]'''</center>


==Adverbs==
==Adverbs==
Line 713: Line 1,704:
Adverbs in Maltcégj normally immediately follow the finite verb. (The exception are adverbial phrases and temporal adverbs, which immediately follow the subject.)  
Adverbs in Maltcégj normally immediately follow the finite verb. (The exception are adverbial phrases and temporal adverbs, which immediately follow the subject.)  


In order to create adverbs from adjectives, the particle ''lef-'' is prefixed (much as one would add ''–ly'' in English or ''–ment(e)'' in the Romance languages).
In order to create adverbs from adjectives, the particle ''[[Contionary: lef#Maltcégj|lef-]]'' is prefixed (much as one would add ''–ly'' in English or ''–ment(e)'' in the Romance languages).


===Measurement of Time===
===Measurement of Time===


As discussed briefly in the section on Correlatives and Pro-Forms, time words can be modified with three particles: '''''la-''''' (‘past’), '''''ja-''''' (‘present’), or '''''þa-''''' (‘future’). When combined with a noun that begins with a vowel, the ''a-'' of each prefix is dropped.   
As discussed briefly in the section on Correlatives and Pro-Forms, time words can be modified with three particles: '''''[[Contionary: la#Maltcégj|la-]]''''' (‘past’), '''''[[Contionary: ja#Maltcégj|ja-]]''''' (‘present’), or '''''[[Contionary: þa#Maltcégj|þa-]]''''' (‘future’). When combined with a noun that begins with a vowel, the ''a-'' of each prefix is dropped.   


''ja-'' is a contraction of the older (now obsolete) proximal deixis ''jála'', which is also contracted to ''jla-'' in some of the other [[Maltcégj#Correlatives|Correlatives (see)]].  Similarly, ''þa-'' is a contraction of the distal deixis ''þúla'', which also contracts to ''þla-'' or ''þra-''. (The older medial deixis was ''ðóra'', which is unrelated to ''la-'', but still used as contracted ''ðra-'' in other Correlatives.)
''[[Contionary: ja#Maltcégj|ja-]]'' is a contraction of the older (now obsolete) proximal deixis ''[[Contionary: jála#Maltcégj|jála]]'', which is also contracted to ''[[Contionary: jla#Maltcégj|jla-]]'' in some of the other [[Contionary: #Correlatives|Correlatives (see)]].  Similarly, ''[[Contionary: þa#Maltcégj|þa-]]'' is a contraction of the distal deixis ''[[Contionary: þúla#Maltcégj|þúla]]'', which also contracts to ''[[Contionary: þla#Maltcégj|þla-]]'' or ''[[Contionary: þra#Maltcégj|þra-]]''. (The older medial deixis was ''[[Contionary: ðóra#Maltcégj|ðóra]]'', which is unrelated to ''[[Contionary: la#Maltcégj|la-]]'', but still used as contracted ''[[Contionary: ðra#Maltcégj|ðra-]]'' in other Correlatives.)


Some of the most common constructions are listed below:
Some of the most common constructions are listed below:
Line 725: Line 1,716:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| ''ðlai'' ‘time’ || '''''la'''ðlai'' ‘then, back then’ || '''''ja'''ðlai'' ‘now’ || '''''þa'''ðlai'' ‘in the future’
| ''[[Contionary: ðlai#Maltcégj|ðlai]]'' ‘time’  
| ''[[Contionary: laðlai#Maltcégj|'''la'''ðlai]]'' ‘then, back then’  
| ''[[Contionary: jaðlai#Maltcégj|'''ja'''ðlai]]'' ‘now’  
| ''[[Contionary: þaðlai#Maltcégj|'''þa'''ðlai]]'' ‘in the future’
|-
|-
| ''nad'' ‘day’ || '''''la'''nad'' ‘yesterday’ || '''''ja'''nad'' ‘today’ || '''''þa'''nad'' ‘tomorrow’
| ''[[Contionary: nad#Maltcégj|nad]]'' ‘day’  
| ''[[Contionary: lanad#Maltcégj|'''la'''nad]]'' ‘yesterday’  
| ''[[Contionary: janad#Maltcégj|'''ja'''nad]]'' ‘today’  
| ''[[Contionary: þanad#Maltcégj|'''þa'''nad]]'' ‘tomorrow’
|-
|-
| ''temét'' ‘morning’ || '''''la'''temét'' ‘yesterday morning’ || '''''ja'''temét'' ‘this morning’ || '''''þa'''temét'' ‘tomorrow morning’
| ''[[Contionary: temét#Maltcégj|temét]]'' ‘morning’  
| ''[[Contionary: latemét#Maltcégj|'''la'''temét]]'' ‘yesterday morning’  
| ''[[Contionary: jatemét#Maltcégj|'''ja'''temét]]'' ‘this morning’  
| ''[[Contionary: þatemét#Maltcégj|'''þa'''temét]]'' ‘tomorrow morning’
|-
|-
| ''bará'' ‘afternoon’ || '''''la'''bará'' ‘yesterday afternoon’ || '''''ja'''bará'' ‘this afternoon’ || '''''þa'''bará'' ‘tomorrow afternoon’
| ''[[Contionary: bará#Maltcégj|bará]]'' ‘afternoon’  
| ''[[Contionary: labará#Maltcégj|'''la'''bará]]'' ‘yesterday afternoon’  
| ''[[Contionary: jabará#Maltcégj|'''ja'''bará]]'' ‘this afternoon’  
| ''[[Contionary: þabará#Maltcégj|'''þa'''bará]]'' ‘tomorrow afternoon’
|-
|-
| ''ápten'' ‘evening’ || '''''l'''ápten'' ‘yesterday evening’ || '''''j'''ápten'' ‘this evening’ || '''''þ'''ápten'' ‘tomorrow evening’
| ''[[Contionary: ápten#Maltcégj|ápten]]'' ‘evening’  
| ''[[Contionary: lápten#Maltcégj|'''l'''ápten]]'' ‘yesterday evening’  
| ''[[Contionary: jápten#Maltcégj|'''j'''ápten]]'' ‘this evening’  
| ''[[Contionary: þápten#Maltcégj|'''þ'''ápten]]'' ‘tomorrow evening’
|-
|-
| ''beríc'' ‘night’ || '''''la'''beríc'' ‘last night’ || '''''ja'''beríc'' ‘tonight’ || '''''þa'''beríc'' ‘tomorrow night’
| ''[[Contionary: beríc#Maltcégj|beríc]]'' ‘night’  
| ''[[Contionary: laberíc#Maltcégj|'''la'''beríc]]'' ‘last night’  
| ''[[Contionary: jaberíc#Maltcégj|'''ja'''beríc]]'' ‘tonight’  
| ''[[Contionary: þaberíc#Maltcégj|'''þa'''beríc]]'' ‘tomorrow night’
|-
|-
| ''danjád'' ‘week’ || '''''la'''danjád'' ‘last week’ || '''''ja'''danjád'' ‘this week’ || '''''þa'''danjád'' ‘next week’
| ''[[Contionary: danjád#Maltcégj|danjád]]'' ‘week’  
| ''[[Contionary: ladanjád#Maltcégj|'''la'''danjád]]'' ‘last week’  
| ''[[Contionary: jadanjád#Maltcégj|'''ja'''danjád]]'' ‘this week’  
| ''[[Contionary: þadanjád#Maltcégj|'''þa'''danjád]]'' ‘next week’
|-
|-
| ''rúma'' ‘month’ || '''''la'''rúma'' ‘last month’ || '''''ja'''rúma'' ‘this month’ || '''''þa'''rúma'' ‘next month’
| ''[[Contionary: rúma#Maltcégj|rúma]]'' ‘month’  
| ''[[Contionary: larúma#Maltcégj|'''la'''rúma]]'' ‘last month’  
| ''[[Contionary: jarúma#Maltcégj|'''ja'''rúma]]'' ‘this month’  
| ''[[Contionary: þarúma#Maltcégj|'''þa'''rúma]]'' ‘next month’
|-
|-
| ''avíl'' ‘year’ || '''''l'''avíl'' ‘last year’ || '''''j'''avíl'' ‘this year’ || '''''þ'''avíl'' ‘next year’
| ''[[Contionary: avíl#Maltcégj|avíl]]'' ‘year’  
| ''[[Contionary: lavíl#Maltcégj|'''l'''avíl]]'' ‘last year’  
| ''[[Contionary: javíl#Maltcégj|'''j'''avíl]]'' ‘this year’  
| ''[[Contionary: þavíl#Maltcégj|'''þ'''avíl]]'' ‘next year’
|-
|-
|}
|}


These prefixes can also be used in with the word ''ðlai'' (above) to form adjectives meaning ‘past’, ‘present’, and ‘future’, respectively, as well as ''arán'' ‘place’, (which has some specific connotations depending on how it’s used).
These prefixes can also be used in with the word ''[[Contionary: ðlai#Maltcégj|ðlai]]'' (above) to form adjectives meaning ‘past’, ‘present’, and ‘future’, respectively, as well as ''[[Contionary: arán#Maltcégj|arán]]'' ‘place’, (which has some specific connotations depending on how it’s used).


==Sentence Structure==
==Sentence Structure==
Line 764: Line 1,782:
|colspan=7| ''I nicely gave the book to the man at his house this morning.''
|colspan=7| ''I nicely gave the book to the man at his house this morning.''
|-
|-
| gave || nicely || I || the book || this morning || at his house || to the man
| gave  
| nicely  
| I  
| the book  
| this morning  
| at his house  
| to the man
|-
|-
| ''dyd-gélk'' || ''lef-breuð'' || ''jǫg'' || ''klág-a'' || ''ja-temét'' || ''pul u-márga-h-íli'' || ''þád-að''
| ''[[Contionary: dyd#Maltcégj|dyd]]-[[Contionary: gelk#Maltcégj|gélk]]''  
| ''[[Contionary: lef#Maltcégj|lef]]-[[Contionary: breuð#Maltcégj|breuð]]''  
| ''[[Contionary: jǫg#Maltcégj|jǫg]]''  
| ''[[Contionary: klag#Maltcégj|klág]]-[[Contionary: -a#Maltcégj|a]]''  
| ''[[Contionary: ja#Maltcégj|ja]]-[[Contionary: temét#Maltcégj|temét]]''  
| ''[[Contionary: pul#Maltcégj|pul]] [[Contionary: u-#Maltcégj|u]]-[[Contionary: márga#Maltcégj|márga]]-h-[[Contionary: -íli#Maltcégj|íli]]''  
| ''[[Contionary: þad#Maltcégj|þád]]-[[Contionary: -að#Maltcégj|að]]''
|-
|-
| PST-give || ADV-nice || 1sg || book-ACC || PROX-morning || he POSS-house-[ligature]-APUD || man-DAT
| PST-give  
| ADV-nice  
| 1sg  
| book-ACC  
| PROX-morning  
| he POSS-house-[ligature]-APUD  
| man-DAT
|-
|-
|colspan=7| ''dydgélk lefbreuð jǫg klága jatemét pul umárgahíli þádað ''
|colspan=7| ''[[Contionary: dyd#Maltcégj|dyd]][[Contionary: gelk#Maltcégj|gélk]] [[Contionary: lef#Maltcégj|lef]][[Contionary: breuð#Maltcégj|bréuð]] [[Contionary: jǫg#Maltcégj|jǫg]] [[Contionary: klag#Maltcégj|klága]] [[Contionary: jatemét#Maltcégj|jatemét]] [[Contionary: pul#Maltcégj|pul]] [[Contionary: márga#Maltcégj|umárga]][[Contionary: -íli#Maltcégj|híli]] [[Contionary: þad#Maltcégj|þádað]]''
|}
|}


You need never deviate from this word order. To make an indicative statement into a question (whereby in English we would reverse the subject and the verb), simply add the particle ''cʌþ'' before the verb.
You need never deviate from this word order. To make an indicative statement into a question (whereby in English we would reverse the subject and the verb), simply add the particle ''[[Contionary: cʌþ#Maltcégj|cʌþ]]'' before the verb.


Aside from these sentence elements, there are a few other word order concerns to note:
Aside from these sentence elements, there are a few other word order concerns to note:
* Adjectives always follow the nouns they modify (as in romance languages).
* Adjectives always follow the nouns they modify (as in romance languages).
* Numbers also follow the nouns they modify.
* Numbers also follow the nouns they modify.
* Adpositions always follow the nouns they modify (except ''u-'').
* Adpositions always follow the nouns they modify (except ''[[Contionary: u-#Maltcégj|u-]]'').
* Phrases are “left-headed,” including numbers, possessives, genitives, adjectives, and others.
* Phrases are “left-headed,” including numbers, possessives, genitives, adjectives, and others.
* When an adjective is used as the predicate of a sentence, it can be treated as a verb; however, you can also use the verb ''ek'' (‘to be’).
* When an adjective is used as the predicate of a sentence, it can be treated as a verb; however, you can also use the verb ''[[Contionary: ek#Maltcégj|ek]]'' (‘to be’).


==Easter Eggs==
==Easter Eggs==


Just some fun coincidences, borrowings, and malamanteaux that I’ve collected here:
Just some fun coincidences, borrowings, and malamanteaux that I’ve collected here:
* '''''ároc víktro''''' ‘leaf’ – literally “tree feather.” The word ''ároc'' is no longer used in any other context.
* '''''[[Contionary: ároc víktro#Maltcégj|ároc víktro]]''''' ‘leaf’ – literally “tree feather.” The word ''[[Contionary: ároc#Maltcégj|ároc]]'' is no longer used in any other context.
* '''''bévlo''''' ‘particle, grain, atom’ - from Bevlo Particles, cf. IV.
* '''''[[Contionary: bévlo#Maltcégj|bévlo]]''''' ‘particle, grain, atom’ - from Bevlo Particles, cf. IV.
* '''''bjályt éþryl''''' ‘hyrax, ''Hyracoidea'' species.’ - literally, “rock rabbit.”
* '''''[[Contionary: bjályt éþryl#Maltcégj|bjályt éþryl]]''''' ‘hyrax, ''Hyracoidea'' species.’ - literally, “rock rabbit.”
* '''''bláka ẏála''''' ‘feather’ – literally “bird leaf.” The word ''bláka'' is no longer used in any other context.
* '''''[[Contionary: bláka ẏála#Maltcégj|bláka ẏála]]''''' ‘feather’ – literally “bird leaf.” The word ''[[Contionary: bláka#Maltcégj|bláka]]'' is no longer used in any other context.
* '''''dat''''' ‘seed’ – from ‘dot’.
* '''''[[Contionary: dat#Maltcégj|dat]]''''' ‘seed’ – from ‘dot’.
* '''''edvín''''' ‘to rage’ – from Edvin S.
* '''''[[Contionary: edvín#Maltcégj|edvín]]''''' ‘to rage’ – from Edvin S.
* '''''éþryl ulát''''' ‘tar, petroleum, asphalt’ - literally, “rock lard.”
* '''''[[Contionary: éþryl ulát#Maltcégj|éþryl ulát]]''''' ‘tar, petroleum, asphalt’ - literally, “rock lard.”
* '''''fýcnet''''' ‘cishet’ - Auto-correct, man...
* '''''[[Contionary: fýcnet#Maltcégj|fýcnet]]''''' ‘cishet’ - Auto-correct, man...
* '''''ik vloj''''' ‘chin’ - literally, “face corner.”
* '''''[[Contionary: ik vloj#Maltcégj|ik vloj]]''''' ‘chin’ - literally, “face corner.”
* '''''máru kraul''''' ‘artichoke’ - literally, “fingernail flower.”
* '''''[[Contionary: máru kraul#Maltcégj|máru kraul]]''''' ‘artichoke’ - literally, “fingernail flower.”
* '''''méilat''''' ‘cat, ''Felis domesticus''’ - from Melate T.
* '''''[[Contionary: méilat#Maltcégj|méilat]]''''' ‘cat, ''Felis domesticus''’ - from Melate T.
* '''''núton''''' ‘target, goal, aim’ - from ''núton salméilo'' ‘Isaac Newton’ - literally, “apple target.”
* '''''[[Contionary: núton#Maltcégj|núton]]''''' ‘target, goal, aim’ - from ''[[Contionary: núton salméilo#Maltcégj|núton salméilo]]'' ‘Isaac Newton’ - literally, “apple target.”
* '''''salgebúra''''' ‘shock or revulsion over something stupid and offensive’ – a malamanteau of Hebrew ''גבורה'' and S.L.G.B.R. which stands for something else stupid and offensive which I’ll keep to myself.
* '''''[[Contionary: salgebúra#Maltcégj|salgebúra]]''''' ‘shock or revulsion over something stupid and offensive’ – a malamanteau of Hebrew ''גבורה'' and S.L.G.B.R. which stands for something else stupid and offensive which I’ll keep to myself.
* '''''salméilo wʌf akɮát''''' ‘''bon appétit''’, which is an eggcorn for ''salméilol fak ɮat'', ‘may the apple be tempting to the tooth’ but has now become standardized. It literally means ‘bone apple teeth’, itself an English eggcorn for ''bon appétit''.
* '''''[[Contionary: salméilo wʌf akɮát#Maltcégj|salméilo wʌf akɮát]]''''' ‘''bon appétit''’, which is an eggcorn for ''[[Contionary: salméilo#Maltcégj|salméilo]][[Contionary: -ʌ#Maltcégj|l]] [[Contionary: fak#Maltcégj|fak]] [[Contionary: ɮat#Maltcégj|ɮat]]'', ‘may the apple be tempting to the tooth’ but has now become standardized. It literally means ‘bone apple teeth’, itself an English eggcorn for ''bon appétit''.
* '''''tcápa''''' ‘ring, circle’ – Goa’uld ''chappa-ai''. (Originally that meaning was further extended by the postposition ''ai'', wherein ''tcápaai'' meant ‘through the ring,’ but this was later broken by a phonological rule which rendered it ''tcápahai''.
* '''''[[Contionary: tcápa#Maltcégj|tcápa]]''''' ‘ring, circle’ – Goa’uld ''chappa-ai''. (Originally that meaning was further extended by the postposition ''[[Contionary: -ai#Maltcégj|ai]]'', wherein ''tcápaai'' meant ‘through the ring,’ but this was later broken by a phonological rule which rendered it ''[[Contionary: tcápa#Maltcégj|tcápa]]h[[Contionary: -ai#Maltcégj|ai]]''.
* '''''tcélo''''' ‘lavender, light purple’ - from ''cello'', which is not quite a ''viola'', like how ''violet'' also isn't.
* '''''[[Contionary: tcélo#Maltcégj|tcélo]]''''' ‘lavender, light purple’ - from ''cello'', which is not quite a ''viola'', like how ''violet'' also isn't.
* Most kinship terms are names for members of my direct family or words that describe them. Just a few examples are:
* Most kinship terms are names for members of my direct family or words that describe them. Just a few examples are:
** '''''adína''''' ‘sister’ - This is the name of my sister, Adina.
** '''''[[Contionary: adína#Maltcégj|adína]]''''' ‘sister’ - This is the name of my sister, Adina.
** '''''katír''''' ‘parternal grandparents’ - The plural form, ''akatír'' is from my home town’s old High School basketball team, the Halcotteers, which later came to be used locally to refer to any old folks from that town (i.e. from the era when we still had a High School). (The High School was actually in Fleischmanns, not Halcott, but that’s another story.)
** '''''[[Contionary: katír#Maltcégj|katír]]''''' ‘parternal grandparents’ - The plural form, ''[[Contionary: ak#Maltcégj|ak]][[Contionary: katír#Maltcégj|atír]]'' is from my home town’s old High School basketball team, the Halcotteers, which later came to be used locally to refer to any old folks from that town (i.e. from the era when we still had a High School). (The High School was actually in Fleischmanns, not Halcott, but that’s another story.)
** '''''ǫ́bri''''' ‘niece’ – the name of my niece, Aubrey.
** '''''[[Contionary: ǫ́bri#Maltcégj|ǫ́bri]]''''' ‘niece’ – the name of my niece, Aubrey.
** '''''zadjámindz''''' ‘great grandparents, mother’s father’s parents’ – Because my Bavarian great-grandparents, Katherine and Heinrich were “ze Germans.”
** '''''[[Contionary: zadjámindz#Maltcégj|zadjámindz]]''''' ‘great grandparents, mother’s father’s parents’ – Because my Bavarian great-grandparents, Katherine and Heinrich were “ze Germans.”
 
<br /><br />
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:A_priori]]