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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Nepokian
|name = Nepokian
|creator = User:Lewohuelu
|nativename = Nēpoki
|nativename = Nēpoki
|pronunciation = [neːpoki]
|pronunciation = neːpoki
|region = Polynesia
|setting = Polynesia
|states =
|speakers = ~200
|nation =
|date = 1912
|speakers = -
|date =  
|familycolor = Indo-European
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 =
|ancestor = Proto-Nepokian
|ancestor = Proto-Nepokian
|iso1 =
|script1       = Latn
|iso2 =
|iso3 =  npk
|script        = [[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|agency       =  
}}
}}


'''Nepokian''' (natively written as nēpoki) is an [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European language]]. Linguists classify it as an independent branch of the Indo-European language family. Nepokian shares some characteristics with the Anatolian languages, which lead linguists to group them together. But as Nepokian has some unique features not known to any other Indo-European tongue so far, these similarities may be only due to the antiquity of both branches.  
'''Nepokian''' (natively written as ''nēpoki'') is an [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European language]]. Linguists classify it as an independent branch of the Indo-European language family. Nepokian shares some characteristics with the Anatolian languages, which led linguists to group them together. But as Nepokian has some unique features not known to any other Indo-European tongue so far, these similarities may be only due to the antiquity of both branches.  


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===Internal history===
===Internal history===
The exact temporal origin of Nepokian is somewhat obscure, whether Nepokian is a daughter language of Proto-Indo-European or a sister. Some characteristics, as the gender and case systems, the preservation of laryngeals, presumably genuine inherited vocabulary not found in PIE itself but in Uralic and Nostratic roots point to a very early split from Proto-Indo-European. Some linguists proposed Nepokian is a daughter of Proto-Indo-Uralic, placing it on the same level with Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Uralic.
====Proto-Nepokian====
Proto-Nepokian was probably spoken in the 3rd millenium B.C, when the people had started to migrate south-eastwards. Some think they may have migrated together with the Anatolians to Eastern Turkey, where Nepokians and Anatolians split into two branches. Linguists haven’t found any evidences in Sumerian or other ancient oriental texts concerning Nepokians migrating into deepest South-East Asia that’s why the exact way and time remains unclear. Mainstream research states that Nepokians were a homogene Indo-European people of some hundreds or a few thousands, who came in contact with Polynesian or, Malayo-Polynesian, peoples in Indonesia about 1800 B.C. 
For sure, it lacked Polynesian loan words and its phonology was still rather close to Proto-Indo-European.
====Old Nepokian====
Old Nepokian presumably begins to be spoken in Eastern Indonesia, when Nepokians mingle with (Proto-)Polynesian tribes and adopt words from their new neighbors. However, there are hardly any words from Nepokian in Polynesian tongues.  But as Schmidt notes, more research has to be done here.
As far as grammar and phonology are concerned, Old Nepokian remains close to Proto-Nepokian. They are grouped together as Earlier Nepokian.
====Middle Nepokian====
Around 800 B.C., Nepokians and Polynesians arrived at Samoa. This proximity was underlined by the big changes, primarily phonological, which happened in the transition from Old to Middle Nepokian. Though they were deep and Nepokian sounded less and less Indo-European, under certain circumstances some consonant clusters (which are alien to Polynesian) survived in Late Middle Nepokian. This stage ceased to exist when all clusters were finally broken up and r, s and t gradually shifted to l, h and k.
====New Nepokian====
In the late 18th century, when the Europeans made their first notices about this tongue, some people still pronounced the Nepokian l in certain circumstances as r. Though formerly classified as arbitrary, it was rather a late Middle Nepokian pronunciation. This wasn't the case with s and h, or t and k, as their sound shifts were finished centuries before. Linguists set the transition from Middle to New Nepokian not later than in the 13th century.
Modern Nepokian is spoken since the arrival of German colonialists in Southern Pacific. Over the last 700 centuries, phonological (i.e., múhuki becoming mūki 'five', a very rare exception as there are no such contractions elsewhere) and grammatical changes have been very few, but the vocabulary was enriched dramatically in the last twohundred years.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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! rowspan="2" | *o
! rowspan="2" | *o
! *h₃e
! *h₃e
| 'o
| 'u
|-
|-
! *o
! *o
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|-
|-
! *h₃
! *h₃
| o
| u
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | *-
! rowspan="3" | *-
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|-
|-
! *h₃-
! *h₃-
| 'o
| 'u
|-
|-
! *ē !! *ē, *eh₁
! *ē !! *ē, *eh₁
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|-
|-
! *ō !! *ō, *eh₃
! *ō !! *ō, *eh₃
| ō
| ō, ū
|-
|-
! *i !! *i
! *i !! *i
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|-
|-
! *ih₃
! *ih₃
| o
| u
|-
|-
! *ei !! *ei, *h₁ei
! *ei !! *ei, *h₁ei
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|-
|-
! *oi !! *oi, *h₃ei
! *oi !! *oi, *h₃ei
| oi, 'oi
| oi, 'ui
|-
|-
! *ai !! (*ai), *h₂ei
! *ai !! (*ai), *h₂ei
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|-
|-
! *uh₃
! *uh₃
| o
| u
|-
|-
! *eu !! *eu, *h₁eu
! *eu !! *eu, *h₁eu
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|-  
|-  
! *ou !! *ou,*h₃eu
! *ou !! *ou,*h₃eu
| ou, 'ou
| ou, 'ū
|-
|-
! *au !! (*au), *h₂eu
! *au !! (*au), *h₂eu
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|-
|-
! *mh₃
! *mh₃
| mo
| mu
|-
|-
! *m̥m !! *m̥m
! *m̥m !! *m̥m
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|-
|-
! *nh₃
! *nh₃
| no
| nu
|-
|-
! *n̥n !! *n̥n
! *n̥n !! *n̥n
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|-
|-
! *lh₃
! *lh₃
| lo
| lu
|-
|-
! *l̥l !! *l̥l
! *l̥l !! *l̥l
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|-
|-
! *rh₃
! *rh₃
| lo
| lu
|-
|-
! *r̥r !! *r̥r
! *r̥r !! *r̥r
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==Grammar==
==Grammar==
The grammar of Nepoki is essentially a ‘reflex’ of Proto-Indo-European. It's an inflectional language with declensional and conjugational patterns, sometimes seeming more conservative than Proto-Indo-European itself. Several striking similarities with Anatolian languages have been found. The presence of allative and elative besides the eight ‘classical’ PIE cases even led to the assumption that Nepoki is a ‘para-proto-indo-european’ language and not a descendent of PIE proper. However, Nepokian allative –a has the same origin as Hittite allative –a (< *- eh₂) and Nepokian elative –e seems to go back to PIE *-er. Nepokian might therefore preserve a very old stage of Proto-Indo-European. As Hittite, Nepokian has to genders, animate and unanimate.  
The grammar of Nepoki is essentially a ‘reflex’ of Proto-Indo-European. It's an inflectional language with declensional and conjugational patterns, sometimes seeming more conservative than Proto-Indo-European itself. Several striking similarities with Anatolian languages have been found. The presence of allative and elative besides the eight ‘classical’ PIE cases even led to the assumption that Nepoki is a ‘para-proto-indo-european’ language and not a descendent of PIE proper. However, Nepokian allative –a has the same origin as Hittite allative –a (< *- eh₂) and Nepokian elative –e seems to go back to PIE *-er. Nepokian might therefore preserve a very old stage of Proto-Indo-European. As Hittite, Nepokian has two genders, animate and inanimate.  


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns belong to one of two genders: animate and unanimate (neuter). Apart from that, nouns are inflected for three numbers: singular, dual and plural; as well as for ten cases: nominative, vocative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive, locative, allative and elative. All declensions can be traced back to PIE ones, though some simplifications happened.  
Nouns belong to one of two genders: animate and inanimate (neuter). Apart from that, nouns are inflected for three numbers: singular, dual and plural; as well as for ten cases: nominative, vocative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive, locative, allative and elative. All declensions can be traced back to PIE ones, though some simplifications happened.  


====First declension====
====First declension====
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====Second declension====
====Second declension====
This declension, being recently established as a separate one, stems from neuter nouns of PIE o-declension (*-óm). All unanimate nouns ending in o belong here. The singular is identical to the first declension.
This declension, being recently established as a separate one, stems from neuter nouns of PIE o-declension (*-óm). All inanimate nouns ending in o belong here. The singular is identical to the first declension.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
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! Elative
! Elative
| kokolake  || kokolakeli || kokolake
| kokolake  || kokolakeli || kokolake
|}
====Eighth declension====
More or less, the eighth declension comprises all words ending in ēr in Proto-Indo-European. The final r was dropped in the basic form but remained in all but nominative and vocative singular cases because word-medial r has been preserved as l in New Nepokian. Both PIE acrostatic and proterokinetic stems belong here, the forms of the latter ones being the basis of the New Nepokian eighth declension.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Eighth declension: pakē (''father'')
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Dual !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| pakē || pakeli || pakele
|-
! Vocative
| pake || pakeli || pakele
|-
! Accusative
| pakela || pakeli || pakela
|-
! Instrumental
| pakali ||  || pakalapi
|-
! Dative
| pakalei ||  || pakalamo
|-
! Ablative
| pakale ||  || pakalamo
|-
! Genitive
| pakale || || pakalo'o
|-
! Locative
| pakeli ||  || pakalahu
|-
! Allative
| pakala ||  || pakala
|-
! Elative
| pakale  ||  || pakale
|}
|}


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|  ||  || ||  ||  || ||  ||  ||  ||  
|  ||  || ||  ||  || ||  ||  ||  ||  
|-
|-
|}
=== Syntax ===
Most Nepokian varities prefer the verb-subject-object structure, though others exhibit VOS pattern. Adjectives usually follow the noun they modify (e.g. "king new"), but patterns like "new king" also occur and are subject to stylistic preferations.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! The king sees many stars on the sky !! Word for word !! Comments
|-
| 'Awueki 'ulē'o ahikela me'i nepei || Sees king stars many on the sky || Most widespread
|-
| 'Awueki ahikela me'i nepei 'ulē'o || Sees stars many on the sky king || Common in some northwestern varieties
|}
|}


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[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Nēpoki]]
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