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Naeng: Difference between revisions
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==Diachronics== | ==Diachronics== | ||
===Phonological history=== | ===Phonological history=== | ||
*Classical | *Classical Naeng /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ become /f θ x/; /f θ/ gain voiced realizations | ||
*Classical | *Classical Naeng reduced vowels ''ă'' /ɔ/ and ''ĭ'' /ɨ/ merge into ''ă'' /ə/ | ||
*Breathy vowels become separate vowel phonemes: | *Breathy vowels become separate vowel phonemes: | ||
** | **CNaeng a e i o u ü → MidNaeng ɑ ɛ ɪ ɔ ʊ ʏ → ModNaeng a e ie o ua üe | ||
** | **CNaeng à è ì ò ù ǜ → MidNaeng æ e i o u y → ModNaeng ä ea i oa u ü | ||
*Classical Naeng ''ts'' and ''tł'' merged into /ts/, while ''ł'' (Basque s in Classical) shifted to /ɬ/ (occasional tł -> ł in a few words) | *Classical Naeng ''ts'' and ''tł'' merged into /ts/, while ''ł'' (Basque s in Classical) shifted to /ɬ/ (occasional tł -> ł in a few words) | ||
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! colspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" | | ||
! |Labial<br/>''mofăsing'' | ! |Labial<br/>''mofăsing'' | ||
! |Dental<br/>''mogloł'' | |||
! |Alveolar<br/>''mosăbies'' | ! |Alveolar<br/>''mosăbies'' | ||
! |Lateral<br/>''molăgoan'' | ! |Lateral<br/>''molăgoan'' | ||
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! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal<br/>''mocră'i'' | ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal<br/>''mocră'i'' | ||
| '''m''' /m/ | | '''m''' /m/ | ||
| | |||
| '''n''' /n/ | | '''n''' /n/ | ||
| | | | ||
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! |<small>voiced<br/>''yătger''</small> | ! |<small>voiced<br/>''yătger''</small> | ||
| '''b''' /b/ | | '''b''' /b/ | ||
| '''th''' /d{{den}}/ | |||
| '''d''' /d/ | | '''d''' /d/ | ||
| | | | ||
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! |<small>voiceless<br/>''chatger''</small> | ! |<small>voiceless<br/>''chatger''</small> | ||
| '''p''' /p/ | | '''p''' /p/ | ||
| | |||
| '''t''' /t/ | | '''t''' /t/ | ||
| | | | ||
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! colspan="2" style="" |Affricate<br/>''bintsăda'' | ! colspan="2" style="" |Affricate<br/>''bintsăda'' | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| '''ts, tł''' /ts/ | | '''ts, tł''' /ts/ | ||
| | | | ||
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! |<small>spirant<br/>''binthăre''</small> | ! |<small>spirant<br/>''binthăre''</small> | ||
| '''f''' /v/ | | '''f''' /v/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! |<small>nonspirant <br/>''binsăreaf''</small> | ! |<small>nonspirant <br/>''binsăreaf''</small> | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| '''s''' /z/ | | '''s''' /z/ | ||
| '''ł''' /ɬ/ | | '''ł''' /ɬ/ | ||
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| '''w''' /w/ | | '''w''' /w/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| '''l''' /l/ | | '''l''' /l/ | ||
| '''y''' /j/ | | '''y''' /j/ | ||
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''ff thth ss'' may be used to transcribe /f θ s/ in other languages. | ''ff thth ss'' may be used to transcribe /f θ s/ in other languages. | ||
===Vowels ('' | ===Vowels (''motger'')=== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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*''or'' → [ɔɐ] | *''or'' → [ɔɐ] | ||
*''ar'' = ''är'' → [aː] | *''ar'' = ''är'' → [aː] | ||
*Vocalization of R has caused a chain vowel shift in stressed vowels Std. | *Vocalization of R has caused a chain vowel shift in stressed vowels Std. Naeng (these shifts don't occur for e o before w/y): | ||
**''ie üe ua ea oa'' > [ɪ ø u ɛ̝ ɔ̝] | **''ie üe ua ea oa'' > [ɪ ø u ɛ̝ ɔ̝] | ||
**''u e o'' > [ʉ ae ao] | **''u e o'' > [ʉ ae ao] | ||
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[[File:Bjeheondian Naeng script.png|thumbnail|The modern Naeng script]] | [[File:Bjeheondian Naeng script.png|thumbnail|The modern Naeng script]] | ||
The modern Naeng script is an abugida related to Idavic scripts. It derives from an old Bjeheondian runic alphabet, which was in turn an adaptation of an even older logographic writing system used by the Dábhiaŋal ( | The modern Naeng script is an abugida related to Idavic scripts. It derives from an old Bjeheondian runic alphabet, which was in turn an adaptation of an even older logographic writing system used by the Dábhiaŋal (Naeng ''Dobingal'') civilization (from ancient Erkwisngwal). | ||
Should look square-ish like both Hebrew and Khmer | Should look square-ish like both Hebrew and Khmer | ||
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*Polite: ''Tsrin e Pra!'' | *Polite: ''Tsrin e Pra!'' | ||
*Very polite: ''Tsrin e Łănam!'' or ''Hay tsrin e Łănam!'' | *Very polite: ''Tsrin e Łănam!'' or ''Hay tsrin e Łănam!'' | ||
*Cohortative: ''Tsrin e bang!'' (Let's eat!) | *Cohortative: (formal) ''Tsrin e bang!'' (Let's eat!), (colloquial) ''Măluac tsrin!'' (lit. follow eat) | ||
Archaic style may use the vocative particle ''ha'' or ''hay'': ''Hay tsrin...''. | Archaic style may use the vocative particle ''ha'' or ''hay'': ''Hay tsrin...''. | ||
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===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||
Classical Naeng inflected prepositions survive in Modern Naeng (in fact ''*ya rie'' for 'with me' is incorrect as in | Classical Naeng inflected prepositions survive in Modern Naeng (in fact ''*ya rie'' for 'with me' is incorrect as in CNaeng) but are only used in formal or written Naeng. Spoken Naeng uses directionals and verbs of motion instead of inflected prepositions. | ||
The regular pronominal affixes: | The regular pronominal affixes: | ||
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*woach: behind | *woach: behind | ||
*łăgie: after | *łăgie: after | ||
* | *bath: through | ||
*ștal: along | *ștal: along | ||
*ngĭ prăwim: according to | *ngĭ prăwim: according to | ||
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{{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
Modern | Modern Naeng | ||
''Mĭ ngith doan chea chmi dur es tach ĭmchäth mĭs mogor litheath. Fĭ Pĭda Brăwied chea sray bĭntăbiets: "Łănam mot mea ra hăngüs?"'' | ''Mĭ ngith doan chea chmi dur es tach ĭmchäth mĭs mogor litheath. Fĭ Pĭda Brăwied chea sray bĭntăbiets: "Łănam mot mea ra hăngüs?"'' | ||
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''Fĭ Pida chea sngiem șaf chäth mĭ ngil, "Fĭ chäth se eth ruay hăltsrüeng mi finaw."'' | ''Fĭ Pida chea sngiem șaf chäth mĭ ngil, "Fĭ chäth se eth ruay hăltsrüeng mi finaw."'' | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
Original (Classical | Original (Classical Naeng) | ||
''Ngiiθ dur mogor se taχ χaaθ. "Măra łĭnam?" tăbits φin Pĭda Brăwid.'' | ''Ngiiθ dur mogor se taχ χaaθ. "Măra łĭnam?" tăbits φin Pĭda Brăwid.'' | ||