Naeng/Classical: Difference between revisions
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Old Windermere had breathy voiced vowels '''ah eh ih oh uh üh''' /aʱ eʱ iʱ oʱ uʱ yʱ/ which became '''ä ea ie oa ua üe''' in Classical Winderemre. | Old Windermere had breathy voiced vowels '''ah eh ih oh uh üh''' /aʱ eʱ iʱ oʱ uʱ yʱ/ which became '''ä ea ie oa ua üe''' in Classical Winderemre. | ||
Old Windermere had more vowel contrasts in preinitial syllables: most notably, it had '''ă''' /ə/ and ''' | Old Windermere had more vowel contrasts in preinitial syllables: most notably, it had '''ă''' /ə/ and '''i''' /ɪ~ɨ/ as reduced vowels which merged to '''ă''' in Classical Windermere. This contrast is retained in [[Pradiul]] as palatalization. | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
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*1pl exclusive: ''tsa'' | *1pl exclusive: ''tsa'' | ||
*1pl inclusive: ''ăbang'' | *1pl inclusive: ''ăbang'' | ||
*2pl: '' | *2pl: ''łinam'' (m), ''łisam'' (f) | ||
*3pl: '' | *3pl: ''inam'' (m), ''isam'' (f) | ||
===Derivation=== | ===Derivation=== | ||
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*''*th-'' (causative; denominal verbs) | *''*th-'' (causative; denominal verbs) | ||
*''pi-'' (agentive; triggers voicing of following voiceless stops ''p t c'' to ''b d g'') | *''pi-'' (agentive; triggers voicing of following voiceless stops ''p t c'' to ''b d g'') | ||
**''da'' (know) -> '' | **''da'' (know) -> ''pida'' 'sage' (Classical ''păda'', Modern ''pda'') | ||
**''tüth'' (to grasp) -> '' | **''tüth'' (to grasp) -> ''pidüth'' 'meaning, intention' | ||
*''ha-'' (passive) | *''ha-'' (passive) | ||
Old Windermere also used breathy voice ablaut to denote tools: ''snar'' (capture) -> ''snahr'' (trap, snare) which survives in Modern Windermere as ''snär''. | Old Windermere also used breathy voice ablaut to denote tools: ''snar'' (capture) -> ''snahr'' (trap, snare) which survives in Modern Windermere as ''snär''. |
Revision as of 02:26, 27 September 2018
Phonology
Old Windermere had breathy voiced vowels ah eh ih oh uh üh /aʱ eʱ iʱ oʱ uʱ yʱ/ which became ä ea ie oa ua üe in Classical Winderemre.
Old Windermere had more vowel contrasts in preinitial syllables: most notably, it had ă /ə/ and i /ɪ~ɨ/ as reduced vowels which merged to ă in Classical Windermere. This contrast is retained in Pradiul as palatalization.
Morphology
Sandhi
Old Windermere had a complex sandhi system (somewhere between Biblical Hebrew and Sanskrit) which was no longer productive in Classical Windermere; most often it affected plurals and verb forms.
- th + fric -> fric + t
- ths -> st, as in sehf (go) -> *thsehf -> stehf (to drive) (Modern binsteaf (energy), sămteaf (to energize))
- thf -> ft, e.g. tăfi (laugh) -> *tithfi -> tifti (mock) (Classical and Modern Wdm. tăfi, tifti)
- rC, lC > Cr, Cl
- ps pt pn png > sp pr fn fng
- tp tsp kp > tw tsw cw; Proto-Windermere breathy vowel + tp tsp kp > thw tsw chw
- tsc cts tsp pts sts ts > sc sc sp sp st st
Grassmann's law was productive in Old Windermere. When there were two spirant consonants before a stressed vowel in a word, the first was despirantized. e.g. *chăfol > căfol
Nouns
Old Windermere had many irregular plurals due to sandhi.
Verbs
Voice infixes, which became derivational in Classical Windermere, had a grammatical function.
Pronouns
Pronouns were similar to later Windermere, but with feminine plural pronouns.
- 1sg: rih
- 2sg: łen (m), łes (f)
- 3sg: in (m), is (f)
- 1pl exclusive: tsa
- 1pl inclusive: ăbang
- 2pl: łinam (m), łisam (f)
- 3pl: inam (m), isam (f)
Derivation
Old Windermere had the following prefixes:
- *th- (causative; denominal verbs)
- pi- (agentive; triggers voicing of following voiceless stops p t c to b d g)
- da (know) -> pida 'sage' (Classical păda, Modern pda)
- tüth (to grasp) -> pidüth 'meaning, intention'
- ha- (passive)
Old Windermere also used breathy voice ablaut to denote tools: snar (capture) -> snahr (trap, snare) which survives in Modern Windermere as snär.