Naeng/Classical: Difference between revisions
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The ''Je-Huy'' ("''je''-space"), also called the ''serializer'' in English, is used to link coordinated components in compounds and serial verbs. As its name suggests, it also indicates a missing ''je'' ('and') in poetry. The serializer is transcribed with an ampersand (&). | The ''Je-Huy'' ("''je''-space"), also called the ''serializer'' in English, is used to link coordinated components in compounds and serial verbs. As its name suggests, it also indicates a missing ''je'' ('and') in poetry. The serializer is transcribed with an ampersand (&). | ||
== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Phonotactics=== | |||
(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C) | (C)(C)V(C)(C)(C) | ||
===Consonants=== | |||
Classical Wiobian features a greatly simplified system of 23 consonants (comparable to [[Themsarian]], with 22 consonants). | Classical Wiobian features a greatly simplified system of 23 consonants (comparable to [[Themsarian]], with 22 consonants). | ||
| Line 203: | Line 185: | ||
The gemination sign, transcribed as '''c''', is often used in early classical texts. It acts like the Japanese ''sokuon'' symbol: ''wecl'' /welː/ 'slide! (2nd person singular)'. By late Classical Wiobian most gemination signs fell into disuse and were replaced with double letters. '''c''' only survived as part of the graphemes '''-ck''' for long k, and '''ch''' [x], which must have been in complementary distribution with '''h''' [h] by that time, in view of the fact that ''Nuß-Duom&Eik'' lists [h] and [x] as distinct sounds. | The gemination sign, transcribed as '''c''', is often used in early classical texts. It acts like the Japanese ''sokuon'' symbol: ''wecl'' /welː/ 'slide! (2nd person singular)'. By late Classical Wiobian most gemination signs fell into disuse and were replaced with double letters. '''c''' only survived as part of the graphemes '''-ck''' for long k, and '''ch''' [x], which must have been in complementary distribution with '''h''' [h] by that time, in view of the fact that ''Nuß-Duom&Eik'' lists [h] and [x] as distinct sounds. | ||
===Vowels=== | |||
The vowel system is more complex, distinguishing about 9 vowel qualities with length in stressed syllables. | The vowel system is more complex, distinguishing about 9 vowel qualities with length in stressed syllables. | ||
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Diphthongs: '''au aü ei ia ie io iu uo üö''', pronounced as expected. | Diphthongs: '''au aü ei ia ie io iu uo üö''', pronounced as expected. | ||
===Umlaut processes=== | |||
Wiobian history and morphology are affected by umlaut processes. The precise conditions are yet to be determined. | Wiobian history and morphology are affected by umlaut processes. The precise conditions are yet to be determined. | ||
{{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
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{{col-end}} | {{col-end}} | ||
===Stress=== | |||
Syllables may have primary or secondary stress. The first syllable of the root is heavily stressed, at the expense of prefixes and endings. The first component of compounds receives primary stress while the subsequent parts receive secondary stress. | Syllables may have primary or secondary stress. The first syllable of the root is heavily stressed, at the expense of prefixes and endings. The first component of compounds receives primary stress while the subsequent parts receive secondary stress. | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
Revision as of 13:03, 28 September 2015
| Classical Wiobian | |
|---|---|
| wüöbem Muts | |
| Pronunciation | [/wyːøbəm muːts/] |
| Created by | IlL |
| Extinct | Developed into Early Middle Wiobian in 400 v.C. |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | qwb |
Sandbox
Lexicon
Wiobian verse
About Wiobian music
engunn&fiungs mieh Wäls tur Wiob-Hien! ("View this page in Wiobian!")
Diese Seite auf Deutsch ansehen
Classical Wiobian is the oldest attested form of Wiobian, used until 400 v.C.
Todo
- DEVELOP PRINCIPAL PARTS
- Pei-käh-kiob, in gerbänk-klers iete! (bi-ga-dźu, yn fạng-dlái ed!)
- Mäßtes riet! - Greetings!
- Wiob-Schriof-Ahm-Hölsch "Wiobian-style collection-piece" - Wiobian Suites
Notes on notation
- i - denotes i-umlaut of the root.
- u - denotes u-umlaut of the root.
Orthography
- See also: Wiobian/Script.
Wiobian is written in a native alphabet named Trabe&Galster after the first two letters Trabe and Galst, also used to write other languages such as Trây. The spelling rules reflect Classical Wiobian pronunciation; subsequent sound changes have made the relationship between orthography and pronunciation more opaque. (Think Tibetan, English or French spelling.)The transliteration of Wiobian used in this article attempts to reflect the Wiobian orthographical spelling standardized near the end of the Classical Wiobian period and re-standardized in the modern period in 1811 v.C. using classical texts and internal reconstruction from Wiobian topolects (especially utilizing Whetmerish, known for its conservatism in unstressed prefixes). Another factor in the orthography is that literacy was limited to the upper class. Thus often the elites spoke one language while writing in a fossilized form of the language, so that e.g. case endings were still written even after most of them dropped out in the spoken language. The Classical Wiobian they wrote was, however, written in the stricter syntax of the vernacular.
Modern Standard Wiobian employs consonant alternations triggered by originally unstressed prefixes. One difficulty is that originally unstressed prefixes often don't change a word's pronunciation anymore, because the particular initial consonant is immune to the mutation caused by the prefix:
- mezz - 'wait'
- bemezz - 'long for'
are both pronounced /məi̯k˥/. The homophony was solved by compounding nouns and verbs with other words to disambiguate them, creating a wealth of compounds, as in Chinese.
Letter names
Most letter names for consonants are derived from Proto-Netagin. Vowels, on the other hand, use the vowel itself as the name.
- T: Trabe < *tenābōˀ 'jaws'
- G: Galst < *gałṭon 'ground'
- K: Kohl < *kōllon 'bird'
- I
- W: Wier < *wiˀron 'head'
- N: Nark < *nāraqon 'cascade'
- U
- Ü
- Q: Krit < *qarītis 'coast'
- L: Lecken < *leqnon 'river'
- P: Put < *pūton 'ox'
- Þ: Þesch < *þełkon 'tongue'
- Ḥ: Ang < *ˀangon 'face'
- C: Engarms-Ang 'emphasizing Ang'
- E
- Z: Zeib < *ƛeybon 'harp'
- J: Jamm < *yanpon 'house' (Netagin ˀáb)
- F: Fitt 'worm'
- O
- Ö
- M: Mespul < *mezpūlos 'bridge'
- D: Dachel < *dakl 'tree'
- Ɉ: Ɉruke < *λirūkōs 'lips'
- R: Rift < *ripṭon 'throat'
- S: Schnade < *łinādōs 'gates'
- H: Hammel < *hamlon 'flower'
- Ƕ: Ƕieg < *huyegon 'wall'
- B: Bruog < *barōgon 'knot'
- ẞ: ẞicht < *siqdon 'road'
- A
- Ä
- Å
dvandva = þesebaßt
Capitalization
Wiobian orthography has capital and lowercase letters. Wiobian capitalizes all nouns, but not necessarily words that are in the beginning of the sentence; this is reflected in the Romanization.
Punctuation
The Lusk-Frann ("binding mark") is a hyphen-like symbol used to link genitive nouns to their heads. It is transcribed with a hyphen (-).
The Je-Huy ("je-space"), also called the serializer in English, is used to link coordinated components in compounds and serial verbs. As its name suggests, it also indicates a missing je ('and') in poetry. The serializer is transcribed with an ampersand (&).
Phonology
Phonotactics
(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
Consonants
Classical Wiobian features a greatly simplified system of 23 consonants (comparable to Themsarian, with 22 consonants).
Voiceless plosives could either be aspirated or not - the aspirated allophone was in free variation with the unaspirated one. (Und Achtung Deutschsprachige: Im Wiobischen kommt keine Auslautverhärtung vor! This is because I need more open syllables in Modern Wiobian)
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Click | Velar | Labiovelar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | [ɲ] | ng /ŋ/ | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p /p/ | t, th /t/ | ŧ /!/ | k /k/ | qu /kʷ/ | Ø, -ḥ /ʔ/ | |
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | đ /g!/ | g /ɡ/ | ||||
| Fricative | f /f~v/ | s /sʰ/, ß /s/ | sch /ɧ/ | ch /x~ɣ/ | h /h/ | |||
| Affricate | pf /pf/ | z /ts/ | ||||||
| Trill | r /r/ | |||||||
| Approximant | l /l/ | j, -y /j/ | w, -v /w/ | |||||
n assimilates before palatal plosives to [ɲ] and before velar plosives to /ŋ/.
A syllable cannot begin with a vowel in Wiobian. The "null" initial in the orthography is actually the glottal stop initial.
In early Classical Wiobian /h/ and /x/ were allophones in free variation.
The gemination sign, transcribed as c, is often used in early classical texts. It acts like the Japanese sokuon symbol: wecl /welː/ 'slide! (2nd person singular)'. By late Classical Wiobian most gemination signs fell into disuse and were replaced with double letters. c only survived as part of the graphemes -ck for long k, and ch [x], which must have been in complementary distribution with h [h] by that time, in view of the fact that Nuß-Duom&Eik lists [h] and [x] as distinct sounds.
Vowels
The vowel system is more complex, distinguishing about 9 vowel qualities with length in stressed syllables.
Vowel length was not directly marked on the vowel. In Early Classical Wiobian each vowel had an independent length. This changed in Late Classical Wiobian when vowels before single consonants were lengthened and vowels before two consonants were shortened, so that the orthographic final came to determine vowel length. Thus, Tumm 'bird' and trum 'flat' are respectively pronounced in Early Classical Wiobian /tuːmː/ and /trum/, which in Late Classical Wiobian became /tumː/ and /truːm/. Glottal stop finals were also deleted to trigger compensatory lengthening of the vowel, and final [-h] also disappeared, which is why open long vowels are written with an -h after the vowel.
| Front | Central | Back | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||||||
| short | long | short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i /i/ | i /iː/ | ü /y/ | ü /yː/ | u /u/ | u /uː/ | ||
| Close-mid | e /e/ | e /eː/ | ö /ø/ | ö /øː/ | e /ə/ | o /o/ | o /oː/ | |
| Open-mid | ä /ɛ/ | ä /ɛː/ | å /ɔ/ | å /ɔː/ | ||||
| Open | a /a/ | a /aː/ | ||||||
Diphthongs: au aü ei ia ie io iu uo üö, pronounced as expected.
Umlaut processes
Wiobian history and morphology are affected by umlaut processes. The precise conditions are yet to be determined.
|
i-umlaut:
|
u-umlaut:
|
a-umlaut:
|
Stress
Syllables may have primary or secondary stress. The first syllable of the root is heavily stressed, at the expense of prefixes and endings. The first component of compounds receives primary stress while the subsequent parts receive secondary stress.
Grammar
Parts of speech
Classical Wiobian inflected nouns with endings. Case/number and personal endings were eventually elided or turned into tone distinctions. Writers were nevertheless expected to write all case and personal endings, until the 1811 v.C. re-standardization of the orthography abolished personal endings as well as most number/case endings.
Nouns
Gender
Nouns have two genders, animate and inanimate. Nouns of each gender take their respective verb endings and pronouns in Classical Wiobian; pronoun agreement is preserved to some extent into Modern Wiobian.
Some Proto-Wiobic declensions
- stremja 'throng, crowd' (Wiobian Strimm, pl. Strimme)
Singular
NOM: *stremja
ACC: *stremjaz
GEN: *stremj
DAT: *stremjaç
PRED: *stremjaz
Plural
NOM: *stremjō
ACC: *stremjan
GEN: *stremjōh
DAT: *stremjanç
PRED: *stremjō
- katsi 'leaf' (Wiobian Käße, pl. Kaße)
Singular
NOM: *katsi
ACC: *katsiz
GEN: *katsiʔ
DAT: *katsiç
PRED: *katsjaz
Plural
NOM: *kats
ACC: *katsin
GEN: *katsēh
DAT: *katsinç
PRED: *kats
- hleʔk 'animal' (Wiobian Schleck, Schlöcke)
Singular:
NOM: *hleʔk
ACC: *hleʔkez
GEN: *hleʔk
DAT: *hleʔkeç
PRED: *hleʔkaz
Plural
NOM: *hleʔkū
ACC: *hleʔkūn
GEN: *hleʔkūh
DAT: *hleʔkūnç
PRED: *hleʔkū
Number
Classical Wiobian has many morphological ways of forming plurals, some of which may be combined.
- -e suffix
- -er collective suffix
- -(e)t suffix
- Þe- prefix
i"de-umlauting" the singular stem (Þrömm 'wall' > Þromm 'walls')- u-e u-umlaut
The plural form of a noun was unpredictable. Thus many speakers, especially non-Gamedan speaking foreigners, found this system chaotic and opted for the most common number used, usually singular for highly individualized nouns and plural for collective nouns. Thus Modern Wiobian has grammatical number only for some common nouns referring to people.
Case endings
In Classical Wiobian, nouns are also inflected in 5 cases:
- Nominative: subject
- Accusative: direct object, some adverbial expressions
- Dative: indirect object, some adverbial expressions, possessor after Classical Wiobian
- Genitive: it's your bog-standard genitive case.
- The genitive is often "hyphenated" to the word it modifies because of its ambiguity. In particular, the genitive noun must be hyphenated to the head noun whenever the genitive noun is not modified by an adjective. Cf. similar rules for compounds in Trây.
- Predicative: predicate
In Modern Wiobian, there is no number and case inflection (the dative remains in fossilized expressions).
| Wiobian declension | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | [SINGULAR STEM]-Ø | [PLURAL STEM]-Ø |
| Accusative | [SINGULAR STEM]-e | [PLURAL STEM]-n |
| Genitive | [SINGULAR STEM]-Ø | [PLURAL STEM]-(e) |
| Dative | [SINGULAR STEM]-s | [PLURAL STEM]-ns |
| Predicative | [SINGULAR STEM]-e | [PLURAL STEM]-Ø |
Wiobian uses the indefinite article ƕiem 'one' for indefinite singular nouns. This is one of the only ways number is still indicated in modern Wiobian.
Case and adpositions
Adjectives
Adjectives may take the same case endings as nouns or, more commonly, take no ending. Adjectives in the predicative position, however, must have the predicative ending.
Degree
Wiobian uses analytic constructions for degrees of adjectives.
In Classical Wiobian, to form the comparative one attaches the semi-serial verb &kloh ('cross') to the predicative form of the adjective. (The same applies to verbs.) The standard of comparison is in the accusative. The superlative is identical to the comparative.
- in biule&klöhen mie Winke.
- [ʔin ˌbiuləˈkløːən ˈmiə ˌwiŋkə]
- 1SG.NOM just-PRED=cross/PRES-1SG this-ACC.SG mortal-ACC.SG
- I am more upright than this man.
Classical Wiobian forms the negative comparative by using the adverb quäs hioleng after the finite verb. The standard of comparison is in the dative.
- ofel in dräzzzime quäs hioleng mis.
- [ˈʔoːvəl ˈʔiːn ˈdrɛcːˌciːmə ˈkʷɛːç ˌhioˈleŋː ˈmiːç]
- behold 1SG.NOM sinful-PRED less below this-DAT.SG
- Indeed, I am less sinful than he.
Pronouns
The full case inflection is still upheld for personal pronouns in Modern Wiobian.
| Person → | 1 | 2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number → | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| Case ↓ | ||||
| Nominative | in | ƕind | i | lind |
| Accusative | inne | ƕien | ie | lien |
| Genitive | inno | ƕio | io | lio |
| Dative | ins | ƕiens | ies | liens |
| Predicative | inte | ƕinte | iete | linte |
Wiobian lacks true third-person pronouns. The closest equivalents are the demonstratives mi 'this' and a 'that'.
In Modern Wiobian in 'I' is often used when referring to an object or place central to the deixis or discourse, "the way a camera would talk". It can also refer to an object or person with which the speaker identifies with intimately or closely. (Of course, the actual "me" is presumed to be outside of the domain of discourse.) Examples:
- for a trivial example, the player character in a video game
- when describing what happened to one's friend or pet
- as an empathy-signalling device.
- '''''
- Whoa, your professor was such a prick to you [lit. me]!
Verbs
Verbs have stem forms for present, past and verbal noun which are not always distinct. (A similar but more well preserved system is found in Themsarian). Verbs are often additionally marked by auxiliary words to disambiguate the tense, because most forms are identical or very similar.
The three principal parts are thus the present imperative, the past 2s form and the verbal noun.
The citation form is the present stem, which is also the short 2nd person singular imperative in Classical Wiobian.
Jussive endings are only found in Classical Wiobian.
Personal endings
In Classical Wiobian, the verb is also inflected for person.
Here the superscript i denotes umlaut of stems of "athematic" verbs.
| Imperative endings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| 1 | - | [PRESENT]-n |
| 2 | [PRESENT]-(t) | [PRESENT]-l |
| Present tense endings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| 1 | [PRESENT]i-n | [PRESENT]-m(e) |
| 2 | [PRESENT]i-e | [PRESENT]-l |
| 3.m | [PRESENT]-n | [PRESENT]i-e |
| 3.f | [PRESENT]i-s | |
| Jussive endings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| 1 | [PRESENT]i-n | [PRESENT]-m(e) |
| 3.m | [PRESENT]-m(e) | [PRESENT]i-e |
| 3.f | [PRESENT]i-se | |
| Past tense endings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| 1 | [PAST]i-n | [PAST]-m(e) |
| 2 | [PAST]-e | [PAST]-l |
| 3.m | [PAST]-n | [PAST]i-e |
| 3.f | [PAST]-Ø | |
Formation of verbal principal parts
Quiet! I'm figuring out the morphology to produce the principal parts
A combination of redup, ablaut, infixing and prefixing... huh sounds a lot like PIE (also the whole idea of principal parts)!
- peh-~pie-, pie-, Pap 'give charitably'
On the other hand, many verbs (especially derived ones) have identical stems for all three principal parts:
- benuß, benuß-, Benuß 'judge'
Verbal nouns are formed by one of the following methods:
- -s
- ablaut
- i-el
- -en
- -te
- Prefix Ze-
TAM auxiliary constructions
| Meaning | Naeng/Classical construction |
|---|---|
| perfect | duoɟ + [subject]-DAT + (zraf can go here for progressive) + [verb]-VERBAL_NOUN-ACC |
| preterite | [verb]-PRETERITE (no auxiliary) |
| present habitual | [verb]-PRESENT |
| present progressive | zraf + [verb]-PRESENT |
| future | terl + [subject]-DAT + (zraf can go here for progressive) + [verb]-VERBAL_NOUN-ACC |
Syntax
Word order
Constituents are arranged in SVO order in both Classical Wiobian and most modern topolects (with more variation allowed in classical poetry). Noun modifiers (adjectives and possessors) almost always precede the modified noun, except in the Tergetian-influenced Kurmian.
Truth value
For negation, Classical Wiobian uses a negative verb mei (present), quek (preterite), Quah (verbal noun) + the verbal noun in the dative case:
- in meien Borrs heite.
/ʔin ˈmeilən borç ˈheitə/
in meil-en Borr-s heit-e.
1SG.NOM NEG/PRES-1SG sing/VN-DAT well-ACC
I do not sing well.
Compare the affirmative sentence:
- in borren heite.
/ʔin ˈborːən ˈheitə/
in borr-s heit-e.
1SG.NOM sing/PRES-1SG well-ACC
I sing well.
In copular sentences, though affirmative sentences do not require a copula, negative sentences do:
Template:Col-2- in Hauere.
/ʔin ˈhauərə/
in Hauer-e.
1SG.NOM king-PRED
I am the king.
- in meien Luos Hauere.
/ʔin ˈmeien luoç ˈhauərə/
in meil-en luos Hauer-e.
1SG.NOM NEG/PRES-1SG COPULA.VN-DAT king-PRED
I am not the king.
For contrastive negation of a constituent other than the verb, the main verb need not be repeated:
- ins priuden ƕiem Zall, meien ƕiem Zrüsch.
/ʔinç ˈpriuden xʷiem calː ˈmeiən xʷiem cryçː/
in-s priud-en ƕiem Zall mei-en ƕiem Zrüsch
1SG.DAT be_needed/PRES-3SG.AN INDEF.NOM man.NOM NEG/PRES-1SG INDEF.NOM child.NOM
I want a man, not a boy.
Polar questions utilize an interrogative auxiliary hüf, snöf, Hof (< 'swear'):
- i hüfe Quarþes inne?
/ʔiː hyfə ˈkʷarsəç ʔinnə/
i hüf-e Quarþ-es inn-e
2SG.NOM Q/PRES-2SG love.VN-DAT 1SG-ACC
Do you love me?
An echo response is often used to interrogative questions. For "yes" the interrogative verb may be echoed instead.
Template:Col-2- quörþen.
/ˈkʷørsən/
quorþ-ien
love/PRES-1SG
Yes. (to the question "Do you love me?")
- meien [Quarþes].
/ˈmeiən (ˈkʷarsəç)/
mei-en [Quarþ-es].
NEG/PRES-1SG [love.VN-DAT]
No. (to the question "Do you love me?")
If a "yes" answer involves a predicate, the predicate noun is echoed:
- Hauere.
/ˈhauərə/
Hauer-e
king-PRED
Yes. [to the question "Are you a/the king?"]
In Modern Wiobian the preterite form is lost and mei /mi˩/ has been generalized as the interjection for no or the adverb for not.
Passive
Relative clauses
Relative clauses are internally headed: The head is the first constituent of the relative clause, and an anaphoric "co-relative pronoun" nie occurs after the relative clause that refers back to the head.
Simpler relative clauses often use the gap construction and use the nie determiner as the relativizer.
Serial verbs
Wiobian loves serial verb constructions, unlike Germanic languages, but like East Asian languages.
Derivational morphology
Some suffixes are pronounced differently depending on the final consonant of the root.
- U(-n): nominalization, patient
- Þiem 'deed' < þiom 'do'
- be-: intensive/applicative/denominal verb prefix; common like in German
- berast 'make powerful, strengthen' < Rast 'power'
- deß-: detransitivizing/valency-decreasing
- em-/(w)en-: perfective; causative/valency-incrementing
- U-em: adjectival/attributive/place noun suffix
- Jündemruoger 'tapestry of life'
- -er: collective, augmentative, place noun, resultative
- Puoger 'throne' < Puog 'chair'
- Ruoger 'statue' < ruog, rieg, Ruogs 'carve'
- Jenger 'ocean, sea' < Jeng 'water'
- ger-: inceptive, dynamic
- gerzißt: 'initiate' < zißt 'run' (intransitive)
- i- (< PWio *ī < PGam *hiz): negative
- ibiul 'not straight, unjust' < biul 'straight, just'
- -li agent noun, someone associated with [NOUN]
- Winkli 'mortal' < wink- 'die' + -li
- -mack: resultative, ability
- -null: prototypical member of a set, Ur-
- -ung: singulative/some singular nouns
- -s (< PGam *λ ~ Thm. supine -dh): verbal nouns, nominalization
- -zi: abstract noun, -ness/-hood
- uo- (< PWio *ā- < PGam *ʔāz-): augmentative
- Uores, Uors 'wolf, predatory beast' < euphemistically derived from Rüös 'dog'
- wech-: perfective/telic
- -zim: characterized by [noun]
Phrasebook
- Woi2 szan6! - Hello.
- ta2 hung2 - thank you.