Naeng/Literature

Windermere/Lexicon

Windermere/Swadesh list

Naeng/Literature
Created byIlL, Praimhín
SettingVerse:Tricin
  • Naeng/Literature
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Windermere is a conlang based on similarities between Hebrew and Mon-Khmer languages, such as final stress, minor syllables and overall head-initial syntax.

In-universe, Windermere was used as a classical language in Talma.

Introduction

Windermere was originally created by Praimhín for the Fifth Linguifex Relay. It is currently being revived and adapted as a classical language in Talma (perhaps replacing Netagin) - this version will also be more synthetic than the original creator envisioned.

Todo

  • Weird grammatical categories that aren't so Celtic or Semitic - so it makes Eevo really analytic
    • something Austronesian?

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

  • Ϫϫ Շչ Ɑᶑ Ѡϙ Ғғ Ѵѵ Ƌժ Ƨƨ ſʗ = p b f t d th c g ch
  • Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ng
  • Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Ҕҕ Ʌʎ = s ł ts tł ș
  • Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y h l ʔ

Vowels

The vowel signs are placed to the right of the consonant letter.

  • · : ; ı › ˫ ⸗ = ă u ü i o e a; :ƍ ;ƍ ıƍ ›ƍ ˫ƍ ›ƪ = ua üe ie oa ea oy

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Lateral Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ng /ŋ/
Plosive tenuis b /p~b/ d /t~d/ g /k~g/ ' /ʔ/
aspirated p /pʰ~bʰ/ t /tʰ~dʰ/ c /kʰ~gʰ/
Affricate ts /ts̻/ /tɬ/
Fricative spirant f /f~v/ th /θ~ð/ ch /x~ɣ/
nonspirant s /s̻/ ł /ɬ/ ș /s̺~ʃ/ h /h/
Resonant w /w/ r /r/ y /j/ l /ʟ/

In Eevo, pʰ p f tʰ t θ kʰ k x ts̻ s̻ tɬ ɬ s̺ m n ŋ ʟ r w j h ʔ are borrowed as p b f/v t d þ/ð c g ç ts s tx x z m n ŋ l r v j h ∅

[cf. OHG /s̺/ > Modern German /z/ ]

Mutations

Vowels

a e i o u y a e i o u oy ü

iə eə uə oə oj yə ie ea uo oa oy üe

ə ă (in unstressed syllables)

In Eevo these are borrowed as:

a e i o w u

ia ee wa oo øø ua

y

Stress

Stress is invariably final.

Phonotactics

Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas.

Morphology

Nouns

im- is used for the plural prefix.

Pronouns

  • 1sg: rie
  • 2sg: łen (masculine), łes (feminine)
  • 3sg: in (masculine), is (feminine), tan (inanimate)
  • 1pl: ămrie (exclusive), bang (inclusive)
  • 2pl: łănam
  • 3pl: ănam (animate), tănam (inanimate)

Verbs

Personal inflection

The personal affixes are infixes for a verb with an initial cluster. If there is no initial cluster, the personal affixes are prefixes. For example:

rie łen łes in is tan ămrie bang łănam ănam tănam
dur 'sit' dur łedur łesdur idur dur dur ărdur angdur łamdur amdur dur
plang 'stand' plang pelang peslang pilang plang plang părlang panglang păłamrang pamlang plang

Trigger system

Windermere verbs employ an Austronesian-style trigger system, which are marked with prefixes or infixes.

These triggers are most similar to active and passive voices:

  • Agent trigger
  • Patient trigger

These triggers are most similar to applicatives:

  • Locative trigger
  • Instrumental trigger
  • Source/reason trigger
  • Benefactive trigger
  • Malefactive trigger

[Netagin could use this]

Syntax

Constituent order

Word order is VSO, like Celtic, Semitic and Indonesian. [S = the constituent that the verb agrees with]

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources