Naengic languages: Difference between revisions
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The ''' | The '''Naengic languages''' form a subbranch of the [[Lakovic languages]], including forms of [[Naeng]] and the vernacular [[Tergetian]] languages. It is characterized by some shared innovations: | ||
#The Naengic Vowel Shift: A chain vowel shift ä > a > o > u > ü. Exception: -aʔ became -a, not -o. | |||
# | #Shift to strong final stress. | ||
# | #An associative plural *φam which could be used after a noun. | ||
#PLak * | #A 4-tense system of past, present, future and imperative/subjunctive. | ||
== | #A full set of personal pronouns, with an associative plural suffix in the 2nd and 3rd person plural and a grammaticalization of ''*tʔej sa'' 'this side' for 1st person plural exclusive. | ||
#Retains preposed possessive pronouns. (Classical Windermere had those.) | |||
PLak φetn Xtar > *hìnθar > inθar by Grassmann | |||
==Phonology== | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
[[Category:Lakovic languages]] | [[Category:Lakovic languages]] | ||
Latest revision as of 17:18, 27 July 2022
The Naengic languages form a subbranch of the Lakovic languages, including forms of Naeng and the vernacular Tergetian languages. It is characterized by some shared innovations:
- The Naengic Vowel Shift: A chain vowel shift ä > a > o > u > ü. Exception: -aʔ became -a, not -o.
- Shift to strong final stress.
- An associative plural *φam which could be used after a noun.
- A 4-tense system of past, present, future and imperative/subjunctive.
- A full set of personal pronouns, with an associative plural suffix in the 2nd and 3rd person plural and a grammaticalization of *tʔej sa 'this side' for 1st person plural exclusive.
- Retains preposed possessive pronouns. (Classical Windermere had those.)
PLak φetn Xtar > *hìnθar > inθar by Grassmann
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Domed | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ŋ /ŋ/ | ||||
| Stop | plain | p /p/ | t /t/ | k /k/ | ʔ /ʔ/ | ||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | ||||
| Fricative | s /s̻/ | ś /s̺/ | š /ʃ/ | h /h/ | |||
| Affricate | c /ts̻/ | ć /ts̺/ | (č /tʃ/) | ||||
| Approximant | w /w/ | l /l/ | r /r/ | y /j/ | |||
Vowels
Proto-Ashanic had 6 vowels and register tone:
i ü u e o a = /i y u e o a/
ì ǜ ù è ò à = /i y u e o a/ + breathy voice
Phonotactics
Final consonant clusters were allowed, unlike in Windermere; they are the source of final voiced stops in Windermere.
Prefinal syllables only allowed the vowels /a i u/.
Stress
Stress was likely on the final syllable.