Nahónda: Difference between revisions

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Nahónda (view source)

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| tsila
| tsila
| -tsi-
| -tsi-
|-
! 4th
| hana
| -ha-
|  wa
|  -wa-
|-
|-
! colspan="6" style="background-color:black" |Plural
! colspan="6" style="background-color:black" |Plural
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| ma
| ma
| -ma-
| -ma-
|-
! 4th
| aháne
| -ahe-
| ahe
| -he-
|-
|-
|}
|}
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|phrase = Wanko šúnkawakaninéhi owožutkopi kasukakatsané<sup>1</sup>
|phrase = Wanko šúnkawakaninéhi owožutkopi kasukakatsané<sup>1</sup>
| IPA =  
| IPA =  
| morphemes = wanko šúnkawakán-ne-hi owožu-tko-pi ka-suka~ka-tsa-né
| morphemes = wanko šúnkawakáne-ne-hi owožu-tko-pi ka-suka~ka-tsa-né
| gloss = DIST horse-DET.cylindrical.object-AGT grass-DET.flat.prone.object-PL 3MS.AGT-run~INT-EVID.VIS-INTR.ACT
| gloss = DIST horse-DET.cylindrical.object-AGT grass-DET.flat.prone.object-PL 3MS.AGT-run~INT-EVID.VIS-INTR.ACT
| translation = That horse is always racing across the plains.
| translation = That horse is always racing across the plains.
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! Examples
! Examples
|-
|-
! Bulky <br/>object
! Squat/Bulky <br/>object, moving
| -ksa-
| -ksa-
|  
|  
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}}  
}}  
|-  
|-  
! Flat object
! Flat object, stationary
| -tko-
| -tko-
|  
|  
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* Common Minhast ''yafkut'' "flatlands, level terrain"  
* Common Minhast ''yafkut'' "flatlands, level terrain"  
* Nankóre ''ekkót'' "to lie down"
* Nankóre ''ekkót'' "to lie down"
* Old Nahónda ''*ikote'' "to sleep"
* Proto-Nahónda ''*ikote'' "to sleep"
|-  
|-  
! Cylindrical object
! Cylindrical object, moving
| -ne-
| -ne-
|
|
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|phrase = Wanko šúnkawakaninéhi owožutkopi kasukakatsané
|phrase = Wanko šúnkawakaninéhi owožutkopi kasukakatsané
| IPA =  
| IPA =  
| morphemes = wanko šúnkawakán-ne-hi owožu-tko-pi ka-suka~ka-tsa-né
| morphemes = wanko šúnkawakáne-ne-hi owožu-tko-pi ka-suka~ka-tsa-né
| gloss = DIST horse-DET.moving.object-AGT grass-DET.flat.prone.object-PL 3MS.AGT-run~INT-EVID.VIS-INTR.ACT
| gloss = DIST horse-DET.moving.object-AGT grass-DET.flat.prone.object-PL 3MS.AGT-run~INT-EVID.VIS-INTR.ACT
| translation = That horse is always racing across the plains.
| translation = That horse is always racing across the plains.
}}  
}}  
|-
|-
! Thin upright object
! Thin upright object, stationary
| -lo-
| -lo-
|
|
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* Common Minhast ''ruħyan'' "to starve"
* Common Minhast ''ruħyan'' "to starve"
* Nankóre ''raš'' "to be hungry"
* Nankóre ''raš'' "to be hungry"
* Old Nahónda ''lóya'' "to be skinny"
* Proto-Nahónda *''luya'' "to be skinny"
|
|
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
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}}  
}}  
|-
|-
! Sharp or tapering objects
! Sharp or tapering object, stationary
| -tso-
| -tso-
|
|
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|  
|  
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = Yanelowonkeči, gatso yatsitsipilače
|phrase = Yanelowonkeči, gatsatso yatsitsipilače
| IPA = /janelo'wɔ̃ŋkɛt͡ʃi 'gat͡so jat͡sit͡si'pilat͡ʃɛ/
| IPA = /janelo'wɔ̃ŋkɛt͡ʃi 'gat͡sat͡so jat͡sit͡si'pilat͡ʃɛ/
| morphemes = ya-ne-lo-awonke-če, gatso ya-ts-tsipila-če
| morphemes = ya-ne-lo-awonke-če, gatsa-tso ya-ts-tsipila-če
| gloss = 1S.AGT-CL3-CL5-kill-TRN arrow 1S.AGT-CL5-use-TRN
| gloss = 1S.AGT-DET.cylindrical.object.stationary-DET.pointed.object.stationary-kill-TRN arrow-DET.pointed.object.stationary 1S.AGT-DET.pointed.object.stationary-use-TRN
| translation = I killed (the deer) with my arrow, lit. "I killed it using my arrow."
| translation = I killed (the deer) with this arrow, lit. "I killed this one using this arrow."
}}
}}
|}
|}
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== Syntax ==
== Syntax ==
==Morphosyntactic Alignment==
Nahónda morphosyntactic alignment is classified as the Split Intransitive type, also known as an Active-Stative alignment.  Transitive clauses by definition take two core arguments, an Agent, and a Patient.  Intransitive clauses take only one core argument.  That the verb that core argument takes may denote either a state, e.g. "He is sick", or it may designate an action instigated by the the core argument, e.g. "He jumps".  In the first case, the core argument takes marking which indicates it experiences or is affected by the state, while in the second the argument takes another marker which indicates that it instigates an action or event.
Languages of the Split Intransitive type may be further divided into one of two subtype.  One type, the Split-S type, divides its verbs into two lexical division: one division is restricted to states; its NP argument is an experiencer or undergoer of the state, and hence takes one type of case marking.  The other verbal division expresses events which indicate its core argument functions as an agent; the core argument thus takes marking distinct from that of an experiencer or undergoer.  The other Split Intransitive subtype, the Fluid-S type, does not exhibit this verbal distinction: all verbs may serve to indicate state or events; case marking of the core argument depends on its semantic role, it is not preselected based on the verbal class, as Fluid-S type languages do not have distinct verbal classes.
Nahónda belongs to the Fluid-S type of languages.  When the core argument of an Intransitive verb functions as a semantic Agent, it takes the marker ''=yo'', whereas it takes the marker ''=ka'' when it is an Experiencer or Undergoer.
==Footnotes==
==Footnotes==
1) The Siouan languages, particularly Lakota, had a major impact on the Nahónda lexicon.  We see this influence in this sample sentence ''Wanko šúnkawakánhi owožupi sukakatsa''.  Nahónda ''šúnkawakán'' "horse" is borrowed directly from Lakota ''šúŋkawakȟáŋ'', as is ''owožu'' "grass".  Even the plural marker ''-pi'' is borrowed from the Lakota plural marker ''-pi''.  The verb ''sukaka-tsa'' comes from Nahenic roots, c.f. Minhast ''sukkan'' "to be quick" and ''saru'' "to see".
1) The Siouan languages, particularly Lakota, had a major impact on the Nahónda lexicon.  We see this influence in this sample sentence ''Wanko šúnkawakáninehi owožupi kasukakatsané''.  Nahónda ''šúnkawakáne'' "horse" is borrowed directly from Lakota ''šúŋkawakȟáŋ'', as is ''owožu'' "grass".  Even the plural marker ''-pi'' is borrowed from the Lakota plural marker ''-pi''.  The verb ''sukaka-tsa'' comes from Nahenic roots, c.f. Minhast ''sukkan'' "to be quick" and ''saru'' "to see".
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