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| tsila | | tsila | ||
| -tsi- | | -tsi- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="6" style="background-color:black" |Plural | ! colspan="6" style="background-color:black" |Plural | ||
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| ma | | ma | ||
| -ma- | | -ma- | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|phrase = Wanko šúnkawakaninéhi owožutkopi kasukakatsané<sup>1</sup> | |phrase = Wanko šúnkawakaninéhi owožutkopi kasukakatsané<sup>1</sup> | ||
| IPA = | | IPA = | ||
| morphemes = wanko | | morphemes = wanko šúnkawakáne-ne-hi owožu-tko-pi ka-suka~ka-tsa-né | ||
| gloss = DIST horse-DET.cylindrical.object-AGT grass-DET.flat.prone.object-PL 3MS.AGT-run~INT-EVID.VIS-INTR.ACT | | gloss = DIST horse-DET.cylindrical.object-AGT grass-DET.flat.prone.object-PL 3MS.AGT-run~INT-EVID.VIS-INTR.ACT | ||
| translation = That horse is always racing across the plains. | | translation = That horse is always racing across the plains. | ||
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! Examples | ! Examples | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Bulky <br/>object | ! Squat/Bulky <br/>object, moving | ||
| -ksa- | | -ksa- | ||
| | | | ||
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}} | }} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Flat object | ! Flat object, stationary | ||
| -tko- | | -tko- | ||
| | | | ||
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* Common Minhast ''yafkut'' "flatlands, level terrain" | * Common Minhast ''yafkut'' "flatlands, level terrain" | ||
* Nankóre ''ekkót'' "to lie down" | * Nankóre ''ekkót'' "to lie down" | ||
* | * Proto-Nahónda ''*ikote'' "to sleep" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Cylindrical object | ! Cylindrical object, moving | ||
| -ne- | | -ne- | ||
| | | | ||
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|phrase = Wanko šúnkawakaninéhi owožutkopi kasukakatsané | |phrase = Wanko šúnkawakaninéhi owožutkopi kasukakatsané | ||
| IPA = | | IPA = | ||
| morphemes = wanko | | morphemes = wanko šúnkawakáne-ne-hi owožu-tko-pi ka-suka~ka-tsa-né | ||
| gloss = DIST horse-DET.moving.object-AGT grass-DET.flat.prone.object-PL 3MS.AGT-run~INT-EVID.VIS-INTR.ACT | | gloss = DIST horse-DET.moving.object-AGT grass-DET.flat.prone.object-PL 3MS.AGT-run~INT-EVID.VIS-INTR.ACT | ||
| translation = That horse is always racing across the plains. | | translation = That horse is always racing across the plains. | ||
}} | }} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Thin upright object | ! Thin upright object, stationary | ||
| -lo- | | -lo- | ||
| | | | ||
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* Common Minhast ''ruħyan'' "to starve" | * Common Minhast ''ruħyan'' "to starve" | ||
* Nankóre ''raš'' "to be hungry" | * Nankóre ''raš'' "to be hungry" | ||
* | * Proto-Nahónda *''luya'' "to be skinny" | ||
| | | | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
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}} | }} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Sharp or tapering | ! Sharp or tapering object, stationary | ||
| -tso- | | -tso- | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = Yanelowonkeči, | |phrase = Yanelowonkeči, gatsatso yatsitsipilače | ||
| IPA = /janelo'wɔ̃ŋkɛt͡ʃi ' | | IPA = /janelo'wɔ̃ŋkɛt͡ʃi 'gat͡sat͡so jat͡sit͡si'pilat͡ʃɛ/ | ||
| morphemes = ya-ne-lo-awonke-če, | | morphemes = ya-ne-lo-awonke-če, gatsa-tso ya-ts-tsipila-če | ||
| gloss = 1S.AGT- | | gloss = 1S.AGT-DET.cylindrical.object.stationary-DET.pointed.object.stationary-kill-TRN arrow-DET.pointed.object.stationary 1S.AGT-DET.pointed.object.stationary-use-TRN | ||
| translation = I killed (the deer) with | | translation = I killed (the deer) with this arrow, lit. "I killed this one using this arrow." | ||
}} | }} | ||
|} | |} | ||
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== Syntax == | == Syntax == | ||
==Footnotes== | ==Footnotes== | ||
1) The Siouan languages, particularly Lakota, had a major impact on the Nahónda lexicon. We see this influence in this sample sentence ''Wanko | 1) The Siouan languages, particularly Lakota, had a major impact on the Nahónda lexicon. We see this influence in this sample sentence ''Wanko šúnkawakáninehi owožupi kasukakatsané''. Nahónda ''šúnkawakáne'' "horse" is borrowed directly from Lakota ''šúŋkawakȟáŋ'', as is ''owožu'' "grass". Even the plural marker ''-pi'' is borrowed from the Lakota plural marker ''-pi''. The verb ''sukaka-tsa'' comes from Nahenic roots, c.f. Minhast ''sukkan'' "to be quick" and ''saru'' "to see". |
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