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[[Nurian/Lexicon]]
'''Nurian''' is a [[Ramanuric languages|Ramanuric]] language (related to [[Thensarian]] and [[Ramanujan]]) spoken in [[Verse:Tricin]]. It's inspired by Italian, Pali, Arabic and Lithuanian.
 
{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''nūrimēs''
|pronunciation=  /ˈn̪ˠʊ˞ːrʲɪmʲæːs/
|region = Nūre
|extinct = 220 v.T.
|familycolor=PfK
|fam1= [[Proto-Pfeuno-K'aitian|Pfeuno-K'aitian]]
|fam2= [[Proto-Quame|Quame]]
|fam3= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
|fam4= Q-Talmic
|fam5= Eastern Talmic
|script={{PAGENAME}} script
|iso3=qnr
|notice=IPA
}}
 
'''Nurian''' (''gathvēs nūrimēs'' /ˈgɐθvʲæːs ˈn̪ˠʊ˞rʲɪmʲæːs/) is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] descending from [[Thensarian]], aesthetically inspired by Lithuanian, Arabic, Italian and English.
 
==Introduction==
Nurian is spoken on the west coast of the continent called ''Kuderau'' by Wiebians. It is easily the most conservative [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] language, though with signficant Meetzarric influences. It is spoken alongside Meetzarric languages, Clofabic languages and New World Reber Wiebian.
 
==Historical phonology==
*Cl > Cj > Cʲ (Italian style): pl bl ml fl cl gl ngl chl ghl > pi bi mi fi ci gi ngi chi ghi
**Exceptions: ''ħl ȝl''; ''nl, rl'' > ''ll''
*C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub> > C<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub> (similarly to Italian)
*mlīd - conclusion, end > ''mīd'' /mʲiːdˠ/
*ar- > aC- (ar- before vowels); as- > s-
 
==Numbers==
*1: ''cēma'' /ˈt͡ʃæːmˠɐ/
*2: ''tithōr'' /tʲɪˈθɔɚ/
*3: ''narge'' /ˈnˠɑɚd͡ʒɛ/
*4: ''dhaufe'' /ˈðˠɐʊfʲɛ/
*5: ''salithe'' /ˈsˠɐlʲɪθˠɛ/
*6: ''stāma'' /ˈsˠtˠɑːmˠɐ/
*7: ''rōde'' /ˈrˠoːdʲɛ/
*8: ''lorethe'' /ɫɔɚˈrʲæθɛ/
*9: ''farve'' /ˈfˠɑɚvʲɛ/
*10: ''ħiōr'' /ˈħɔɚ/
*11: ''cēmara'' /ˈt͡ʃæːmˠɑɚrˠɐ/ (< Themsarian ''cēmiħiore'', influenced by Meetzarri ''emarra'')
*12: ''pide'' /ˈpʲɪdʲɛ/ (Zutarl pirdi)
*144: ''tarthe'' /ˈtˠɑɚθɛ/
*1728: ''ūbyc'' /ˈuːbˠɪ̞k/
 
==Phonology==
The Dagȳne Nurian consonant inventory contains around 42 consonants and 12 vowels. A notable feature of the phonology of most Nurian accents is phonemic palatalization in hard-soft pairs, similar to Lithuanian; however, the Fiuschērian dialect or accent is an exception in that the hard-soft distinction is realized as pharyngealization versus lack of pharygealization. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels.
===Dagȳne accent===
 
====Consonants====
 
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes in Nurian (Dagȳne)'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental
!colspan="2" | Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Palatal
!rowspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Radical
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| /mˠ/ || /mʲ/
| /n̪ˠ/ ||
| || /nʲ/
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2" | Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
| /pˠ/ || /pʲ/
| /t̪ˠ/ ||
| || /tʲ/
| /tʃ/
| /k/
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| /bˠ/ || /bʲ/
| /d̪ˠ/ ||
| || /dʲ/
| /dʒ/
| /ɡ/
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| /fˠ/ || /fʲ/
| /θˠ/ || /θ/
| /sˠ/ || /sʲ/
| /ʃ/
| /x/
| /ħ/
| /h/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| /vˠ/ || /vʲ/
| /ðˠ/ || /ð/
| /zˠ/ || /zʲ/
| /ʒ/
| /ɣ/
|
|
|-
!colspan=2| Trill
| ||
| ||
| /rˠ/ || /rʲ/
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Approximant
!<small>central</small>
| ||
| ||
| ||
| /j/
|
| /ʕ/
|
|-
!<small>lateral</small>
| ||
| /lˠ/ ||
| || /lʲ/
| 
|
|
|
|}
 
 
;Notes
*All hard consonants (especially /lˠ, θˠ, ðˠ/) are velarized.
*All consonants are labialized before the back vowels /u, uː, ʊ˞ː, o, oː, ɔ˞ː/.
*/tˠ, dˠ, nˠ/ are laminal denti-alveolar [t̪ˠ, d̪ˠ, n̪ˠ].
*/tʲ, dʲ, nʲ/ are laminal alveolar [t̻ʲ<sup>sʲ</sup>, d̻ʲ<sup>zʲ</sup>, n̻ʲ]; as indicated in the transcription, in case of the first two the tongue is raised enough to produce slight frication.
*/θˠ, θ, ðˠ, ð/ are dental spirants [θˠ, θ, ðˠ, ð].
*/sˠ, sʲ, zˠ, zʲ/ are laminal denti-alveolar [s̪ˠ, s̪ʲ, z̪ˠ, z̪ʲ].
*/lˠ/ has been variously described as pharyngealized apical alveolar [l̺ˤ] and velarized laminal denti-alveolar [l̪ˠ].
*/rˠ, rʲ/ are apical alveolar [r̺ˠ, r̺ʲ].
*/lʲ/ is laminal alveolar [l̻ʲ].
*/ɲ/ is postpalatal [ɲ̄].
*Before /k, ɡ/, /n/ is realized as velar [ŋ].
*/ħ/ has been variously described as pharyngeal [ħ] and epiglottal [ʜ].
*/ʕ/ is an epiglottal approximant [ʕ̞].
 
====Vowels====
Nurian shows an unusual vowel system, with rhotic vowels and a relative lack of phonemic front vowels. There is a three-way contrast between short, long and rhotic vowels. There is a considerable degree of allophony in low short and rhotic vowels.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
|+ '''Vowel phonemes in Nurian [Accent 1]'''
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! colspan="3" style="" |Front
! colspan="2" style="" |Central
! colspan="3" style="" |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotic</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotic</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotic</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| /ɪ~ɪ̞/
| /iː/
| /e˞ː/
|
| [ɚ]
| /u/
| /uː/
| /ʊ˞ː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
|rowspan="2"|[ɛ~æ]
|
|
| [ə]
|
| /o/
| /oː/
| /ɔ˞ː/
|-
! style="" |Open
| [æː]
| [æ˞ː]
| /a/
| /a˞ː/
|
| /aː/
| [ɑ˞ː]
|}
 
'''Diphthongs:''' /ɐɪ ɐʊ iɛ/
 
*Short /ɪ/ is lowered to [ɪ̞] after hard consonants.
*/e˞ː/ has two allophones:
**[e˞ː] after soft consonants, radicals and /h/
**[ɨ˞ː] after non-radical hard consonants
*/a aː a˞ː/ each have three allophones:
**[ɐ~ɑ ɑː ɑ˞ː] after non-radical hard consonants
**[ɛ~æ æː ɛ˞ː] after soft consonants and /h/
*Unstressed rhotic vowels have a tendency to reduce in colloquial speech: /ʲe˞ ʲæ˞/ > [ʲɚ], /ˠɑ˞ ˠe˞/ > [ˠɚ], /ɔ˞ ʊ˞/ > [o˞].
 
 
===Fiuschēra===
Fiuschēra [fuʃˈʃæːrˁɑ] accent (Arabic-esque)
*Hard consonants > pharyngealized; soft consonants > plain
*''o'' and ''ō'' are centralized
*θˠ ðˠ > fˁ vˁ
*Non-rhotic
====Consonants====
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes in Fiuschēra Nurian'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental
!colspan="2" | Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Palatal
!rowspan="2" | Postvelar
!rowspan="2" | Radical
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| /mˁ/ || /m/
| /nˁ/ ||
| || /n/
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ̠/
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2" | Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
| /pˁ/ || /p/
| /tˁ/ ||
| || /t/
| /tʃ/
| /k̠/
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| /bˁ/ || /b/
| /dˁ/ ||
| || /d/
| /dʒ/
| /ɡ&#772;/
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| /fˁ/ || /f/
|  || /θ/
| /sˁ/ || /s/
| /ʃ/
| /x~χ/
| /ħ/
| /h/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| /vˁ/ ||
| || /ð/
| /zˁ/ || /z/
| /ʒ/
| /ɣ~ʁ/
| /ʕ/
|
|-
!colspan=2| Trill
| ||
| ||
| /rˁ/ || /r/
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Approximant
!<small>central</small>
| /wˁ/ || /w/
| ||
| ||
| /j/
|
|
|
|-
!<small>lateral</small>
| ||
| ||
| || l
| 
|
|
|
|}
 
====Vowels====
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
|+ '''Vowel phonemes in Fiuschēran Nurian'''
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! colspan="2" style="" |Front
! colspan="2" style="" |Central
! colspan="2" style="" |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| /ɪ~ɪ̞/
| /iː/
|
|
| /ʊ/
| /uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
|rowspan="2"|[ɛ~æ]
|
| /ə/
| /ɵː/
| [ɤ]
| [oː]
|-
! style="" |Open
| [æː]
| /a/
| /aː/
| [ɑ]
| [ɑː]
|}
 
/ɐɪ ɐʊ iə~iɛ iɚ uɚ ɛɚ ɔɚ ɑɚ/ = /ɐj ɐw iə iə uə ɛə~æə əː ɑə/
 
 
===Accent 2===
Mandarin pseudo-gib
*ci gi chi ghi = [tʂ dʐ ʂ ʐ]
*sci = [ʂtʂ]
*ti di si zi = [tɕ dʑ ɕ ʑ]
*thi dhi = [ts dz]
*ni ngi > [ɲ]
*li > [ʎ]
*ri > [ʐ]
 
====Consonants====
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes in Standard Nurian [Accent 2]'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="2" | Labial
!rowspan="2" | Dental
!rowspan="2" | Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Retroflex
!rowspan="2" | Palatal
!rowspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Radical
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>hard</small>
! <small>soft</small>
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| /m/ || /mʲ/
|colspan="2"|/n/
|
| /ɲ/
| /ŋ/
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2" | Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
| /p/ || /pʲ/
| /t/
| /ts/
| /tʂ/
| /tɕ/
| /k/
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| /b/ || /bʲ/
| /d/
| /dz/
| /dʐ/
| /dʑ/
| /ɡ/
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| /f/ || /fʲ/
| /θ/
| /s/
| /ʂ/
| /ɕ/
| /x/
| /ħ/
| /h/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| /v/ || /vʲ/
| /ð/
| /z/
| /ʐ/
| /ʑ/
| /ɣ/
| /ʕ/
|
|-
!colspan=2| Trill
| ||
|
| /r/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Approximant
!<small>central</small>
| ||
| ||
|
| /j/
|
|
|
|-
!<small>lateral</small>
| ||
| /l/ ||
|
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|}
 
====Vowels====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
|+ '''Vowel phonemes in Nurian [Accent 2]'''
! rowspan="2" style=""|
! colspan="3" style="" |Front
! colspan="2" style="" |Central
! colspan="3" style="" |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotic</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotic</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>rhotic</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| /ɪ~ɪ̞/
| /iː/
| /i˞ː/
|
|
| /ʊ/
| /uː/
|rowspan="2"| /oː˞/
|-
! style="" |Mid
|rowspan="2"|[ɛ~æ]
|
| [eː˞]
| [ə]
| /ɚː/
| /ɔ/
| /oː/
|-
! style="" |Open
| [æː]
|
| /ɐ/
| /aː/
|
| [ɑː]
| [ɒː˞]
|}
 
Many vowels are centralized after retroflexes: /a aː ɝ i iː ɪɚ/ become [ä äː ɐɚ ɨ ɨː ɘɚ]
 
===Accent 3===
Conservative
*''ci gi chi ghi'' = [c ɟ ç ʝ]
*''sci'' = [skʲ]
*''ȝ ħ'' = [q χ]
 
===Accent 4===
Scottish Gaelic pseudo-gib
 
===Stress===
Nurian stress is derived from a particular pattern of weight-sensitive stress (similar to Arabic) in a dialect of late Thensarian:
*A short final vowel cannot be stressed.
*Only one of the last 3 syllables can be stressed.
*the last heavy syllable is stressed if not the final syllable; if there is a final heavy syllable, the penult is stressed. (e.g. ''burgent'' [ˈbʊɚdʒænt])
*If no heavy syllables, the 3rd from last is stressed.
 
Stress is marginally phonemic in Nurian, due to the loss of vowel length preceding /r/.
 
==Orthography==
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 1000px; text-align: center;"
|-
|+ '''Consonants'''
|-
!|Grapheme
!''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''v''!!''n''!!''t''!!''d''!!''th''!!''dh''!!''s''!!''z''!!''r''!!''l''!!''ng''!!''c''!!''g''!!''ch''!!''gh''!!''ħ''!!''ȝ''!!''h''!!''j''
|-
!Hard
|/mˠ/||/pˠ/||/bˠ/||/fˠ/||/vˠ/||/nˠ/||/tˠ/||/dˠ/||/θˠ/||/ðˠ/||/sˠ/||/zˠ/||/rˠ/||/ɫ/||/ŋ/||/k/||/ɡ/||/x/||/ɣ/
|rowspan="2"|/ħ/
|rowspan="2"|/ʕ/
|rowspan="2"|/h/
|rowspan="2"|/j/
|-
!Soft
|/mʲ/||/pʲ/||/bʲ/||/fʲ/||/vʲ/||/nʲ/||/tʲ/||/dʲ/||/θ/||/ð/||/sʲ/||/zʲ/||/rʲ/||/lʲ/||/ɲ/||/t͡ʃ/||/d͡ʒ/||/ʃ/||/ʒ/
|}
 
'''r''' = r-coloring before a consonant or word-finally
 
Velars ('''ng c g ch gh''') remain hard before other consonants. The remaining consonants assimilate in palatalization before other consonants.
 
===Vowels===
 
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
*''a'': hard /a/ [ɐ~ɑ]
*''ā'': hard /aː/ [ɑː]
*''ar, ār, air, aur'': hard /a˞/ [ɑ˞]
*''ai'': hard /aɪ/ [ɐɪ~ɑɪ]
*''au'': hard /aʊ/ [ɐʊ~ɑʊ]
*''y'': hard /ɪ/ [ë]
*''y'': hard /iː/
*''yr, ȳr'': hard /i˞/ [ɘ˞]
*''o'': hard /o/
*''ō'': hard /oː/
*''or, ōr'': hard /ɔ˞/
*''u'': hard /u/
*''ū'': hard /uː/
*''ur, ūr'': hard /ʊ˞/
{{col-break}}
*''ia, e'': soft /a/ [ɛ]
*''iā, ē'': soft /aː/ [æː]
*''iar, er, iār, ēr, iair, iaur'': soft /aɚ/ [æ˞]
*''iai'': soft /aɪ/ [ɛɪ]
*''iau'': soft /aʊ/ [ɛʊ]
*''i'': soft /ɪ/
*''ī'': soft /iː/
*''ir, īr, ier'': soft /i˞/ [e˞]
*''io'': soft /o/
*''iō'': soft /oː/
*''ior, iōr'': soft /ɔ˞/
*''iu'': soft /u/
*''iū'': soft /uː/
*''iur, iūr'': soft /ʊ˞/
*''ie'': soft /iə/
{{col-end}}
 
==Grammar==
Somewhat unusually, Nurian is verb-final with prepositions and modifier-modified order.
===Nouns===
Sgv-clv-plv system.
 
[[Category:Talmic languages]][[Category:Pfeuno-K'aitian languages]][[Category:Hussmauch]]

Latest revision as of 16:10, 15 May 2023

Nurian is a Ramanuric language (related to Thensarian and Ramanujan) spoken in Verse:Tricin. It's inspired by Italian, Pali, Arabic and Lithuanian.

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