Nurian/Old

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Nurian/Old
nūrimai
Created byIlL
SettingVerse:Tricin
Quihum
Language codes
ISO 639-3qnr
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Nurian (/ˈnʊəɹiən/, Nurian: gaffai nūrimai, Eevo: Nwriv or brits Nwree) is a Talmic language descending from Thensarian, aesthetically inspired by Pali, Italian, Lithuanian and Arabic. Nurian is the official language of the island country of Nūrei in southwestern Talma. Nurian is extremely conservative, and contains few loanwords.

Todo

  • Did Thensarian have intensive noun/adjective suffixes that Nurian preserves?
  • no -tl-/-dl-, so no -ċċ-, -ġġ- (too IE/Italian)
  • -tą = instrument/patient suffix

Historical phonology

  • -am -em -im -om -um -ām -ēm -īm -ōm -ūm > -ą -ę -į -ą -ų -ą -ę -į -ų -ų
  • -s > -h
  • Thn. cia ce ci cio ciu gia ge gi gio giu > ċia ċe ċi ċio ċiu ġia ġe ġi ġio ġiu
  • e ē ei ea eā > e ē ei ia iā
  • o, ō > a, uo; word final -uo > -ū
  • ae oe ui ao eo iu > ai ȳ ui au iuo iū

Cluster assimilations

Nurian is rich in geminate consonants, most of which arise from the following historical assimilations. Geminate consonants become degeminate word-initially.

  • pl bl ml fl tl dl θl δl cl gl ngl > ppi bbi mmi ffi ċċi ġġi ṡṡi żżi kki ggi ngi
  • ħl, ȝl > ħħ, ȝȝ
  • nl, rl > both ll
  • sp, st, sc, sȝ, sn, sl, sr > pph, tth, kkh, ħħ, tth, nnh, llh, rrh
  • sb, sd, sg > bb, zz, gg
  • pr, fr, tr, θr, cr, ngr, ħr > pph, ff, tth, θθ, kkh, ng, ħħ
  • br, dr, δr, gr, ȝr > bb, dd, δδ, gg, ȝȝ
  • mr > mm
  • cn, gn > ngh, ng
  • mn > nn
  • rC > CC
  • lC > :C
  • ct > tt
  • VN + fricative > V[+nasal] + fricative
  • tv dv θv δv > pp bb ff vv

Co-reflexes with Eevo

  • aw ~ uo, ā, a+C
  • ia ~ ei
  • i ~ ȳ, ī, ē, a/e/i+C

Numbers

Phonology

The Nurian sound system has a large inventory of around 58 consonants and 10 vowels. A notable feature of the phonology of most Nurian accents is phonemic velarization vs. palatalization in hard-soft pairs. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels.

There are two major accents of Standard Nurian.

Phonotactics

Nurian forbids all consonant clusters other than those of the form homorganic nasal + consonant. Word-medially, every consonant can be geminated except /j/ and /h/. Word-finally, usually only /n/, /ʔ/ (as an allophone of /r/), /h/, /s/ and vowels are allowed.

Dagȳne accent

Consonants

Consonant phonemes in Nurian (Dagȳne)
Labial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Velar Radical Glottal
hard soft hard soft hard soft soft hard
Nasal voiceless mh m̊ˠ mhi m̊ʲ nh n̪̊ˠ nhi n̊ʲ nghi ŋ̊ʲ ngh ŋ̊
voiced m mˠ mi mʲ n n̪ˠ ni nʲ ngi ŋʲ ng ŋ
Stop tenuis p pˠ pi pʲ t t̪ˠ ti tʲ ċi tʃ ki kʲ k k -r, -t ʔ
aspirated ph pˠʰ phi pʲʰ th t̪ˠʰ thi tʲʰ ċhi tʃʰ khi kʲʰ kh kʰ
voiced b bˠ bi bʲ d d̪ˠ di dʲ ġi dʒ gi ɡʲ g ɡ
Fricative voiceless f fˠ fi fʲ θ θˠ θi θʲ s sˠ si sʲ ṡi ʃ ħ, ħi ħ h, hi h
voiced v vˠ vi vʲ δ ðˠ δi ðʲ z zˠ zi zʲ żi ʒ
Trill voiceless rh r̥ˠ rhi r̥ʲ
voiced r rˠ ri rʲ
Lateral voiceless lh l̥ˠ lhi l̥ʲ
voiced l lˠ li lʲ
Approximant j j ȝ, ȝi ʕ
Notes
  • Voiceless stops and affricates are unaspirated.
  • All hard consonants are velarized (especially /rˠ, lˠ, θˠ, ðˠ/, which are uvularized).
  • All consonants are labialized before the back vowels /u, uː, uɔ/.
  • /tˠ, dˠ, nˠ/ are laminal denti-alveolar [t̪ˠ, d̪ˠ, n̪ˠ].
  • /tʲ, dʲ, nʲ/ are laminal alveolar [t̻ʲ, d̻ʲ, n̻ʲ].
  • /θˠ, θ, ðˠ, ð/ are dental spirants [θʶ, θ, ðʶ, ð].
  • /sˠ, sʲ, zˠ, zʲ/ are laminal denti-alveolar [s̪ˠ, s̪ʲ, z̪ˠ, z̪ʲ].
  • /rˠ/ is uvularized apical alveolar [r̺ʶ] or postalveolar [r̠ʶ]. When not geminated, it can either be a trill [rʶ] or a flap [ɾʶ].
  • /rʲ/ is palatalized alveolar flap [ɾ̪ʲ] and less commonly a trill [r̺ʲ]. It is always a trill [r̺ːʲ] when geminated.
  • /lˠ/ is a uvularized apical alveolar [l̺ʶ] or uvularized laminal denti-alveolar [l̪ʶ].
  • /lʲ/ is laminal alveolar [l̻ʲ].
  • /ɲ/ is postpalatal [ɲ̄].
  • /tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ/ are laminal palatalized alveolar [tʃʲ, dʒʲ, ʃʲ, ʒʲ].
  • Before /k, ɡ/, /n/ is realized as velar [ŋ].
  • /ħ/ has been variously described as pharyngeal [ħ] and epiglottal [ʜ].
  • /ʕ/ is an epiglottal approximant [ʕ̞].
  • /h/ is voiced [ɦ] after vowels and voiced consonants.

Vowels

Nurian has three short, three long and three nasal monophthongs. There is a considerable degree of allophony in low vowels.

Vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
short long nasal short long nasal short long nasal
Close /ɪ~ɪ̞/ /iː/ /ĩː/ /ʊ/ /uː/ /ũː/
Open [ɛ~æ] [æː] /a/ /aː/ /ãː/ [ɑ] [ɑː]

Diphthongs: /aɪ aʊ iɛ uɔ ʊi/

Notes
  • /a aː/ each have three allophones:
    • [ɐ~ɑ ɑː] after non-radical hard consonants
    • [ɛ~æ æː] after soft consonants, radicals and /h/
  • Allophony of /a aː/ is, however, reduced in the speech of many younger speakers, who pronounce both as [ɐ aː]

Fiuġġēra accent

The Fiuggēra [fudˈdʒæːrˁɑ] accent turns hard consonants into uvularized consonants, and soft consonants into plain.

  • θˠ ðˠ > fˁ vˁ

Consonants

Consonant phonemes (Fiuġġēra)
Labial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Velar Radical Glottal
hard soft hard soft hard soft soft hard
Nasal voiceless m̊ʶ m̊ n̥ʶ n̥ ɲ̊ ŋ̊
voiced mʶ m n̪ʶ n ɲ ŋʶ
Stop tenuis pʶ p tʶ t tʃ k kʶ ʔ
aspirated pʶʰ pʰ tʶʰ tʰ tʃʰ kʰ kʶʰ
voiced bʶ b dʶ d dʒ g ɡʶ
Fricative voiceless fʶ f θ sʶ s ʃ ħ h
voiced vʶ ð zʶ z ʒ
Trill voiceless r̥ʶ r̥
voiced rʶ r
Lateral voiceless ɬʶ ɬ
voiced l
Approximant wʶ w j ʕ


Notes
  • Hard consonants are uvularized, like Arabic emphatic consonants.

Stress

Nurian stress is similar to Modern Standard Arabic:

  • Stress falls on the heavy (CV: or CVC) syllable closest to the end, if it is not the final syllable;
  • if neither the penult nor the antepenult are heavy, the antepenult is stressed.

Orthography

Consonants

Consonants
Grapheme m p b f v n t d θ δ s z r l ng k g ħ ȝ h j
Hard /mˠ/ /pˠ/ /bˠ/ /fˠ/ /vˠ/ /nˠ/ /tˠ/ /dˠ/ /θˠ/ /ðˠ/ /sˠ/ /zˠ/ /rˠ/ /ɫ/ /ŋ/ /k/ /ɡ/ /ħ/ /ʕ/ /h/ /j/
Soft /mʲ/ /pʲ/ /bʲ/ /fʲ/ /vʲ/ /nʲ/ /tʲ/ /dʲ/ /θ/ /ð/ /sʲ/ /zʲ/ /rʲ/ /lʲ/ /ɲ/ /t͡ʃ/ /d͡ʒ/

The pairs of aspirated plosives and voiceless resonants /pʰˠ pʰʲ/, /tʰˠ tʰʲ/, /tʃʰ/, /kʲʰ kʰ/, /m̊ˠ m̊ʲ/, /n̪̊ˠ n̊ʲ/, /ɲ̊ ŋ̊/, /l̥ˠ l̥ʲ/, /r̥ˠ r̥ʲ/ are written ⟨ph, th, ċh, kh, mh, nh, ngh, lh, rh⟩.

Final -r is pronounced /ʔ/.

Vowels

  • a: hard /a/ [ɐ~ɑ]
  • ā: hard /aː/ [ɑː]
  • ą: hard /ãː/
  • ai: hard /aɪ/ [ɐɪ~ɑɪ]
  • au: hard /aʊ/ [ɐʊ~ɑʊ]
  • u: hard /ʊ/
  • ui: hard /ʊɪ/
  • uo: hard /uɔ/
  • ū: hard /uː/
  • ų: hard /ũː/
  • ia, e: soft /a/ [ɛ]
  • iā, ē: soft /aː/ [æː]
  • ią, ę: soft /ãː/
  • iai, ei: soft /aɪ/ [ɛɪ]
  • iau: soft /aʊ/ [ɛʊ]
  • i: soft /ɪ/
  • ī: soft /iː/
  • į: soft /ĩː/
  • iu: soft /ʊ/
  • ui: soft /ʊɪ/
  • iuo: soft /uɔ/
  • iū: soft /uː/
  • ių: soft /ũː/
  • ie: soft /iə/


Grammar

Somewhat unusually, Nurian is verb-final with prepositions and modified-modifier order.

Nouns

Nurian nouns have singular and plural numbers.

Nouns and adjectives

Nouns and adjectives fall into predetermined declension classes, regardless of the etymology. Exceptions are some irregular nouns and adjectives.

Masculine nouns

Masculine nouns typically end in -ą, -į, -ų, or -ūr.

-ą nouns:

aġġiakkāt-ą 'pasta guitar-like musical instrument'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute aġġiakkāt-ą aġġiakkāt-ai
Construct aġġiakkāt-at aġġiakkāt-abeh
Genitive Absolute aġġiakkāt-ū aġġiakkāt-uoni
Construct aġġiakkāt-abį aġġiakkāt-aih
Accusative Absolute {{{9}}} {{{10}}}
Construct aġġiakkāt-at aġġiakkāt-abeh

-į nouns:

trab-į 'plant, vegetable'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute trab-į trab-eih
Construct trab-it trab-ibeh
Genitive Absolute trab-ei trab-īni
Construct trab-ibį trab-īh
Accusative Absolute {{{9}}} {{{10}}}
Construct trab-it trab-ibeh

-ų nouns:

fannh-ų 'sea'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute fannh-ų fannh-ūh
Construct fannh-ut fannh-ubeh
Genitive Absolute fannh-ui fannh-ūni
Construct fannh-ubį fannh-ūh
Accusative Absolute {{{9}}} {{{10}}}
Construct fannh-ut fannh-ubeh

Feminine nouns

Feminine nouns typically end in -ai, -ei, -ī, -i, or -ui.

-ai nouns:

gand-ai 'body'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute gand-ai gand-ar
Construct gand-ą gand-ābeh
Genitive Absolute gand-ia gand-āni
Construct gand-ābį gand-iah
Accusative Absolute {{{9}}} {{{10}}}
Construct gand-ą gand-ābeh

-ei nouns:

tīm-ei 'hand'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute tīm-ei tīm-er
Construct tīm-ę tīm-ēbeh
Genitive Absolute tīm-ia tīm-ēni
Construct tīm-ēbį tīm-iah
Accusative Absolute {{{9}}} {{{10}}}
Construct tīm-ę tīm-ēbeh

-ui nouns:

maċċi-ui 'snake'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute maċċi-ui maċċi-ur
Construct maċċi-ų maċċi-ūbeh
Genitive Absolute maċċi-a maċċi-ūni
Construct maċċi-ūbį maċċi-āvah
Accusative Absolute {{{9}}} {{{10}}}
Construct maċċi-ų maċċi-ūbeh

Neuter nouns

Neuter nouns end in -ah, -ih, -uh, -h, or sometimes other consonants.

-ah nouns:

tett-ah 'child'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute tett-ah tett-ų
Construct tett-at tett-abeh
Genitive Absolute tett-āh tett-uoni
Construct tett-abį tett-uori
Accusative Absolute {{{9}}} {{{10}}}
Construct tett-at tett-abeh

-ih nouns:

vel-ih 'name'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute vel-ih vel-ių
Construct vel-it vel-ibeh
Genitive Absolute vel-īh vel-īni
Construct vel-ibį vel-īri
Accusative Absolute {{{9}}} {{{10}}}
Construct vel-it vel-ibeh


dav-ih 'valley'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute dav-ih dav-ių
Construct dav-it dav-ibeh
Genitive Absolute dav-īh dav-īni
Construct dav-ibį dav-īri
Accusative Absolute {{{9}}} {{{10}}}
Construct dav-it dav-ibeh

-uh nouns:

ċhid-uh 'herd'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute ċhid-uh ċhid-ų
Construct ċhid-ut ċhid-ubeh
Genitive Absolute ċhid-ūh ċhid-ūni
Construct ċhid-ubį ċhid-ūri
Accusative Absolute {{{9}}} {{{10}}}
Construct ċhid-ut ċhid-ubeh

C-stem nouns, C = h (from Thensarian φ):

thūs 'fire'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute thūs thu-hą
Construct thuh-et thuh-abeh
Genitive Absolute thuh-ah thuh-uoni
Construct thuh-abį thuh-uori
Accusative Absolute {{{9}}} {{{10}}}
Construct thuh-et thuh-abeh

C-stem nouns, C = t, th, d:

bies 'soil'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute bies bie-dą
Construct bied-et bied-abeh
Genitive Absolute bied-ah bied-uoni
Construct bied-abį bied-uori
Accusative Absolute {{{9}}} {{{10}}}
Construct bied-et bied-abeh

C-stem nouns, C = k, kh, g:

ħaṡīs 'wool'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute ħaṡīs ħaṡik-ą
Construct ħaṡiċ-et ħaṡik-abeh
Genitive Absolute ħaṡik-ah ħaṡik-uoni
Construct ħaṡik-abį ħaṡik-uori
Accusative Absolute {{{9}}} {{{10}}}
Construct ħaṡiċ-et ħaṡik-abeh

ȝ-stem nouns:

jen-āh 'water'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute jen-āh jen-aȝą
Construct jen-āt jen-ābeh
Genitive Absolute jen-aȝah jen-aȝuoni
Construct jen-ābį jen-aȝuori
Accusative Absolute {{{9}}} {{{10}}}
Construct jen-āt jen-ābeh

ħ-stem nouns:

hel-āh 'horn'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute hel-āh hel-aħą
Construct hel-āt hel-ābeh
Genitive Absolute hel-aȝah hel-aħuoni
Construct hel-ābį hel-aħuori
Accusative Absolute {{{9}}} {{{10}}}
Construct hel-āt hel-ābeh

C-stem nouns, C none of the above:

uor 'sound'
Singulative Plurative
Nominative Absolute uor uor-ą
Construct uor-et uor-abeh
Genitive Absolute uor-ah uor-uoni
Construct uor-abį uor-uori
Accusative Absolute {{{9}}} {{{10}}}
Construct uor-et uor-abeh

Verbs

Preverbs

  • aC- = some kind of applicative
  • di- = in, into
  • fei- = with

Object affixes

TAM

Present
Person tussāni "I pray"
(a-stem)		 tareni "I bloom, flourish"
(e-stem)		 aillini "I love"
(i-stem)		 kassyni "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG tussāni tareni aillini kassyni
2SG tussāri tareri ailliri kassyri
3SG.M tussą tarę aillį kassy̨
3SG.F tussāh tareh aillih kassyh
3SG.N tussā tare ailli kassy
1EX tussāmē taremē aillimē kassymē
1IN tussānti tarenti aillinti kassynti
2PL tussāċċhi tareċċhi ailliċċhi kassyċċhi
3PL tussāti tareti ailliti kassyti
Imperfect

Reduplication rules:

  • If word begins with C, redup first CV (V is shortened)
Preterite
Person tussāni "I pray"
(a-stem)		 tareni "I bloom, flourish"
(e-stem)		 aillini "I love"
(i-stem)		 kassyni "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG tussādī taredī aillidī ċēdī
2SG tussai tarī aillī ċēvȳ
3SG.M tussāmhi taremhi aillimhi ċēmhi
3SG.F tussātthi taretthi aillitthi ċētthi
3SG.N tussāsa taresa aillisa ċēsa
1EX tussāmer taremer aillimer ċēmer
1IN tussānter tarenter aillinter ċēnter
2PL tussāċċher tareċċher ailliċċher ċēċċher
3PL tussāti tareti ailliti ċēter

Infinitives

Syntax

Particles

  • kaC-, kat = 'and'
    • ħuġġiah kap pādē [ˈħʊdʒːæh kap paːdʲæː] = 'bread and milk'
  • nīh (/nʲiːh/) = 'not'
  • fī /fʲiː/ = 'if'

Relative clauses

Nurian uses the resumptive pronoun strategy when the head is not the subject. A resumptive pronoun must be fronted, if it is not embedded in another clause within the relative clause.

Sample texts

UDHR, Article 1

Kakarai ħausį gatthāną kaθ θeθēvų di khussiū kat iġġiatū; ammimīdīnį nai ȝabbī kad dȳkaluttī, ṡiūȝą danθū feiθariākah ħaibatthah di helą venghimę.
[ˈkɐkɐrˠɐɪ ˈħæʊsʲĩː gɐˈtʰˠːɑːnˠɑ̃ː kɐθ θʲɛˈθʲæːvˠũː dʲɪ ˈkʰʊsʲːuː kɐʔ ˈɪdʒːætˠuː | æmʲːɪmʲiːˈdʲiːnʲĩː nɐɪ ʕæbʲːiː kɐd dˠiːkɐlˠʊtʲːiː, ʃuːʕãː dˠɐnθˠuː fʲɛɪtˠɐrʲæːkɐh ħæɪbˠɐtʰˠːɐh dʲɪ hælˠɑ̃ː vʲɛŋ̊ʲːɪmʲæ̃ː]
human.COL.DEF be.born-3SG.M.PRES free.COL.INDEF.M and equal.COL.INDEF.M in dignity-3SG.M and right-3SG.M; gifted-COL.INDEF.M INS reason and conscience, duty upon-3SG.M behave-INFV mutually in spirit-SGV.DEF brotherly-SGV.DEF.F
All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
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