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Old Auregan (view source)

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Where class-one verbs have gemination, class-two verbs have &lt;i&gt;, which is a separate syllable pronounced [i]. All class-two verbs have an epenthetic vowel, which appears as <a> or <o>.
Where class-one verbs have gemination, class-two verbs have &lt;i&gt;, which is a separate syllable pronounced [i]. All class-two verbs have an epenthetic vowel, which appears as <a> or <o>.


In the following table, three verbs are conjugated. ''Swebban'' 'to put to sleep' is a class-one verb exhibiting gemination and an epenthetic vowel. ''Hēalan'' 'to heal' is a class-one verb exhibiting neither gemination nor an epenthetic vowel. ''Sīðion'' 'to travel' is a class-two verb.
In the following table, three verbs are conjugated. ''Swebban'' 'to put to sleep' is a class-one verb exhibiting gemination and an epenthetic vowel. ''Hêalean'' 'to heal' is a class-one verb exhibiting neither gemination nor an epenthetic vowel. ''Sîðeon'' 'to travel' is a class-two verb.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''  
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''  
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|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| swebban || hēalan || sīðion
| swebbean || hêalean || sîþeon
|-
|-
| te swebbenne || te hēalenne || te sīðionne
| te swebbeanne || te hêaleanne || te sîþeonne
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || swebbo || hēalo || sīðio
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || swebbeo || hêaleo || sîþeo
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || sweƀest || hēalst || sīðost
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || sweƀest || hêalest || sîþest
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || sweƀeð || hēalþ || sīðoð
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/îo''' || sweƀeð || hêaleþ || sîþeð
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || swebbað || hēalað || sīðiað
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || swebbeað || hêaleað || sîþeoð
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || sweƀoda || hēalda || sīðoda
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || sweƀoda || hêalda || sîþoda
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || sweƀodest || hēaldest || sīðodest
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || sweƀodest || hêaldest || sîþodest
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || sweƀoda || hēalda || sīðoda
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || sweƀoda || hêalda || sîþoda
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || sweƀodon || hēaldon || sīðodon
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || sweƀodon || hêaldon || sîþodon
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || swebbe || hēale || sīðie
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || swebbe || hêale || sîþe
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wī/ġī/hēa ''' || swebben || hēalen || sīðien
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wî/gî/hêa ''' || swebben || hêalen || sîþen
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || sweƀodi || hēaldi || sīðodi
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || sweƀodi || hêaldi || sîþodi
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || sweƀodin || hēaldin || sīðodin
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || sweƀodin || hêaldin || sîþodin
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || sweƀe || hēale || sīðie
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || sweƀe || hêale || sîþe
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || swebbað || hēalað || sīðiað
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || swebbeað || hêaleað || sîþeað
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || sweƀendi || hēalendi || sīðiende
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || sweƀendi || hêalendi || sîþende
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || ġisweƀod || ġihēald || ġisīðod
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gesweƀed || gehêaled || gesîþeod
|}
|}


During the Old Auregan period, the third class was significantly reduced; only four verbs belonged to this group: ''hebban'' 'have', ''libban'' 'live', ''sedġan'' 'say', and ''hudġan'' 'think'. Each of these verbs is distinctly irregular, though they share some commonalities.
During the Old Auregan period, the third class was significantly reduced; only four verbs belonged to this group: ''hebbean'' 'have', ''libbean'' 'live', ''sedgean'' 'say', and ''hudġean'' 'think'. Each of these verbs is distinctly irregular, though they share some commonalities.
{|{{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
{|{{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''  
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''  
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! style="background:#efefef;"|'think'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'think'
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Infinitive''' || hebban || libban || sedġan || hudġan
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Infinitive''' || hebbean || libbean || sedgean || hudġean
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || hebbo || libbo || sedġo || hudġo
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || hebbeo || libbeo || sedġeo || hudġeo
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || haƀest || liƀest || sagest || hogest
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || haƀest || liƀest || sagest || hogest
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || haƀeð || liƀeð || sageð || hogeð
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || haƀeþ || liƀeþ || sageþ || hogeþ
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || habbað || libbað || sedġað || hudġað
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || habbeað || libbeað || sedgeað || hudgeað
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Past indicative'''
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|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hebbe || libbe || sedġe || hudġe
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hebbe || libbe || sedge || hudge
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Past subjunctive'''
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| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || haƀe || liƀe || sage || hoge
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || haƀe || liƀe || sage || hoge
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || habbað || libbað || sedġað || hudġað
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || hebbeað || libbeað || sedgeað || hudgeað
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || hebbendi || libbendi || sedġendi || hudġendi
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || hebbendi || libbendi || sedgendi || hudgendi
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || ġihafd || ġilifd ||ġisagd || ġihogd
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gehafd || gelifd ||gesagd || gehogd
|}
|}


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|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| kunnan || mugan || sculan || witan || ēagan || dugan || durran || munan || þurƀan || mōtan || unnan || ġinugan
| cunnan, kunnan || mugan || sculan || witan || êagan || dugan || durran || munan || þurƀan || môtan || unnan || genugan
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || kan || mag || scal || wēat || ēah || dōag || dar || man || þarf || mōt || an || ġinah
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic, ik, ick''' || can, kan || mag || scal || wêat || êah || dôag || dar || man || þarf || môt || an || genah
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || kanst || maht || scalt || wēast || ēahst || dōahst || darst || manst || þarft || mōst || anst || ġinaht
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || canst, kanst || maht || scalt || wêast || êahst || dôahst || darst || manst || þarft || môst || anst || genaht
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || kan || mag || scal || wēat || ēah || deah || dar || man || þarf || mōt || an || ġinah
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || can, kan || mag || scal || wêat || êah || dôah || dar || man || þarf || môt || an || genah
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || kunnon || mugon || sculon || witon || ēagon || dugon || durron || munon || þurƀon ||  mōton || unnon || ġinugon
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || cunnon, kunnon || mugon || sculon || witon || êagon || dugon || durron || munon || þurƀon ||  môton || unnon || genugon
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Past Indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || kūða || mæhta || scolda || wista || ēahta || dohta || dorsta || munda || þorfta || mōsta || ūða || ġinohta
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || cûða, kûða || mæhta, mahta || scolda || wista || êahta || dohta || dorsta || munda || þorfta || môsta || ûða || genohta
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || kūðest || mæhtest || scoldest || wistest || ēahtest || dohtest || dorstest || mundest || þorftest || mōstest || ūðest || ġinohtest
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || cûðest, kûðest || mæhtest, mahtest || scoldest || wistest || êahtest || dohtest || dorstest || mundest || þorftest || môstest || ûðest || genohtest
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || kūða || mæhta || scolda || wista || ēahta || dohta || dorsta || munda || þorfta || mōsta || ūða || ġinohta
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || cûða, kûða || mæhta, mahta || scolda || wista || ēahta || dohta || dorsta || munda || þorfta || môsta || ôða || ġinohta
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || kūðon || mæhton || scoldon || wiston || ēahton || dohton || dorston || mundon || þorfton || mōston || ūðon || ġinohton
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || cûðon, kûðon || mæhton, mahton || scoldon || wiston || ēahton || dohton || dorston || mundon || þorfton || mōston || ūðon || ġinohton
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Present Subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Present Subjunctive'''
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || kunni || mugi || sculi || witi || ēagi || dugi || durri || muni || þurƀi || mōti || unni || ġinugi
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || cunni, kunni || mugi || sculi || witi || êagi || dugi || durri || muni || þurƀi || môti || unni || genugi
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wī/ġī/hēa ''' || kunnin || mugin || sculin || witin || ēagin || dugin || durrin || munin || þurƀin || mōtin || unnin || ġinugin
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wî/gî/hêa ''' || cunnin, kunnin || mugin || sculin || witin || êagin || dugin || durrin || munin || þurƀin || môtin || unnin || genugin
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Past Subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Past Subjunctive'''
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || kūði || mæhti || scoldi || wisti || ēahti || dohti || dorsti || mundi || þorfti || mōsti || ūði || ġinohti
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || cûði, kûði || mæhti, mahti || scoldi || wisti || êahti || dohti || dorsti || mundi || þorfti || môsti || ûði || genohti
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || kūðin || mæhtin || scoldin || wistin || ēahtin || dohtin || dorstin || mundin || þorftin || mōstin || ūðin || ġinohtin
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || cûðin, kûðin || mæhtin, mahtin || scoldin || wistin || êahtin || dohtin || dorstin || mundin || þorftin || môstin || ûðin || genohtin
|}
|}


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! style="background:#efefef;"|'will'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'will'
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|– || dōn || gān || willan
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|– || dôn || gân || willean
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || dō(m) || gā || will
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || dô(m) || gâ || will, wil(l)e
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || dēst || gǣst || wilt
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || dêst || gêst || wilt, wilest
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hē/hit/hēo''' || dēþ || gǣþ || will
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hē/hit/hēo''' || dêþ || gêþ || will, wil(l)e
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wē/gē/hīe''' || dōð || gāð || willað
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wē/gē/hīe''' || dôð || gâð || willeað
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past Indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/hē/hit/hēo''' || deda || igda || wolde
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/hē/hit/hēo''' || deda || igda || wolda
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || dedest || igdest || woldest
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || dedest || igdest || woldest
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| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wē/gē/hīe''' || dedon || igdon || woldon
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wē/gē/hīe''' || dedon || igdon || woldon
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Present Subjunctive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || dō || gā || will
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Present Subjunctive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || dô || gâ || wille
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past Subjunctive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || deda || igda || wolda
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past Subjunctive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || deda || igda || wolda
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present Participle''' || dōndi || – || willendi
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present Participle''' || dōndi || – || willeandi
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past Participle''' || gidōn || gigān / gigangon || –
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past Participle''' || gedōn || gegān / gegangon || -
|}
|}


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! style="background:#efefef;"|'''wesan'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''wesan'''
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|– || sīn || *bīon || wesan
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|– || sîn || *bîon || wesan
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || em || bīom || *weso
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''iḳ, ic''' || em || bîom || *weso
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || art || bist || *wesest
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || art || bist || *wesest
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || is || *biþ || *west
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || is || *biþ || *west
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || āron, sind(on) || *bīoð || wesað
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || âron, sind(on) || *bîoð || wesað
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Past Indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || – || – || was
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''iḳ, ic, ick''' || – || – || was
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || – || – || wāri
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || – || – || wâri
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || – || – || was
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || – || – || was
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || – || – || wāron
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || – || – || wâron
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Present Subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Present Subjunctive'''
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || sīe || *bīe || wese
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''iḳ/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || sîe || *bîe || wese
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || sīen || *bīen || wesen
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || sîen || *bîen || wesen
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Past Subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Past Subjunctive'''
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || – || – || wāri
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''iḳ/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || – || – || wâri
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || – || – || wārin
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || – || – || wârin
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Imperative'''
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(singular)''' || – || *bīo || wes
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(singular)''' || – || *bîo || wes
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(plural)''' || – || *bīoð || wesað
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(plural)''' || – || *bîoð || wesað
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Present Participle''' || – || *bīondi || wesendi
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Present Participle''' || – || *bîondi || wesendi
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past Participle''' || – || *ġibīon || ġiweson
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past Participle''' || – || *gebîon || geweson
|}
|}
The present forms of ''wesan'' are almost never used. Therefore, ''wesan'' is used as the past, imperative, and present participle versions of ''sindon'', and does not have a separate meaning. The ''bēon'' forms are usually used in reference to future actions. Only the present forms of ''bēon'' contrast with the present forms of ''sindon''/''wesan'' in that ''bēon'' tends to be used to refer to eternal or permanent truths, while ''sindon''/''wesan'' is used more commonly to refer to temporary or subjective facts. This semantic distinction was lost as Old English developed into modern English, so that the modern verb 'to be' is a single verb which takes its present indicative forms from ''sindon,'' its past indicative forms from ''wesan,'' its present subjunctive forms from ''bēon,'' its past subjunctive forms from ''wesan,'' and its imperative and participle forms from ''bēon.'' In late OE and ME, the form earon/earun, from the [[Old Norse]] erun, replaced bēoþ and sind (See also [[List of English words of Old Norse origin]]).
The present forms of ''wesan'' are almost never used. Therefore, ''wesan'' is used as the past, imperative, and present participle versions of ''sindon'', and does not have a separate meaning. The ''bēon'' forms are usually used in reference to future actions. Only the present forms of ''bēon'' contrast with the present forms of ''sindon''/''wesan'' in that ''bēon'' tends to be used to refer to eternal or permanent truths, while ''sindon''/''wesan'' is used more commonly to refer to temporary or subjective facts. This semantic distinction was lost as Old English developed into modern English, so that the modern verb 'to be' is a single verb which takes its present indicative forms from ''sindon,'' its past indicative forms from ''wesan,'' its present subjunctive forms from ''bēon,'' its past subjunctive forms from ''wesan,'' and its imperative and participle forms from ''bēon.'' In late OE and ME, the form earon/earun, from the [[Old Norse]] erun, replaced bēoþ and sind (See also [[List of English words of Old Norse origin]]).
Line 1,414: Line 1,414:
|æftor||after; along, through, during; according to, by means of; about.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''aftor''', Related to [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''achter''' = behind, after
|æftor||after; along, through, during; according to, by means of; about.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''aftor''', Related to [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''achter''' = behind, after
|-
|-
|ēar||before||Related to Old English '''ær''', modern [[German language|German]] '''eher''' and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''eer''', ancestor of Oxman '''ear-'''
|êar||before||Related to Old English '''ær''', modern [[German language|German]] '''eher''' and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''eer''', ancestor of Oxman '''ear-'''
|-
|-
|at||at, to|| Ancestor of Oxman '''at-''' (only in compounds)
|at||at, to|| Ancestor of Oxman '''at-''' (only in compounds)
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|bæftan||after, behind; without.|| From '''bi-''' and '''*æft''' (found in '''æftor''')
|bæftan||after, behind; without.|| From '''bi-''' and '''*æft''' (found in '''æftor''')
|-
|-
|bī||by, near to, to, at, in, on, upon, about, with|| Related to modern Oxman '''bie''', Dutch '''bij''', German '''bei''', ancestor of modern '''by'''
|bî||by, near to, to, at, in, on, upon, about, with|| Related to modern Oxman '''bie''', Dutch '''bij''', German '''bei''', ancestor of modern '''by'''
|-
|-
|bifōran||before.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''befoar''' and '''beforn'''
|befôran||before.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''befoar''' and '''beforn'''
|-
|-
|biġiendan||beyond.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''beyendon'''
|begiendan||beyond.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''beyendon'''
|-
|-
|bihindor||behind.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''behindor'''
|behindor||behind.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''behindor'''
|-
|-
|binnan||in, within|| Ancestor of Oxman '''binnon''', from '''bi-''' + '''innan'''
|binnan||in, within|| Ancestor of Oxman '''binnon''', from '''bi-''' + '''innan'''
|-
|-
|bineðan||beneath|| Ancestor of Oxman '''benethon'''
|beneðan||beneath|| Ancestor of Oxman '''benethon'''
|-
|-
|bitwisc||between, among, amid, in the midst|| Ancestors of Oxman '''betwisc'''
|betwisc||between, among, amid, in the midst|| Ancestors of Oxman '''betwisc'''
|-
|-
|bīrihte||straight into||| Ancestor of Oxman '''bieright''' (also aright from '''*anrihte''')
|bîrihte||straight into||| Ancestor of Oxman '''bieright''' (also aright from '''*anrihte''')
|-
|-
|būƀan||above.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''bovon'''
|bûƀan||above.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''bovon'''
|-
|-
|būtan||out of, against; without, except.|| Ancestor of '''bauton''', from '''bi-''' + '''auton'''
|bûtan||out of, against; without, except.|| Ancestor of '''bauton''', from '''bi-''' + '''auton'''
|-
|-
|ōak||with, in addition to, besides.||Related to modern Dutch '''ook'''
|ôac||with, in addition to, besides.||Related to modern Dutch '''ook'''
|-
|-
|fan||by|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fan''', Related to Dutch '''van''' and German '''von''', corresponds to a compound of '''af''' and '''an'''
|fan||by|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fan''', Related to Dutch '''van''' and German '''von''', corresponds to a compound of '''af''' and '''an'''
Line 1,450: Line 1,450:
|fur||for, on account of, because of, with, by; according to; instead of.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fur'''
|fur||for, on account of, because of, with, by; according to; instead of.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fur'''
|-
|-
|fōra||before|| Ancestor of Oxman '''foar'''
|fôra||before|| Ancestor of Oxman '''foar'''
|-
|-
|fram||from; concerning, about, of||  Ancestor of Oxman '''fram'''
|fram||from; concerning, about, of||  Ancestor of Oxman '''fram'''
|-
|-
|ġimæng, ġimang, ġimong||among||  Ancestor of Oxman '''emong'''
|gemæng, gemang, gemong||among||  Ancestor of Oxman '''emong'''
|-
|-
|ġiend||through, throughout, over, as far as, among, in, after, beyond.||  Ancestor of Oxman '''yends''' and '''yendor'''
|giend||through, throughout, over, as far as, among, in, after, beyond.||  Ancestor of Oxman '''yends''' and '''yendor'''
|-
|-
|in||in, into, to||  Ancestor of modern '''in'''
|in||in, into, to||  Ancestor of modern '''in'''
Line 1,464: Line 1,464:
|mid||with, against||  Ancestor of modern '''mid'''
|mid||with, against||  Ancestor of modern '''mid'''
|-
|-
|nāh||near||  Ancestor of Oxman '''nagh-''' (only in compounds)
|nâh||near||  Ancestor of Oxman '''nagh-''' (only in compounds)
|-
|-
|nefne||except|| Ancestor of Oxman '''nevon''' (unless)
|nefne||except|| Ancestor of Oxman '''nevon''' (unless)
Line 1,474: Line 1,474:
|an||at, to, in|| Ancestor of Oxman '''an''' and '''a-'''
|an||at, to, in|| Ancestor of Oxman '''an''' and '''a-'''
|-
|-
|anbūtan||concerning||  Ancestor of Dialectal Oxman '''abauton'''
|anbûtan||concerning||  Ancestor of Dialectal Oxman '''abauton'''
|-
|-
|anġeġin||opposite, against; towards; in reply to.||  Ancestor of Oxman '''ayeyon''' (towards)
|angegin||opposite, against; towards; in reply to.||  Ancestor of Oxman '''ayeyon''' (towards)
|-
|-
|sæmt, sæmd||together with, at.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''samt''' (only used in '''samt mid''' or in compounds)
|sæmt, sæmd||together with, at.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''samt''' (only used in '''samt mid''' or in compounds)
|-
|-
|tō||to, at.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''tœ'''  
|tô||to, at.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''tœ'''  
|-
|-
|teġeġines||towards, against|| Ancestor of Oxman '''teyons'''
|tegegnes||towards, against|| Ancestor of Oxman '''teyons'''
|-
|-
|tōmiddes||in the midst of, amidst|| Ancestor of Oxman '''tœmids'''
|tômiddes||in the midst of, amidst|| Ancestor of Oxman '''tœmids'''
|-
|-
|tōward(es)||toward|| Ancestor of modern tœwards
|tôward(es)||toward|| Ancestor of modern tœwards
|-
|-
|þurh||through||Ancestor of Oxman '''thurgh''', Related to modern Dutch '''door''', German '''durch''', English '''through'''
|þurh||through||Ancestor of Oxman '''thurgh''', Related to modern Dutch '''door''', German '''durch''', English '''through'''
Line 1,496: Line 1,496:
|uppan||upon, on|| Ancestor of dialectical Oxman '''uppon'''.
|uppan||upon, on|| Ancestor of dialectical Oxman '''uppon'''.
|-
|-
|ūtan||without, outside of||Ancestor of '''auton''', related to modern German '''außen, außer''' and Swedish '''utan'''
|ûtan||without, outside of||Ancestor of '''auton''', related to modern German '''außen, außer''' and Swedish '''utan'''
|-
|-
|wiðor||towards, to; with, against; opposite to; by, near.|| Ancestor of modern '''withor-'''. Related to modern German '''wider'''
|wiðor||towards, to; with, against; opposite to; by, near.|| Ancestor of modern '''withor-'''. Related to modern German '''wider'''
Line 1,502: Line 1,502:
|umb(i)||about, by|| Ancestor of Oxman '''umb''' (around, about); Related to German '''um''' and Latin '''ambi'''
|umb(i)||about, by|| Ancestor of Oxman '''umb''' (around, about); Related to German '''um''' and Latin '''ambi'''
|-
|-
|umbūtan||about, around; concerning|| Ancestor of archaic Oxman  '''umbbauton''' (concerning, around)
|umbûtan||about, around; concerning|| Ancestor of archaic Oxman  '''umbbauton''' (concerning, around)
|}
|}


[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Germanic]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:West Germanic languages]]
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