Old Auregan: Difference between revisions

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Old Auregan (view source)

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! style="background:#efefef;"|'will'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'will'
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|– || dōn || gān || willan
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|– || dôn || gân || willean
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || dō(m) || gā || will
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || dô(m) || gâ || will, wil(l)e
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || dēst || gǣst || wilt
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || dêst || gêst || wilt, wilest
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hē/hit/hēo''' || dēþ || gǣþ || will
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hē/hit/hēo''' || dêþ || gêþ || will, wil(l)e
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wē/gē/hīe''' || dōð || gāð || willað
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wē/gē/hīe''' || dôð || gâð || willeað
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past Indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/hē/hit/hēo''' || deda || igda || wolde
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/hē/hit/hēo''' || deda || igda || wolda
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || dedest || igdest || woldest
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || dedest || igdest || woldest
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| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wē/gē/hīe''' || dedon || igdon || woldon
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wē/gē/hīe''' || dedon || igdon || woldon
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Present Subjunctive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || dō || gā || will
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Present Subjunctive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || dô || gâ || wille
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past Subjunctive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || deda || igda || wolda
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past Subjunctive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || deda || igda || wolda
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present Participle''' || dōndi || – || willendi
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present Participle''' || dōndi || – || willeandi
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past Participle''' || gidōn || gigān / gigangon || –
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past Participle''' || gedōn || gegān / gegangon || -
|}
|}


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! style="background:#efefef;"|'''wesan'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''wesan'''
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|– || sīn || *bīon || wesan
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|– || sîn || *bîon || wesan
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || em || bīom || *weso
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''iḳ, ic''' || em || bîom || *weso
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || art || bist || *wesest
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || art || bist || *wesest
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || is || *biþ || *west
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || is || *biþ || *west
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || āron, sind(on) || *bīoð || wesað
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || âron, sind(on) || *bîoð || wesað
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Past Indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || – || – || was
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''iḳ, ic, ick''' || – || – || was
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || – || – || wāri
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || – || – || wâri
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || – || – || was
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || – || – || was
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || – || – || wāron
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || – || – || wâron
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Present Subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Present Subjunctive'''
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || sīe || *bīe || wese
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''iḳ/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || sîe || *bîe || wese
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || sīen || *bīen || wesen
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || sîen || *bîen || wesen
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Past Subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Past Subjunctive'''
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || – || – || wāri
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''iḳ/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || – || – || wâri
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || – || – || wārin
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || – || – || wârin
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Imperative'''
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(singular)''' || – || *bīo || wes
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(singular)''' || – || *bîo || wes
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(plural)''' || – || *bīoð || wesað
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(plural)''' || – || *bîoð || wesað
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Present Participle''' || – || *bīondi || wesendi
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Present Participle''' || – || *bîondi || wesendi
|-
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past Participle''' || – || *ġibīon || ġiweson
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past Participle''' || – || *gebîon || geweson
|}
|}
The present forms of ''wesan'' are almost never used. Therefore, ''wesan'' is used as the past, imperative, and present participle versions of ''sindon'', and does not have a separate meaning. The ''bēon'' forms are usually used in reference to future actions. Only the present forms of ''bēon'' contrast with the present forms of ''sindon''/''wesan'' in that ''bēon'' tends to be used to refer to eternal or permanent truths, while ''sindon''/''wesan'' is used more commonly to refer to temporary or subjective facts. This semantic distinction was lost as Old English developed into modern English, so that the modern verb 'to be' is a single verb which takes its present indicative forms from ''sindon,'' its past indicative forms from ''wesan,'' its present subjunctive forms from ''bēon,'' its past subjunctive forms from ''wesan,'' and its imperative and participle forms from ''bēon.'' In late OE and ME, the form earon/earun, from the [[Old Norse]] erun, replaced bēoþ and sind (See also [[List of English words of Old Norse origin]]).
The present forms of ''wesan'' are almost never used. Therefore, ''wesan'' is used as the past, imperative, and present participle versions of ''sindon'', and does not have a separate meaning. The ''bēon'' forms are usually used in reference to future actions. Only the present forms of ''bēon'' contrast with the present forms of ''sindon''/''wesan'' in that ''bēon'' tends to be used to refer to eternal or permanent truths, while ''sindon''/''wesan'' is used more commonly to refer to temporary or subjective facts. This semantic distinction was lost as Old English developed into modern English, so that the modern verb 'to be' is a single verb which takes its present indicative forms from ''sindon,'' its past indicative forms from ''wesan,'' its present subjunctive forms from ''bēon,'' its past subjunctive forms from ''wesan,'' and its imperative and participle forms from ''bēon.'' In late OE and ME, the form earon/earun, from the [[Old Norse]] erun, replaced bēoþ and sind (See also [[List of English words of Old Norse origin]]).
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|æftor||after; along, through, during; according to, by means of; about.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''aftor''', Related to [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''achter''' = behind, after
|æftor||after; along, through, during; according to, by means of; about.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''aftor''', Related to [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''achter''' = behind, after
|-
|-
|ēar||before||Related to Old English '''ær''', modern [[German language|German]] '''eher''' and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''eer''', ancestor of Oxman '''ear-'''
|êar||before||Related to Old English '''ær''', modern [[German language|German]] '''eher''' and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''eer''', ancestor of Oxman '''ear-'''
|-
|-
|at||at, to|| Ancestor of Oxman '''at-''' (only in compounds)
|at||at, to|| Ancestor of Oxman '''at-''' (only in compounds)
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|bæftan||after, behind; without.|| From '''bi-''' and '''*æft''' (found in '''æftor''')
|bæftan||after, behind; without.|| From '''bi-''' and '''*æft''' (found in '''æftor''')
|-
|-
|bī||by, near to, to, at, in, on, upon, about, with|| Related to modern Oxman '''bie''', Dutch '''bij''', German '''bei''', ancestor of modern '''by'''
|bî||by, near to, to, at, in, on, upon, about, with|| Related to modern Oxman '''bie''', Dutch '''bij''', German '''bei''', ancestor of modern '''by'''
|-
|-
|bifōran||before.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''befoar''' and '''beforn'''
|befôran||before.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''befoar''' and '''beforn'''
|-
|-
|biġiendan||beyond.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''beyendon'''
|begiendan||beyond.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''beyendon'''
|-
|-
|bihindor||behind.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''behindor'''
|behindor||behind.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''behindor'''
|-
|-
|binnan||in, within|| Ancestor of Oxman '''binnon''', from '''bi-''' + '''innan'''
|binnan||in, within|| Ancestor of Oxman '''binnon''', from '''bi-''' + '''innan'''
|-
|-
|bineðan||beneath|| Ancestor of Oxman '''benethon'''
|beneðan||beneath|| Ancestor of Oxman '''benethon'''
|-
|-
|bitwisc||between, among, amid, in the midst|| Ancestors of Oxman '''betwisc'''
|betwisc||between, among, amid, in the midst|| Ancestors of Oxman '''betwisc'''
|-
|-
|bīrihte||straight into||| Ancestor of Oxman '''bieright''' (also aright from '''*anrihte''')
|bîrihte||straight into||| Ancestor of Oxman '''bieright''' (also aright from '''*anrihte''')
|-
|-
|būƀan||above.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''bovon'''
|bûƀan||above.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''bovon'''
|-
|-
|būtan||out of, against; without, except.|| Ancestor of '''bauton''', from '''bi-''' + '''auton'''
|bûtan||out of, against; without, except.|| Ancestor of '''bauton''', from '''bi-''' + '''auton'''
|-
|-
|ōak||with, in addition to, besides.||Related to modern Dutch '''ook'''
|ôac||with, in addition to, besides.||Related to modern Dutch '''ook'''
|-
|-
|fan||by|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fan''', Related to Dutch '''van''' and German '''von''', corresponds to a compound of '''af''' and '''an'''
|fan||by|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fan''', Related to Dutch '''van''' and German '''von''', corresponds to a compound of '''af''' and '''an'''
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|fur||for, on account of, because of, with, by; according to; instead of.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fur'''
|fur||for, on account of, because of, with, by; according to; instead of.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fur'''
|-
|-
|fōra||before|| Ancestor of Oxman '''foar'''
|fôra||before|| Ancestor of Oxman '''foar'''
|-
|-
|fram||from; concerning, about, of||  Ancestor of Oxman '''fram'''
|fram||from; concerning, about, of||  Ancestor of Oxman '''fram'''
|-
|-
|ġimæng, ġimang, ġimong||among||  Ancestor of Oxman '''emong'''
|gemæng, gemang, gemong||among||  Ancestor of Oxman '''emong'''
|-
|-
|ġiend||through, throughout, over, as far as, among, in, after, beyond.||  Ancestor of Oxman '''yends''' and '''yendor'''
|giend||through, throughout, over, as far as, among, in, after, beyond.||  Ancestor of Oxman '''yends''' and '''yendor'''
|-
|-
|in||in, into, to||  Ancestor of modern '''in'''
|in||in, into, to||  Ancestor of modern '''in'''
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|mid||with, against||  Ancestor of modern '''mid'''
|mid||with, against||  Ancestor of modern '''mid'''
|-
|-
|nāh||near||  Ancestor of Oxman '''nagh-''' (only in compounds)
|nâh||near||  Ancestor of Oxman '''nagh-''' (only in compounds)
|-
|-
|nefne||except|| Ancestor of Oxman '''nevon''' (unless)
|nefne||except|| Ancestor of Oxman '''nevon''' (unless)
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|an||at, to, in|| Ancestor of Oxman '''an''' and '''a-'''
|an||at, to, in|| Ancestor of Oxman '''an''' and '''a-'''
|-
|-
|anbūtan||concerning||  Ancestor of Dialectal Oxman '''abauton'''
|anbûtan||concerning||  Ancestor of Dialectal Oxman '''abauton'''
|-
|-
|anġeġin||opposite, against; towards; in reply to.||  Ancestor of Oxman '''ayeyon''' (towards)
|angegin||opposite, against; towards; in reply to.||  Ancestor of Oxman '''ayeyon''' (towards)
|-
|-
|sæmt, sæmd||together with, at.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''samt''' (only used in '''samt mid''' or in compounds)
|sæmt, sæmd||together with, at.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''samt''' (only used in '''samt mid''' or in compounds)
|-
|-
|tō||to, at.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''tœ'''  
|tô||to, at.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''tœ'''  
|-
|-
|teġeġines||towards, against|| Ancestor of Oxman '''teyons'''
|tegegnes||towards, against|| Ancestor of Oxman '''teyons'''
|-
|-
|tōmiddes||in the midst of, amidst|| Ancestor of Oxman '''tœmids'''
|tômiddes||in the midst of, amidst|| Ancestor of Oxman '''tœmids'''
|-
|-
|tōward(es)||toward|| Ancestor of modern tœwards
|tôward(es)||toward|| Ancestor of modern tœwards
|-
|-
|þurh||through||Ancestor of Oxman '''thurgh''', Related to modern Dutch '''door''', German '''durch''', English '''through'''
|þurh||through||Ancestor of Oxman '''thurgh''', Related to modern Dutch '''door''', German '''durch''', English '''through'''
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|uppan||upon, on|| Ancestor of dialectical Oxman '''uppon'''.
|uppan||upon, on|| Ancestor of dialectical Oxman '''uppon'''.
|-
|-
|ūtan||without, outside of||Ancestor of '''auton''', related to modern German '''außen, außer''' and Swedish '''utan'''
|ûtan||without, outside of||Ancestor of '''auton''', related to modern German '''außen, außer''' and Swedish '''utan'''
|-
|-
|wiðor||towards, to; with, against; opposite to; by, near.|| Ancestor of modern '''withor-'''. Related to modern German '''wider'''
|wiðor||towards, to; with, against; opposite to; by, near.|| Ancestor of modern '''withor-'''. Related to modern German '''wider'''
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|umb(i)||about, by|| Ancestor of Oxman '''umb''' (around, about); Related to German '''um''' and Latin '''ambi'''
|umb(i)||about, by|| Ancestor of Oxman '''umb''' (around, about); Related to German '''um''' and Latin '''ambi'''
|-
|-
|umbūtan||about, around; concerning|| Ancestor of archaic Oxman  '''umbbauton''' (concerning, around)
|umbûtan||about, around; concerning|| Ancestor of archaic Oxman  '''umbbauton''' (concerning, around)
|}
|}


[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Germanic]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:West Germanic languages]]
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